Jiaqing Emperor

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Jiaqing Emperor

The Jiaqing Emperor (Chinese

Chinese language

Chinese or the Sinitic language is a language family consisting of language mutually unintelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the two branches of Sino-Tibetan languages of languages....
: ???; pinyin

Pinyin

Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most commonly used Romanization system for Standard Mandarin. Hanyu is the Chinese Language, and pinyin means "phonetics", or more literally, "spelling sound" or "spelled sound"....
: Jiaqìngdì; Mongolian

Mongolian language

The Mongolian language is the best-known member of the Mongolic languages. It is the language of most residents of Mongolia and of many of the Mongolian residents of Inner Mongolia, totalling about 5.7 million speakers....
: Sayishiyaltu Yirugertu Khaan, November 13, 1760 – September 2, 1820) was the sixth emperor

Emperor of China

The Emperor of China refers to any monarch of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912....
of the Manchu

Manchu

The Manchu people are a Tungusic peoples who originated in Manchuria . During their rise in the seventeenth century, with the help of Ming rebels , they conquered the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until its abolition in 1911 after the Xinhai Revolution, which established Republic of China in its place....
-led Qing dynasty

Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty , also known as the Manchu Dynasty, followed the Ming Dynasty in History of China, and was the last ruling Chinese Dynasties of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 ....
, and the fifth Qing emperor to rule over China

China

China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
, from 1796 to 1820.

Son of the famous Qianlong Emperor

Qianlong Emperor

The Qianlong Emperor was the fifth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing dynasty emperors to rule over China. The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from October 11, 1736 to February 7, 1795....
, he is remembered for his prosecution of Heshen

Heshen

Heshen...
, the infamously corrupt favourite of Qianlong, as well as for attempts to restore the state and curb the smuggling of opium

Opium

Opium is a narcotic formed from the latex released by lacerating the immature seed pods of Opium poppy . It contains up to 12% morphine, an opiate alkaloid, which is most frequently processed chemically to produce heroin for the illegal drug trade....
inside China.

as born at the Old Summer Palace

Old Summer Palace

The Old Summer Palace, known in China as the Gardens of Perfect Brightness , and originally called the Imperial Gardens , was a complex of palaces and gardens 8 km northwest of the walls of the Imperial City, Beijing in Beijing, built in the 18th and early 19th century, where the emperors of the Qing Dynasty resided and handled...
(???/???), 8km (5 mi) northwest of the walls of Beijing

Beijing

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Encyclopedia

The Jiaqing Emperor (Chinese

Chinese language

Pinyin

Mongolian language

Emperor of China

The Emperor of China refers to any monarch of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912....
of the Manchu

Manchu

Qing Dynasty

China

Qianlong Emperor

Heshen

Heshen...
, the infamously corrupt favourite of Qianlong, as well as for attempts to restore the state and curb the smuggling of opium

Opium

Early years

He was born at the Old Summer Palace

Old Summer Palace

Beijing

is a metropolis in northern China and the Capital of the People's Republic of China. It is one of the four municipality of China, which are equivalent to province in China's Political divisions of China....
, and was given the name Yongyan, changed into Yongyan when he became emperor: the first character of his private name was changed from ? to ?, both pronounced Yong, as the former is used commonly. This novelty was introduced by his father the Qianlong Emperor who thought it not proper to use a common character in the emperor's private name due to the long-standing practice of naming taboo

Naming taboo

Naming taboo is a cultural taboo against speaking or writing the given names of exalted persons in China and neighboring nations in the ancient Chinese cultural sphere....
.

He was the fifteenth son of the Qianlong Emperor. His mother was a Han Chinese

Han Chinese

Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to China and, by most modern definitions, the largest single ethnic group in the Earth.Han Chinese constitute about 92 percent of the population of the People's Republic of China , 98 percent of the population of the Republic of China , 75 percent of the population of Singapore, and about 19 percent...
concubine of the second rank Ling (???/???), who became a favorite of Qianlong. She was posthumously made Empress Xiao Yi Chun (?????/?????) when her son became emperor. She was the daughter of Wei Qingtai, an official in the Qing administration whose Han Chinese

Han Chinese

Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to China and, by most modern definitions, the largest single ethnic group in the Earth.Han Chinese constitute about 92 percent of the population of the People's Republic of China , 98 percent of the population of the Republic of China , 75 percent of the population of Singapore, and about 19 percent...
family had long been integrated in the Manchu elites. In 1818 Emperor Jiaqing made his mother's family officially Manchu, and changed their Chinese family name Wei into the Manchu clan name Weigiya.

