Japanese era name

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Japanese era name

The Japanese era calendar scheme is a common calendar

Calendar

A calendar is a system of organize days for a social, religious, commercial or administrative purpose. This organization is done by giving names to periods of time ? typically days, weeks, months and years....
scheme used in Japan

Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
, which identifies a year by the combination of the and the year number within the era. For example, the year is Heisei

Heisei

is the current Japanese era name in Japan. The Heisei era started on January 8, 1989, just one day after the death of the reigning Emperor, Hirohito....
.

As elsewhere in East Asia

East Asia

East Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either Geography or cultural terms. Geography and geopolitically, it covers about 12,000,000 km?, or about 28 percent of the Asian continent, about 15 percent bigger than the area of Europe, though some categorize Tibet, Xinjiang, and Mongolia as Central Asia....
, the use of nengo, also known as , was originally derived from Chinese Imperial practice

Culture of China

The Culture of China is one of the world's oldest and most complex cultures. The area in which the culture is dominant covers a large geographical region with customs and traditions varying greatly between towns, cities and Province ....
, although the Japanese system is independent of the Chinese

Chinese era name

A Chinese era name is the era name, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese rulers ....
, Korean

Korean era name

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Encyclopedia

The Japanese era calendar scheme is a common calendar

Calendar

Japan

Heisei

is the current Japanese era name in Japan. The Heisei era started on January 8, 1989, just one day after the death of the reigning Emperor, Hirohito....
.

As elsewhere in East Asia

East Asia

Culture of China

Chinese era name

A Chinese era name is the era name, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese rulers ....
, Korean

Korean era name

Korean era names were used during the period of Silla, Goguryeo, Balhae, Taebong, Goryeo, Joseon, and the Korean Empire. Dangun-giwon, the era name originating from the foundation of Gojoseon is also widely used in Korea as an indication of long civilisation of Korea....
and Vietnamese era-naming systems. Unlike these other similar systems, Japanese era names are still in use. Government offices usually require era names and years for official papers.

Sometimes an era name is expressed with the first letter of the romanized name. For example, S55 means Showa 55 (i.e. 1980 CE). At 64 years, Showa

Showa period

The , or Showa era, is the period of Japanese history corresponding to the reign of Emperor Showa , from December 25, 1926 to January 7, 1989. In his coronation message which was read to the people and to the army, the newly enthroned emperor referenced this Japanese era name or nengo: "I have visited the battlefields of the Great War in...
is the longest era to date.

Overview

The system on which the Japanese nengo are based originated in China

China

China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
in 140 BCE, and was adopted by Japan in 645 CE, during the reign of Emperor Kotoku

Emperor Kotoku

was the 36th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. The years of his reign lasted from 645 through 654....
.

The first nengo to be assigned was , celebrating the political and organizational changes which were to flow from the great . Although the regular practice of proclaiming successive nengo was interrupted in the late seventh century, it was permanently re-adopted in 701 during the reign of Emperor Mommu (697-707). Since then, era names have been used continuously up through the present day.

Historical nengo

Prior to the Meiji period

Meiji period

The , or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running, in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July 1912. During this time, Japan started its modernization and rose to world power status....
, era names were decided by court officials and were subjected to frequent change. A new nengo was usually proclaimed within a year or two after the ascension of a new emperor. A new nengo was also often designated on the first, fifth and 58th years of the sexagenary cycle

Sexagenary cycle

The China sexagenary cycle , also known as Stems-Branches , is a cyclic numeral system of 60 combinations of the two basic cycles, the 10 Heavenly Stems and the 12 Earthly Branches ....
, because they were inauspicious years in Onmyodo

Onmyodo

is a traditional Japanese esoteric cosmology, a mixture of natural science and occultism. It is based on the Chinese philosophies of Wu Xing and Yin and yang, introduced into Japan at the turn of the 6th century, and accepted as a practical system of divination....
. These three years are respectively known as , , and , and collectively known as . Era names were also changed due to other felicitous events or natural disasters.

In historical practice, starts whenever the emperor chooses; and the first year continues until the next lunar new year, which is understood to be the start of the nengo's second year.

Era names indicate the various reasons for their adoption. For instance, the nengo , during the Nara period was declared due to the discovery of copper deposits in Chichibu

Chichibu

can refer to:*Chichibu, Saitama - a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan*Prince Chichibu - a member of the Japanese imperial family...
. Most nengo are comprised of two kanji

Kanji

are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese language logogram along with hiragana , katakana , Arabic numerals, and the occasional use of the Latin alphabet....
, except for a short time during the Nara period

Nara period

The of the history of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794. Empress Gemmei established the capital of Heijo-kyo . Except for 5 years , when the capital was briefly moved again, it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kammu established a new capital, Nagaoka-kyo, in 784 before moving to Heian-kyo , or Kyoto, a decade lat...
when four-kanji names were sometimes adopted to follow the Chinese trend. , , and are some famous nengo names that use four characters. Since the Heian period

Heian period

The is the last division of classical History of Japan, running from 794 to 1185. It is the period in Japanese history when Confucianism and other Chinese culture were at their height....
, Confucian thoughts and ideas have been reflected in era names, such as , and . Although there currently exist a total of 247 Japanese era names, only 72 kanji have been used in composing them. Out of these 72 kanji, 30 of them have been used only once, while the rest have been used repeatedly in different combinations.

