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Johannes Peter Müller

 
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Johannes Peter Müller (July 14, 1801 – April 28, 1858), was a German
Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
 physiologist, comparative anatomist
Comparative anatomy

Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of organisms. It is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny ....
, and ichthyologist
Ichthyology

Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish. This includes skeletal fish , cartilaginous fish , and jawless fish . At least 30,700 fish species have been described, comprising a majority of vertebrates....
 not only known for his discoveries but also for his ability to synthesize knowledge.

er was born in Koblenz
Koblenz

Koblenz is a city situated on both banks of the Rhine at its confluence with the Moselle River, where the Deutsches Eck and its monument are situated....
.

In 1819 he entered Bonn University, where he became Privatdozent
Privatdozent

Private docent is a title conferred in some European university systems, especially in German language-speaking countries, for someone who pursues an academic career and holds all formal qualifications to become a tenured university professor....
 in 1824, extraordinary professor of physiology in 1826, and ordinary professor in 1830. In 1833 he went to the Humboldt University of Berlin
Humboldt University of Berlin

The Humboldt University of Berlin is Berlin's oldest university, founded in 1810 as the University of Berlin by the liberal Prussian educational reformer and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt, whose university model has strongly influenced other European and Western universities....
, where he filled the chair of anatomy and physiology until his death.






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Johannes Peter Müller (July 14, 1801 – April 28, 1858), was a German
Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
 physiologist, comparative anatomist
Comparative anatomy

Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of organisms. It is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny ....
, and ichthyologist
Ichthyology

Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish. This includes skeletal fish , cartilaginous fish , and jawless fish . At least 30,700 fish species have been described, comprising a majority of vertebrates....
 not only known for his discoveries but also for his ability to synthesize knowledge.

Life

Müller was born in Koblenz
Koblenz

Koblenz is a city situated on both banks of the Rhine at its confluence with the Moselle River, where the Deutsches Eck and its monument are situated....
.

In 1819 he entered Bonn University, where he became Privatdozent
Privatdozent

Private docent is a title conferred in some European university systems, especially in German language-speaking countries, for someone who pursues an academic career and holds all formal qualifications to become a tenured university professor....
 in 1824, extraordinary professor of physiology in 1826, and ordinary professor in 1830. In 1833 he went to the Humboldt University of Berlin
Humboldt University of Berlin

The Humboldt University of Berlin is Berlin's oldest university, founded in 1810 as the University of Berlin by the liberal Prussian educational reformer and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt, whose university model has strongly influenced other European and Western universities....
, where he filled the chair of anatomy and physiology until his death. Müller made contributions in numerous domains of physiology, in particular increasing understanding of the voice
Voice

Voice may refer to:* Human voice* Voice control or voice activation* Writer's voice* Voice acting* Voice vote* Voice message* Voice , a 2005 South Korean film...
, speech and hearing
Hearing (sense)

Hearing is one of the traditional five senses. It is the ability to perceive sound by detecting vibrations via an organ such as the ear. The inability to hear is called deafness....
, as well as the chemical and physical properties of lymph
Lymph

Lymph is the fluid that is formed as the interstitial fluid. It enters the lymph vessels by filtration. The lymph then travels to at least one lymph node before emptying ultimately into the right or the left subclavian vein, where it mixes back with blood....
, chyle
Chyle

Chyle is a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats, or free fatty acids . It is formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fatty foods and taken up by lymph vessels specifically known as lacteals, unlike other components of digested food that are conveyed by veins....
 and blood
Blood

Blood is a specialized bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's Cell s ? such as nutrients and oxygen ? and transports waste products away from those same cells....
.

The appearance of his Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen between 1833 and 1840 (translated into English by Dr William Baly
William Baly

William Baly was an English physician who was born in King's Lynn, in the county of Norfolk. After studying medicine at the Royal College of Surgeons and the Society of Apothecaries, he furthered his studies in Paris, Heidelberg and Berlin....
, and published in London in 1842) marked the beginning of a new period in the study of physiology. In it, for the first time, the results of human and comparative anatomy, as well as of chemistry
Chemistry

Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions....
 and other departments of physical science, were brought to bear on the investigation of physiological problems.

The most important portion of the work was that dealing with nervous action and the mechanism of the senses. Here he stated the principle, not before recognized, that the kind of sensation following stimulation of a sensory nerve does not depend on the mode of stimulation but upon the nature of the sense-organ. Thus light, pressure, or mechanical stimulation acting on the retina and optic nerve invariably produces luminous impressions. This he termed the law of specific energies
Law of specific nerve energies

The Law of Specific Nerve Energies, first proposed by Johannes Peter M?ller in 1826, is that the nature of perception is defined by the pathway over which the sensory information is carried....
 of the sense. In the later part of his life he chiefly devoted himself to comparative anatomy. Fishes and marine invertebrata were his favorite subjects. Müller mentored such distinguished scientists and physiologists as Hermann von Helmholtz
Hermann von Helmholtz

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz was a Germany physician and physicist who made significant contributions to several widely varied areas of modern science....
, Emil du Bois-Reymond
Emil du Bois-Reymond

Emil du Bois-Reymond was a Germany physician and physiologist, the discoverer of nerve action potential, and the father of experimental electrophysiology....
, Theodor Schwann
Theodor Schwann

----Theodor Schwann was a Germany zoologist. His many contributions to biology include the development of cell theory, the discovery of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, the discovery and study of pepsin, the discovery of the organic nature of yeast, and the invention of the term metabolism....
, Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle
Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle

Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle was a Germany physician, pathologist and anatomist. He is credited with the discovery of the loop of Henle in the kidney....
, Carl Ludwig
Carl Ludwig

Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig was a Germany physician and physiologist.In 1842 Ludwig became a professor of physiology and in 1846 of comparative anatomy....
 and Ernst Haeckel
Ernst Haeckel

'Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel' ,also written 'von Haeckel', was an eminent Germany biologist, natural history, philosopher, physician, professor and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including phylum, ph...
.

Müller died in Berlin in 1858.

Works

In addition to his Handbuch der Physiologie, his publications include:
  • Zur vergleichenden Physiologie des Gesichtssinns (1826)
  • Uber die phantastischen Gesichtserscheinungen (1826)
  • Bildungsgeschichte der Genitalien (1830), in which he traced the development of the Müllerian duct
    Müllerian duct

    The M?llerian ducts are paired ducts of the embryo which run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian tubercle in the primitive urogenital sinus....
  • De glandularum secerneniium structura (1830)
  • Vergleichende Anatomie der Myxinoiden (1834-1843)
  • Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen (1841) with FGJ Henle
    Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle

    Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle was a Germany physician, pathologist and anatomist. He is credited with the discovery of the loop of Henle in the kidney....
  • System der Asteriden (1842) with F. H. Troschel
    Franz Hermann Troschel

    Franz Hermann Troschel was a German zoologist who was born in Spandau. He studied mathematics and natural history at the University of Berlin, and beginning in 1840 was an assistant to Martin Lichtenstein at the Humboldt Museum of Natural History in Berlin....
  • Horae ichthyologicae (1845-1849) with the same.


After the death of J. F. Meckel (1781-1833) he edited the Archiv fur Anatomie und Physiologie.