After the first two original choices for heir to the throne succumbed early to disease, in December 1773 Yongyan was secretly chosen by Qianlong to be the next emperor. In 1789 he was made Prince of the 1st rank Jia (???/???).

At the end of his reign, Qianlong worked closely with a Manchu

Manchu

Heshen

Heshen...
. Prince Jia hated the notoriously corrupt Heshen for his abuse of power, and vowed to punish the minister once he became emperor.

Accession to the throne

In October 1795, in the 60th year of his reign, Emperor Qianlong announced his intention to abdicate in favor of Prince Jia, because he did not think it proper to rule longer than his grandfather, the late Kangxi Emperor

Kangxi Emperor

The Kangxi Emperor was the third Emperor of China of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1661 to 1722....
. Prince Jia acceded to the throne and proclaimed the era name

Chinese era name

A Chinese era name is the era name, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese rulers ....
of Jiaqing in February 1796. For the next three years however, Jiaqing ruled as Emperor in name only. Decisions were made by his father, the Grand Emperor

Taishang Huang

Taishang-huang was a Chinese title, sometimes translated in English as Retired Emperor, Grand Emperor or Emperor Emeritus used throughout East Asia, occasionally given to former emperors who had abdicated voluntarily to their sons....
Qianlong.

At the death of Qianlong at the beginning of February 1799, Jiaqing took control of the government and prosecuted Heshen. Heshen was charged with corruption and abuse of power. He was stripped of his titles and properties, and he was ordered to commit suicide. Heshen's son and daughter-in-law was a sister of the new emperor and she was spared from the punishment. She was given a few properties from Heshen's estates.

At the time the empire was facing internal disorders, including a large scale rebellion, the White Lotus Rebellion

White Lotus Rebellion

The White Lotus Rebellion was a China anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Qing dynasty. It broke out in 1796 among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces....
(1796-1804), and an empty treasury. Emperor Jiaqing engaged in the pacification of the empire and the quelling of rebellions, and he tried to bring the country back to its 18th-century prosperity and power. But, due to large outflows of silver

Silver

Silver is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal....
out of the country as payment for the opium smuggled into China from British India, the economy was in decline.

Family

Consorts

Empresses

Per Imperial Regulations, there was only one Empress at any given time. However, that did not prevent others from being elevated to that position after the death of an existing Empress. During Jiaqing's reign, there were two Empresses, each serving in different periods of time:

Lady Hitara of the Hitara (Manchu) clan, who became Empress when Emperor Jiaqing ascended the throne in 1796. She was the mother of Emperor Daoguang (2nd son of Emperor Jiaqing) She is known posthumously as Empress Xiao Shu Rui.
Empress Xiao He Rui, of the Niohuru
Niohuru

The Niohuru Clan were a powerful Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty in China. A shorten version of this surname of "Niu" can be commonly found in the modern day province of Jiangxi after the partial migration of this clan to that province in the early 1800s....
clan (1776 - 1849), elevated after the existing Empress died in 1798.

Imperial Noble Consorts

Per Imperial Regulations, only two Imperial Noble Consorts are allowed at any given time.

The Imperial Noble Consort Gong Shun, of the Niohuru
Niohuru

The Niohuru Clan were a powerful Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty in China. A shorten version of this surname of "Niu" can be commonly found in the modern day province of Jiangxi after the partial migration of this clan to that province in the early 1800s....
clan (1787 - 1860).
The Imperial Noble Consort He Yu (? - 1833) of the Lugiya clan.

Consorts

Per Imperial Regulations, only four Consorts are allowed at any given time. Not counting those who were later elevated to higher titles and those who were elevated posthumously, there was effectively only two consorts during Jiaqing's reign.

The Consort Hua (? - 1808) of the Hougiya clan.
The Consort Zhuang (? - 1811) of the Wang clan.
The Consort Shu of the Wanyan clan (Posthumously elevated. Never served as Consort in life)

Imperial Concubines

Per Imperial Regulations, only six Imperial Concubines are allowed at any given time.

