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Jingoism is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary
Oxford English Dictionary

The Oxford English Dictionary , published by the Oxford University Press , is a comprehensive dictionary of the English language. Two fully-bound print editions of the OED have been published under its current name, in 1928 and 1989; as of December 2008 the dictionary's current editors have completed a quarter of the third edition....
 as "extreme patriotism
Patriotism

Patriotism is commonly defined as love of and/or devotion to one's country. The word comes from the Latin language, patria, and Greek language patritha. However, patriotism has had different meanings over time, and its meaning is highly dependent upon context, geography and philosophy....
 in the form of aggressive foreign policy". In practice, it refers to the advocation of the use of threats or actual force against other countries in order to safeguard what they perceive as their country's national interests, and colloquially to excessive bias
Bias

Bias is a term used to describe a tendency or preference towards a particular perspective , ideology or result, especially when the tendency interferes with the ability to be impartial, unprejudiced, or Objectivity ....
 in judging one's own country as superior to others – an extreme type of nationalism.

The term originated in Britain
United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
, expressing a pugnacious attitude towards Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
 in the 1870s.






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Jingoism is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary
Oxford English Dictionary

The Oxford English Dictionary , published by the Oxford University Press , is a comprehensive dictionary of the English language. Two fully-bound print editions of the OED have been published under its current name, in 1928 and 1989; as of December 2008 the dictionary's current editors have completed a quarter of the third edition....
 as "extreme patriotism
Patriotism

Patriotism is commonly defined as love of and/or devotion to one's country. The word comes from the Latin language, patria, and Greek language patritha. However, patriotism has had different meanings over time, and its meaning is highly dependent upon context, geography and philosophy....
 in the form of aggressive foreign policy". In practice, it refers to the advocation of the use of threats or actual force against other countries in order to safeguard what they perceive as their country's national interests, and colloquially to excessive bias
Bias

Bias is a term used to describe a tendency or preference towards a particular perspective , ideology or result, especially when the tendency interferes with the ability to be impartial, unprejudiced, or Objectivity ....
 in judging one's own country as superior to others – an extreme type of nationalism.

The term originated in Britain
United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
, expressing a pugnacious attitude towards Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
 in the 1870s. During the 19th century in the United States
United States

The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
, journalists called this attitude spread-eagleism. "Jingoism" did not enter the U.S. vernacular until near the turn
Fin de siècle

Fin de si?cle is French language for ?end of the century?. The term sometimes encompasses both the closing and onset of an era, as it was felt to be a period of degeneration, but at the same time a period of hope for a new beginning....
 of the 20th century. This nationalistic belligerence was intensified by the sinking of the battleship
Battleship

A battleship is a large, heavily armour warship with a main artillery battery consisting of the largest calibre of guns. Battleships were larger, better armed, and better armored than cruisers and destroyers....
 USS Maine
USS Maine (ACR-1)

United States Navy ships Maine , the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the state of Maine, was a 6,682-ton second-class pre-dreadnought battleship originally designated as Armored Cruiser #1....
 in Havana
Havana

Havana is the capital city, major port, and leading commercial centre of Cuba. The city is one of the 14 Provinces of Cuba. The city/province has 2.1 million inhabitants, and the urban area over 3.5 million, making Havana the largest city in both Cuba and the Caribbean....
 harbour that led to the Spanish-American War
Spanish-American War

The Spanish?American War was an armed military conflict between Spain and the United States that took place between April and August 1898, over the issues of the liberation of Cuba....
 of 1898.

