Joe Henry
Encyclopedia
Joseph Lee "Joe" Henry (born 1960) is an American
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

 singer, songwriter
Songwriter
A songwriter is an individual who writes both the lyrics and music to a song. Someone who solely writes lyrics may be called a lyricist, and someone who only writes music may be called a composer...

, guitar
Guitar
The guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with...

ist, and record producer
Record producer
A record producer is an individual working within the music industry, whose job is to oversee and manage the recording of an artist's music...

. Henry's musical style spans several genres, including alt. country, rock, jazz and folk.

Early years

Joe Henry was born in Charlotte, North Carolina, grew up in the Detroit, Michigan area and graduated from the University of Michigan
University of Michigan
The University of Michigan is a public research university located in Ann Arbor, Michigan in the United States. It is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus of the University of Michigan...

. He moved to Brooklyn, NY in 1985 with then-girlfriend Melanie Ciccone, the sister of recording star Madonna
Madonna (entertainer)
Madonna is an American singer-songwriter, actress and entrepreneur. Born in Bay City, Michigan, she moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance. After performing in the music groups Breakfast Club and Emmy, she released her debut album in 1983...

. In New York he began playing in small clubs and recording music, releasing "Talk of Heaven" in 1986. The album earned him a recording contract with A&M, which released "Murder of Crows" in 1989 and "Shuffletown" in 1990.

"Shuffletown," produced by T-Bone Burnett
T-Bone Burnett
Joseph Henry Burnett , widely known as T-Bone Burnett, is an American musician, songwriter, and soundtrack and record producer.He was a guitarist in Bob Dylan's band on the Rolling Thunder Revue...

, was the first to represent a shift in musical direction, and included a group of mostly acoustic players recorded live, directly to two-track master tape. His sound veered toward what was then emerging as "alt country". "Short Man's Room" (1992) and "Kindness of the World" (1993), shared members of the country-rock band the Jayhawks
Jayhawks (band)
The Jayhawks are an American alternative country and rock band that emerged from the Twin Cities music scene during the mid 1980s. Their country rock sound was influential on many bands who played the Twin Cities circuit during the 80s and 90s like Uncle Tupelo, The Gear Daddies and The Honeydogs...

. These two albums were specifically written with the Jayhawks as backing band, as Joe was sharing a tour with them during the same period. The murder ballad "King's Highway," from "Short Man's Room," has been covered by Joan Baez.

Musical transition

1996's Trampoline, his sixth LP, employed metal
Heavy metal music
Heavy metal is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the Midlands of the United Kingdom and the United States...

 guitarist Page Hamilton
Page Hamilton
Page Hamilton is a guitarist, singer and record producer, mostly noted for his work with alternative metal band Helmet...

, with a style one reviewer called "idiosyncratic broadmindedness". http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=joe_henry

Fuse
Fuse (Joe Henry album)
-Track listing:All songs written by Joe Henry.# "Monkey" – 4:01# "Angels" – 5:42# "Fuse" – 4:18# "Skin and Teeth" – 3:52# "Fat" – 3:25# "Want Too Much" – 5:44# "Curt Flood" – 3:49# "Like She Was a Hammer" – 4:27# "Great Lake" – 5:31# "Beautiful Hat" - 3:57...

(1999) continued Henry's experimentalism with its trip hop
Trip hop
Trip hop is a music genre consisting of downtempo electronic music which originated in the early 1990s in England, especially Bristol. Deriving from "post"-acid house, the term was first used by the British music media and press as a way to describe the more experimental variant of breakbeat which...

 shadings. One review of the album states that Fuse has "real weight, emotion and beauty that is both unmistakable and unforgettable". http://www.inkblotmagazine.com/rev-archive/Joe_Henry_Fuse.htm

Early 2000s

Scar, released in 2001, consisted mainly of jazz
Jazz
Jazz is a musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States. It was born out of a mix of African and European music traditions. From its early development until the present, jazz has incorporated music from 19th and 20th...

 musicians (Marc Ribot
Marc Ribot
Marc Ribot born May 21, 1954) is an American guitarist and composer.His own work has touched on many styles, including no wave, free jazz, and Cuban music. Ribot is also known for collaborating with other musicians, most notably Tom Waits, Elvis Costello, and composer John Zorn.-Biography:Ribot was...