The Imperial Concubine En (?-1846) of the Wuya clan
The Imperial Concubine Xuan of the Chengiya clan
The Imperial Concubine Jian (? - 1780) of the Guangiya clan
The Imperial Concubine Rong (? - 1826) of the Liang clan
The Imperial Concubine Chun (? - 1819) of the Dongiya clan
The Imperial Concubine An (? - 1837) of the Guargiya clan

Children

Sons

First son: Mianmu, son of Imperial Noble Consort He Yu.
Second son: Prince Mianning (September 16, 1782 - February 25, 1850), son of Empress Xiao Shu Rui (Lady Hitara), succeeded his father as the Daoguang Emperor
Daoguang Emperor

The Daoguang Emperor was the seventh Emperor of China of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the sixth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1820 to 1850....
in 1820
Third son: Prince Miankai, son of Empress Xiao He Rui, of the Niohuru
Niohuru

The Niohuru Clan were a powerful Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty in China. A shorten version of this surname of "Niu" can be commonly found in the modern day province of Jiangxi after the partial migration of this clan to that province in the early 1800s....
clan
Fourth son: Prince Mianxin, son of Empress Xiao He Rui, of the Niohuru
Niohuru

The Niohuru Clan were a powerful Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty in China. A shorten version of this surname of "Niu" can be commonly found in the modern day province of Jiangxi after the partial migration of this clan to that province in the early 1800s....
clan
Fifth son: Prince Mianyu (1814 - 1865). Son of Gongsun Huang Kuai Fei
Gongsun Huang Kuai Fei

The Imperial Noble Consort Gong Shun of the Niuhuru clan .Born in the 52nd year of the Qianlong emperor's reign. Her father was Daijing . She entered the Forbidden City somewhere around 1800 to become a consort of the Jiaqing emperor who was 27 years older....
, of the Niohuru
Niohuru

The Niohuru Clan were a powerful Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty in China. A shorten version of this surname of "Niu" can be commonly found in the modern day province of Jiangxi after the partial migration of this clan to that province in the early 1800s....
clan

Daughters

First daughter (1780 - 1783) her mother was Imperial Concubine Xuan.
Second daughter(1780 - 1783) her mother was Empress Xiao Shu Rui.
Princess Zhuangjing [??????] (1781 - 1811) daughter of He Yu Huang Kuai Fei.
Princess Zhuangjing [??????] (1784 - 1811) daughter of Empress Xiao He Rui.
Princess Hui-An (1786 - 1795).
Sixth daughter (1789 - 1790) daughter of Hua Fei.
Seventh daughter (1793 - 1795) daughter of Empress Xiao He Rui.
Eight daughter (1805) daughter of Gongsun Huang Kuai Fei
Gongsun Huang Kuai Fei

The Imperial Noble Consort Gong Shun of the Niuhuru clan .Born in the 52nd year of the Qianlong emperor's reign. Her father was Daijing . She entered the Forbidden City somewhere around 1800 to become a consort of the Jiaqing emperor who was 27 years older....
.
Ninth and final daughter (1811 - 1815) Princess of the first rank Huimin post-humously in 1820, daughter of Gongsun Huang Kuai Fei
Gongsun Huang Kuai Fei

The Imperial Noble Consort Gong Shun of the Niuhuru clan .Born in the 52nd year of the Qianlong emperor's reign. Her father was Daijing . She entered the Forbidden City somewhere around 1800 to become a consort of the Jiaqing emperor who was 27 years older....
.

Death and burial

On September 2, 1820, the Jiaqing Emperor died at the Rehe (Jehol) Traveling Palace, 230 km (140 mi) northeast of Beijing

Beijing

Draft History of Qing

The Draft History of Qing was a draft of the official history of the Chinese Qing Dynasty compiled and written by a team of more than 100 historians hired by the Republic of China's government....
did not record a cause of death. Some have alleged that he died after being struck by lightning, but others prefer the theory that he died of a stroke

Stroke

A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain function due to a disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. According to the National Stroke Association, a "stroke" occurs when a blood clot blocks and artery or a blood vessel breaks, interrupting blood flow to an area of the brain....
as the emperor was quite obese. He was succeeded by his second son, the Daoguang Emperor

Daoguang Emperor

The Daoguang Emperor was the seventh Emperor of China of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the sixth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1820 to 1850....
.

Renzong was interred amidst the Western Qing Tombs

Western Qing Tombs

The Western Qing Tombs are located some 140km southwest of Beijing in Hebei province near the town of Yixian. The Western Qing Tombs is a necropolis that incorporate four royal mausoleums where seventy-eight royal members in all are buried....
, 120 km (75 mi) southwest of Beijing

Beijing