Etymology

The chorus of a by G. H. MacDermott
G. H. MacDermott

Gilbert Hastings MacDermott , was also known as the "Great MacDermott". He became famous for his rendition of the "Jingo War Song" which he bought from G....
 (singer) and G. W. Hunt (songwriter) commonly sung in British pubs
Public house

A public house, the formal name for a pub in Britain, is a drinking establishment licensed to serve alcoholic beverage for consumption on or off the premises in countries and regions of United Kingdom influence....
 and music hall
Music hall

Music hall is a form of British theatrical entertainment which was popular between 1850 and 1960. The term can refer to# A particular form of variety show entertainment involving a mixture of popular song, comedy and #Speciality Acts....
s around the time of the Russo-Turkish War gave birth to the term. The lyrics had the chorus:

The phrase "by Jingo
By Jingo

The expression "by Jingo" is apparently a minced oath that appeared rarely in print, but which may be traced as far back as to at least the 17th century in a transparent euphemism for "by Jesus"....
" was a long-established minced oath
Minced oath

A minced oath, also known as a pseudo-profanity or an expletive-deletive, is an expression based on a profanity that has been altered to reduce or remove the disagreeable or objectionable characteristics of the original expression; for example, "darn" or "dang" instead of "damn", "heck" instead of "hell", and "frig" instead of "fu...
, used to avoid saying "by Jesus". Referring to the song, the specific term "jingoism" was coined as a political label by the prominent British radical George Holyoake
George Holyoake

George Jacob Holyoake , England secularism and worker cooperative, was born in Birmingham, England. He coined the term "secularism" in 1846 and the term "jingoism" in 1878....
 in a letter to the Daily News
News Chronicle

The News Chronicle was a United Kingdom daily newspaper. It ceased publication in 1960, being absorbed into the Daily Mail....
 on 13 March 1878. The term soon caught on in the United States of America.

Usage

Early uses of the term in the USA were connected to the foreign policy of Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt , also known as T.R., and to the public as Teddy, was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States....
, who was frequently accused of jingoism. In an 8 October 1895 New York Times interview, he responded, "There is much talk about 'jingoism'. If by 'jingoism' they mean a policy in pursuance of which Americans will with resolution and common sense insist upon our rights being respected by foreign powers, then we are 'jingoes'."

The label of Old Crow
Old Crow

Old Crow is a relatively low-priced brand of Kentucky bourbon whiskey, distilled by Fortune Brands, which also produces Jim Beam and several other brands of bourbon whiskey....
 Kentucky bourbon whiskey advocates "And Jingoism forevermore."

The policy of appeasement
Appeasement

Appeasement is "the policy of settling international quarrels by admitting and satisfying grievances through rational negotiation and compromise, thereby avoiding the resort to an armed conflict which would be expensive, bloody, and possibly dangerous." The term is most often applied to the foreign policy of United Kingdom Prime Minister of t...
 towards Hitler led to satirical references to the loss of jingoistic attitudes in Britain. In the 28 March 1938 issue of Punch
Punch (magazine)

'Punch' was a Great Britain weekly magazine of humour and satire published from 1841 to 1992 and from 1996 to 2002. Punch material was also collected in book formats as early as the 1800s, including Pick of the Punch annuals with cartoons and text features, Punch and the War a 1941 collection of WWII-related cartoons, and A B...
 appeared a E. H. Shepard
E. H. Shepard

Ernest Howard Shepard was an England artist and book illustrator. He was known especially for his Anthropomorphism in illustrations for The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame and Winnie-the-Pooh by A....
 cartoon entitled THE OLD-FASHIONED CUSTOMER. Set in a record shop, John Bull
John Bull

John Bull is a national personification of the United Kingdom in general and England in particular, originating in the creation of Dr. John Arbuthnot in 1712, and popularised first by British print makers and then overseas by illustrators and writers such as American cartoonist Thomas Nast and Irish writer George Bernard Shaw, author of '...
 asks the record seller (Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
Neville Chamberlain

Arthur Neville Chamberlain was a British Conservative Party politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1940. Chamberlain is best known for appeasement foreign policy, in particular regarding his signing of the Munich Agreement in 1938, conceding the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Germany, and for his "containm...
): "I wonder if you've got a song I remember about not wanting to fight, but if we do . . . something, something, something . . . we've got the money too?". On the wall is a portrait of the Victorian Prime Minister Lord Salisbury
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury

Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, Order of the Garter, Royal Victorian Order, Privy Council of the United Kingdom , known as Lord Robert Cecil before 1865 and as Viscount Cranborne from 1865 until 1868, was a United Kingdom statesman and thrice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, serving for a total...
.