, Brian Blade
Brian Blade
Brian Blade in Shreveport, Louisiana is an American jazz drummer, composer, session musician, and singer-songwriter.-Early years:...

 and Brad Mehldau
Brad Mehldau
Brad Mehldau is an American jazz pianist. Besides leading his own group, the Brad Mehldau Trio, he has performed with many renowned artists, including Pat Metheny, Wayne Shorter, Larry Grenadier, Peter Bernstein, Jeff Ballard, Joshua Redman, Christian McBride, Michael Brecker, Chris Potter, Kurt...

 among others), including an appearance by saxophonist Ornette Coleman
Ornette Coleman
Ornette Coleman is an American saxophonist, violinist, trumpeter and composer. He was one of the major innovators of the free jazz movement of the 1960s....

  on "Richard Pryor Addresses A Tearful Nation."

Scar was reviewed including one by Allmusic's Thom Jurek, "has moved into a space that only he and Tom Waits
Tom Waits
Thomas Alan "Tom" Waits is an American singer-songwriter, composer, and actor. Waits has a distinctive voice, described by critic Daniel Durchholz as sounding "like it was soaked in a vat of bourbon, left hanging in the smokehouse for a few months, and then taken outside and run over with a car."...

 inhabit in that they are songwriters who have created deep archetypal
Archetype
An archetype is a universally understood symbol or term or pattern of behavior, a prototype upon which others are copied, patterned, or emulated...

 characters
Fictional character
A character is the representation of a person in a narrative work of art . Derived from the ancient Greek word kharaktêr , the earliest use in English, in this sense, dates from the Restoration, although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749. From this, the sense of...

 that are composites—metaphor
Metaphor
A metaphor is a literary figure of speech that uses an image, story or tangible thing to represent a less tangible thing or some intangible quality or idea; e.g., "Her eyes were glistening jewels." Metaphor may also be used for any rhetorical figures of speech that achieve their effects via...

ical, allegorical
Allegory
Allegory is a demonstrative form of representation explaining meaning other than the words that are spoken. Allegory communicates its message by means of symbolic figures, actions or symbolic representation...

, and 'real'—of the world around them and have created new sonic universes for them to both explore and express themselves in. Scar is a triumph not only for Henry—who has set a new watermark for himself—but for American popular music
Popular music
Popular music belongs to any of a number of musical genres "having wide appeal" and is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry. It stands in contrast to both art music and traditional music, which are typically disseminated academically or orally to smaller, local...

, which so desperately needed something else to make it sing again." []

In 2001, Henry sang on the song "Alleluia" from Julia Fordham
Julia Fordham
Julia Fordham is a British singer-songwriter based in California. Her professional career started in the early 1980s, under the name "Jules Fordham", as a backing singer for Mari Wilson and Kim Wilde.-Career:...

's album, Concrete Love.

2003's self-produced Tiny Voices, was his first on Epitaph's Anti label. Reviewer Jurek described the album as "the sound of Hemingway
Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American author and journalist. His economic and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the...

 contemplating the Cuba
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city...

n Revolution with William Gaddis
William Gaddis
William Thomas Gaddis, Jr. was an American novelist. He wrote five novels, two of which won National Book Awards and one of which, The Recognitions , was chosen as one of TIME magazine's 100 best novels from 1923 to 2005...

, the sound of Buddy DeFranco
Buddy DeFranco
Boniface Ferdinand Leonard "Buddy" DeFranco is an American jazz clarinet player.-Biography:DeFranco began his professional career just as swing music and big bands — many of which were led by clarinetists like Artie Shaw, Benny Goodman and Woody Herman — were fading in popularity...

 and Jimmy Giuffre
Jimmy Giuffre
James Peter Giuffre was an American jazz clarinet and saxophone player, composer and arranger. He is notable for his development of forms of jazz which allowed for free interplay between the musicians, anticipating forms of free improvisation.-Biography:Born in Dallas, Texas, of Italian ancestry,...

 trying to talk to Miles Davis
Miles Davis
Miles Dewey Davis III was an American jazz musician, trumpeter, bandleader, and composer. Widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century, Miles Davis was, with his musical groups, at the forefront of several major developments in jazz music, including bebop, cool jazz,...

 about electric guitars in an abandoned yet fully furnished Tiki bar
Tiki bar
A tiki bar is an exotic–themed drinking establishment that serves elaborate cocktails, especially rum-based mixed drinks such as the "mai tai" or "Zombie cocktail". Tiki bars are aesthetically defined by their Tiki culture décor which is based upon a romanticized conception of primitive tropical...

 in Raymond Chandler
Raymond Chandler
Raymond Thornton Chandler was an American novelist and screenwriter.In 1932, at age forty-five, Raymond Chandler decided to become a detective fiction writer after losing his job as an oil company executive during the Depression. His first short story, "Blackmailers Don't Shoot", was published in...

's Los Angeles
Los Ángeles
Los Ángeles is the capital of the province of Biobío, in the commune of the same name, in Region VIII , in the center-south of Chile. It is located between the Laja and Biobío rivers. The population is 123,445 inhabitants...

." []

In the early 2000s, Henry was also an inaugural member of the Independent Music Awards'
The Independent Music Awards
The Independent Music Awards is an international program that honors top-ranked independent artists and releases in more than 50 Album, Song, Music Video and Design categories....

 judging panel to support independent artists.

Production work

Henry produced Teddy Thompson
Teddy Thompson
Teddy Thompson is a British folk and rock musician. He is the son of folk-rock musicians Richard and Linda Thompson and brother of singer Kamila Thompson...

's 2000 album Teddy Thompson
Teddy Thompson
Teddy Thompson is a British folk and rock musician. He is the son of folk-rock musicians Richard and Linda Thompson and brother of singer Kamila Thompson...

. Henry produced Solomon Burke
Solomon Burke
Solomon Burke was an American singer-songwriter, entrepreneur, mortician, and an archbishop of the United House of Prayer For All People. Burke was known as "King Solomon", the "King of Rock 'n' Soul", and as the "Bishop of Soul", and described as "the Muhammad Ali of soul", and as "the most...

's 2002 album Don't Give Up On Me
Don't Give Up On Me
Don't Give Up on Me is a studio album by R&B/Soul singer Solomon Burke, recorded and released in 2002 on Fat Possum Records. The album won the MOJO Award for Album of the Year, as well as the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album...

, which won Best Contemporary Blues Album at the 2003 Grammy Awards
Grammy Awards of 2003
The 45th Grammy Awards were held on February 23, 2003. Musicians accomplishments from the previous year were recognized. Norah Jones was the night's big winner winning five awards including Record of the Year, Album of the Year, Best New Artist, Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Pop Vocal...

. 2005 releases produced by Henry include Ani DiFranco
Ani DiFranco
Ani DiFranco is an American Grammy Award-winning singer, guitarist, poet, and songwriter. She has released more than 20 albums, and is widely considered a feminist icon.-Biography:...

's Knuckle Down
Knuckle Down
Knuckle Down is the fourteenth studio album by singer-songwriter Ani DiFranco. It is the first album that DiFranco has collaborated with a producer; Joe Henry. The record is also her first studio album to feature a string section...

, Aimee Mann
Aimee Mann
Aimee Mann is an American rock singer-songwriter, guitarist and bassist.-Early life:Aimee Mann grew up in Bon Air, Virginia, graduated from Open High School in 1978 and attended the Berklee College of Music in Boston, but dropped out to sing with her first punk rock band, the Young Snakes...

's 1970s concept album
Concept album
In music, a concept album is an album that is "unified by a theme, which can be instrumental, compositional, narrative, or lyrical." Commonly, concept albums tend to incorporate preconceived musical or lyrical ideas rather than being improvised or composed in the studio, with all songs contributing...