The term crops up in popular culture, notably in discussion of the aggressive attitudes illustrated in some Hollywood films. In a review for the latest film in the Rambo
Rambo

Rambo is an action film film series based on the David Morrell novel First Blood and starring Sylvester Stallone as John Rambo, a troubled Vietnam veteran and former United States Army Special Forces who is skilled in many aspects of survival, weaponry, hand to hand combat and guerrilla warfare....
 series, author David Morrell
David Morrell

David Morrell is a Canada novelist, best known for his debut 1972 novel First Blood , which would later become Rambo starring Sylvester Stallone....
 described the character of Rambo in Rambo: First Blood Part II
Rambo: First Blood Part II

Rambo: First Blood Part II , released on May 22, 1985, is the second movie in the Rambo series, starring Sylvester Stallone as Vietnam war war veteran John Rambo....
 and Rambo III
Rambo III

Rambo III is a 1988 in film Cinema of the United States action film released on May 25, 1988. It is the third film in the Rambo series following First Blood and Rambo: First Blood Part II....
 as being a "jingoistic character". Jingo
Jingo (novel)

Jingo is the twenty-first novel by Terry Pratchett, one of his Discworld series. It was published in 1997....
 is also the title of a novel by Terry Pratchett
Terry Pratchett

Sir Terence David John Pratchett, Officer of the Order of the British Empire is an England novelist, known for his frequently comical work in the fantasy genre....
, depicting a pointless war between two great states over a tiny island.

See also

  • Chauvinism
    Chauvinism

    Chauvinism is extreme and unreasoning partisanship on behalf of a group to which one belongs, especially when the partisanship includes malice and hatred towards a rival group....
  • Nationalism
    Nationalism

    Nationalism refers to an ideology, a feeling, a form of culture, or a social movement that focuses on the nation. While there is significant debate over the historical origins of nations, nearly all Expert accept that nationalism, at least as an ideology and social movement, is a Modernity phenomenon originating in Europe....
  • Dependency theory
    Dependency theory

    Dependency theory is a body of social science theories, both from developed nation and developing nations, which are predicated on the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former....
  • Jingo
    Jingo (novel)

    Jingo is the twenty-first novel by Terry Pratchett, one of his Discworld series. It was published in 1997....
    , a novel by Terry Pratchett
    Terry Pratchett

    Sir Terence David John Pratchett, Officer of the Order of the British Empire is an England novelist, known for his frequently comical work in the fantasy genre....
  • Patriotism
    Patriotism

    Patriotism is commonly defined as love of and/or devotion to one's country. The word comes from the Latin language, patria, and Greek language patritha. However, patriotism has had different meanings over time, and its meaning is highly dependent upon context, geography and philosophy....
  • The Great Game
    The Great Game

    File:Persia 1814.jpgThe Great Game was a term used for the strategic rivalry and conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia....
  • Un-American
    Un-American

    Un-American is a term of US political discourse which is sometimes applied to people or institutions in the United States in an attempt to deny the targets the identity of American....
  • Un-Australian
    Un-Australian

    Un-Australian is an increasingly pejorative term used in Australia. In modern usage, it has similar connotations to the US term un-American, however the Australian term is somewhat older, being used as early as 1855 to describe an aspect of the landscape that was similar to that of Great Britain....
  • War song
    War Song

    "War Song" is a 1972 Single credited to Neil Young & Graham Nash. It was released in support of presidential candidate George McGovern's campaign, who was running against then-president Richard Nixon....


External links