 The Forgotten Arm
The Forgotten Arm
The Forgotten Arm is an album by singer-songwriter Aimee Mann with illustrations by artist Owen Smith. It was released by SuperEgo Records on May 3, 2005....

, and Bettye LaVette
Bettye LaVette
Bettye LaVette is an American soul singer-songwriter who made her first record at sixteen, but achieved only intermittent fame until 2005, with her album, I've Got My Own Hell to Raise...

's I've Got My Own Hell to Raise
I've Got My Own Hell to Raise
I've Got My Own Hell to Raise by Bettye LaVette was released September 27, 2005 on the label ANTI-. The album comprises covers of songs written by other female artists including Aimee Mann, Joan Armatrading, Sinéad O'Connor, Rosanne Cash, Dolly Parton and Fiona Apple, whose song "Sleep to Dream"...

.

He produced the multi-artist album I Believe to My Soul, which featured Allen Toussaint
Allen Toussaint
Allen Toussaint is an American musician, composer, record producer, and influential figure in New Orleans R&B.Many of Toussaint's songs have become familiar through numerous cover versions, including "Working in the Coalmine", "Ride Your Pony", "Fortune Teller", "Play Something Sweet ", "Southern...

, Mavis Staples
Mavis Staples
Mavis Staples is an American rhythm and blues and gospel singer, actress and civil rights activist who recorded with The Staple Singers, her family's band.-Biography:...

, Ann Peebles
Ann Peebles
Ann Peebles is an African American singer-songwriter who gained celebrity for her Memphis soul albums of the 1970s on the Hi Records label...

, Irma Thomas
Irma Thomas
Irma Thomas is an American Grammy Award-winning soul and rhythm and blues singer from New Orleans. She is known as the "Soul Queen of New Orleans"....

 and Billy Preston
Billy Preston
William Everett "Billy" Preston was a musician who gained notoriety and fame, first as a session musician for the likes of Sam Cooke, Ray Charles and The Beatles, and later finding fame as a solo artist with hits such as "Space Race", "Will It Go Round in Circles" and "Nothing from...

.

In 2006, Henry teamed with Toussaint, producing his collaborative album with Elvis Costello
Elvis Costello
Elvis Costello , born Declan Patrick MacManus, is an English singer-songwriter. He came to prominence as an early participant in London's pub rock scene in the mid-1970s and later became associated with the punk/New Wave genre. Steeped in word play, the vocabulary of Costello's lyrics is broader...

, The River in Reverse
The River in Reverse
The River in Reverse is a 2006 collaboration between Elvis Costello and Allen Toussaint.It received a Grammy nomination for Best Pop Vocal Album.-Track listing:All songs written by Allen Toussaint unless otherwise indicated.# "On Your Way Down" – 4:54...

.

In September 2006, Joe Henry and his longtime hero Loudon Wainwright III
Loudon Wainwright III
Loudon Snowden Wainwright III is a Grammy Award-winning American songwriter, folk singer, humorist, and actor. He is the father of musicians Rufus Wainwright, Martha Wainwright and Lucy Wainwright Roche, brother of Sloan Wainwright, and the former husband of the late folk singer Kate McGarrigle.To...

 began composing the music for the Judd Apatow
Judd Apatow
Judd Apatow is an American film producer, director, and screenwriter. He is well known for his work in comedy films, especially for films he has been involved with throughout the latter half of the 2000s. He is the founder of Apatow Productions, a film production company that also developed the...

 movie Knocked Up
Knocked Up
Knocked Up is a 2007 American romantic comedy drama film co-produced, written, and directed by Judd Apatow. Starring Seth Rogen, Katherine Heigl, Paul Rudd, and Leslie Mann, the film follows the repercussions of a drunken one-night stand between Rogen's slacker character and Heigl's just-promoted...

. Snippets of instrumentals were used as background score for the film, but the full versions of the songs make up Wainwright's 2007 album Strange Weirdos. Henry produced Mary Gauthier
Mary Gauthier
Mary Gauthier is an American folk singer-songwriter.-Life and career:Gauthier was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. Given up at birth by a mother she never knew, Gauthier was adopted by an Italian Catholic couple in Thibodaux, Louisiana...

's 2007 album Between Daylight and Dark.

In 2009, Henry convinced Mose Allison
Mose Allison
Mose John Allison, Jr. is an American jazz blues pianist and singer.-Biography:...

 to record another studio album after a 12 year break. The Way of the World appeared 2010 on the ANTI-
ANTI-
ANTI- is an American record label founded in 1999 as a sister label of Epitaph Records.While Epitaph's focus has shifted over the last decade from mostly punk rock, nowadays ANTI- has a more diverse roster, ranging from country , hip hop , reggae , Soul , folk , rap-rock , indie rock...

 label and was produced by Joe Henry.

Henry produced the 2010 album Genuine Negro Jig by the Carolina Chocolate Drops
Carolina Chocolate Drops
The Carolina Chocolate Drops is an old-time string band from Durham, North Carolina, United States. Its 2010 album, Genuine Negro Jig, won the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards, and was number 9 in FRoots magazine's top 10 albums of 2010.The Drops are one...

. The album won a Grammy for Best Traditional Folk Album.

In 2010, Henry produced Over the Rhine's album "The Long Surrender" and co-wrote two songs. He also played a weekend's worth of live concerts in OTR's home town of Cincinnati, Ohio.

Return to the studio

Joe Henry's tenth LP, Civilians
Civilians (Joe Henry album)
Civilians is the eleventh studio album by Joe Henry, released on August 18, 2007. It was his first album of new material since his 2003 album Tiny Voices. Joe recorded the album at The Garfield House in South Pasadena, California between January 9-12 and February 22, 2007...

, was released in 2007 on the ANTI-
ANTI-
ANTI- is an American record label founded in 1999 as a sister label of Epitaph Records.While Epitaph's focus has shifted over the last decade from mostly punk rock, nowadays ANTI- has a more diverse roster, ranging from country , hip hop , reggae , Soul , folk , rap-rock , indie rock...

 label. The album achieved an average score of 77 on Metacritic. Pop Matters described the album as "powerful and exquisite." The song "God Only Knows," the final track on the album, was used in a "TCM
Turner Classic Movies
Turner Classic Movies is a movie-oriented cable television channel, owned by the Turner Broadcasting System subsidiary of Time Warner, featuring commercial-free classic movies, mostly from the Turner Entertainment and MGM, United Artists, RKO and Warner Bros. film libraries...

 Remembers 2008" TV spot, a video memoriam of actors who have died in 2008.

2009: Blood From Stars

Henry began 2009 with a tour of Australia, playing shows in Melbourne and Sydney with bassist David Piltch in January. On May 8, 2009, Henry's record label, Anti, announced via an official press release that a new album ""Blood From Stars"" would be released on August 18. The record has more blues influences than Henry's previous work, while retaining his trademark production sound. Critical reception was positive, with the record scoring an average score of 77 on Metacritic. http://www.metacritic.com/music/blood-from-stars

2011: Reverie

In May of 2011, Henry announced a new album for release on October 11 titled Reverie. Described by Henry as "raw, noisy and scruffy work", the album is said to be acoustic but will consist of some overdubs and has been recorded with his band. Reverie is self-produced and will be Henry's twelfth studio album.

Personal life

Henry is married, since 1987, to Melanie Ciccone, sister of Madonna
Madonna (entertainer)
Madonna is an American singer-songwriter, actress and entrepreneur. Born in Bay City, Michigan, she moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance. After performing in the music groups Breakfast Club and Emmy, she released her debut album in 1983...

. http://www.icebergradio.com/artist/6501/joe_henry.html Henry's wife talked him into letting her send Madonna a demo of his song "Stop", which was reworked and recorded as "Don't Tell Me
Don't Tell Me (Madonna song)
"Don't Tell Me" is a song by American singer-songwriter Madonna. It was released as the second single from her eighth studio album Music on November 21, 2000 by Maverick Records. The single has sold around 4.5 million copies to date.-History:...

" (from Madonna's 2000 album Music
Music (Madonna album)
Music is the eighth studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna, released on September 19, 2000 by Maverick Records and distributed by Warner Bros. Records...

). Henry's own tango
Tango music
Tango is a style of ballroom dance music in 2/4 or 4/4 time that originated among European immigrant populations of Argentina and Uruguay . It is traditionally played by a sextet, known as the orquesta típica, which includes two violins, piano, double bass, and two bandoneons...

-tinged version of the song appeared on Scar and was featured in an episode of "The Sopranos". Henry and his sister-in-law recorded a duet, "Guilty By Association", on the charity album Sweet Relief II: Gravity of the Situation
Sweet Relief II: Gravity of the Situation
Sweet Relief II: Gravity of the Situation is a 1996 tribute album that featured a variety of alternative rock bands covering songs written by quadriplegic musician Vic Chesnutt...

, and collaborated on the songs "Jump
Jump (Madonna song)
"Jump" is a song by American singer-songwriter Madonna from her tenth studio album Confessions on a Dance Floor. Written by Madonna, Stuart Price and Joe Henry, the song was supposed to be released as the third single of the album...

" on Confessions on a Dance Floor
Confessions on a Dance Floor
Confessions on a Dance Floor is the tenth studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna. It was released on November 15, 2005 by Warner Bros. Records. The album was a complete departure from her last studio album, American Life . It included influences of 70s and 80s disco as well as...

and "Devil Wouldn't Recognize You" on Hard Candy
Hard Candy (Madonna album)
Hard Candy is the eleventh studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna, released on April 19, 2008, by Warner Bros. Records. It was her final studio album with the record company, marking the end of a 25 year recording history. Madonna started working on the album in 2007, and collaborated...

.

Discography

  • Talk of Heaven (1986)
  • Murder of Crows (1989)
  • Shuffletown (August 31, 1990)
  • Short Man's Room (June 16, 1992)
  • Kindess of the World (September 28, 1993)
  • Fireman's Wedding EP
    Fireman's Wedding (Joe Henry EP)
    Fireman's Wedding is an EP by Joe Henry, released in 1994 which followed shortly after the album release of Kindness of the World, the parent release for this EP.-Track listing:# "Fireman's Wedding" – 4:25...

    (February 15, 1994)
  • Trampoline (March 26, 1996)
  • Fuse
    Fuse (Joe Henry album)
    -Track listing:All songs written by Joe Henry.# "Monkey" – 4:01# "Angels" – 5:42# "Fuse" – 4:18# "Skin and Teeth" – 3:52# "Fat" – 3:25# "Want Too Much" – 5:44# "Curt Flood" – 3:49# "Like She Was a Hammer" – 4:27# "Great Lake" – 5:31# "Beautiful Hat" - 3:57...

    (March 9, 1999)
  • Scar
    Scar (album)
    Scar is the eighth studio album by Joe Henry, released in May 2001 on Mammoth Records. It marked another shift in direction for Henry's music, and a foray into the genres of jazz and soul music...

    (May 15, 2001)
  • Tiny Voices
    Tiny Voices
    Tiny Voices is the ninth studio album by Joe Henry, released in September 2003, and his first release on the ANTI- label. Tiny Voices features a unique production sound, quite discordant and unpolished in comparison to Henry's previous album Scar in 2001. Joe assembled a group of accomplished...

    (September 23, 2003)
  • Civilians
    Civilians (Joe Henry album)
    Civilians is the eleventh studio album by Joe Henry, released on August 18, 2007. It was his first album of new material since his 2003 album Tiny Voices. Joe recorded the album at The Garfield House in South Pasadena, California between January 9-12 and February 22, 2007...

    (September 11, 2007)
  • Blood From Stars
    Blood From Stars
    Blood from Stars is the eleventh studio album by Joe Henry, released in August 2009, and his third release on the ANTI- label.-Track listing:All songs written by Joe Henry, except where noted.# "Prelude: Light No Lamp When the Sun Comes Down" – 5:44...

    (August 18, 2009)
  • Reverie (October 11, 2011)

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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