Nengo in modern Japan

Mutsuhito assumed the throne in 1867, during the third year of the era. On Oct. 23, 1868, the era name was changed to , and a system was adopted, wherein era names would change only upon imperial succession. This system is similar to the now-defunct Chinese system used since the days of the Ming Dynasty

Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty , or Empire of the Great Ming , was the ruling Dynasties in Chinese history of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty....
. The Japanese nengo system differs from Chinese practice, in that in the Chinese system the era name was not updated until the year following the emperor's death.

In modern practice, starts immediately upon the emperor's ascension to the throne and ends on December 31st. Subsequent years follow the Gregorian calendar

Gregorian calendar

The Gregorian calendar is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was first proposed by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius, and decreed by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom it was named, on 24 February 1582 by the papal bull Inter gravissimas....
.

For example, the Meiji era lasted until July 30th, 1912, when the emperor died and the era was proclaimed. 1912 is therefore known as both "Meiji 45" and , although Meiji technically ended on Jul. 30th with Mutsuhito's death.

This practice, implemented successfully since the days of Meiji but never formalized, became law in 1979 with the passage of the . Thus, since 1868, there have only been four era names assigned: Meiji, Taisho, Showa and Heisei, each corresponding with the rule of only one emperor. Upon death, the emperor is thereafter referred to by the era of his reign. For example, Mutsuhito is posthumously known as . NB: It is protocol in Japan that the reigning emperor should be referred to as Tenno Heika (????, "His Majesty the Emperor") or Kinjo Tenno (????, "current emperor"). To call the current emperor by the current era name, i.e. "Heisei", even in English, is a faux pas

Faux pas

A faux pas is a violation of accepted social rules . Faux pas vary widely from culture to culture, and what is considered good manners in one culture can be considered a faux pas in another....
, as this is—and will be—his posthumous name. Use of the emperor's given name (i.e., "Akihito") is rare in Japanese.

Conversion table from Gregorian calendar years to nengo

To convert a Japanese year to a Western or Gregorian calendar

Gregorian calendar

CONVERSION TABLE: Gregorian calendar years Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was first proposed by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius, and decreed by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom it was named, on 24 February 1582 by the papal bull Inter gravissimas.... / nengo
Year 1	Kanji Kanji are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese language logogram along with hiragana , katakana , Arabic numerals, and the occasional use of the Latin alphabet....	Romanization Romanization In linguistics, romanization is the representation of a written word or spoken speech with the Latin alphabet, or a system for doing so, where the original word or language uses a different writing system ....	Meaning	Notes
Asuka period Asuka period The , was a period in the history of Japan lasting from 538 to 710 , although its beginning could be said to overlap with the preceding Kofun period. The Yamato polity evolved much during the Asuka period, which is named after the Asuka, Yamato region, about 25 km south to the modern city of Nara, Nara.... (538-710)
645	??	Taika Taika (era) was a after the Kogyoku period and before the Hakuchi . This period spanned the years from 645 through 650. The reigning emperor was ....	"Great Reform"	Emperor Kotoku Emperor Kotoku was the 36th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. The years of his reign lasted from 645 through 654.... , 645-654. Also known as "Great Development"
650	??	Hakuchi Hakuchi (era) was a after the Taika era and before a late 7th century gap in the sequence of nengo which would stretch uninterrupted from the proclamation of the new era Taiho at the beginning of the 8th century....	"White Pheasant"
654	Naming of eras temporarily discontinued from 654-686: See "Non-Nengo periods" section below
686	??	Shucho Shucho , alternatively read as Sucho or Akamitori, was a after a gap following Hakuchi and before another gap lasting until Taiho . This Shucho period briefly spanned a period of months from 686 through 687....	"vermillion bird"	also Sucho, Akamitori or Akamidori; Emperor Temmu Emperor Temmu was the 40th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He ruled from 672 until his death in 686.... , 672-686.
686	Naming of eras temporarily discontinued from 686-701: See "Non-Nengo periods" section below
701	??	Taiho Taiho (era) was a after a late 7th century interruption in the sequence of nengo after Shucho and before Keiun. This period spanned the years from 701 through 704....	"Great Law"	also Daiho; Emperor Mommu Emperor Mommu Emperor Mommu was the 42nd Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 697 through 707.... , 697-707. Also known as "Great Treasure"
704	??	Keiun Keiun , also known as Kyoun, is a Japanese era name following Taiho and preceding Wado . The period spanned the years from 704 through 708. The reigning sovereigns were Emperor Mommu and Empress Gemmei....	"jubilant cloud"	also Kyoun; Empress Gemmei Empress Gemmei was the 43rd Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. This sovereign is sometimes identified as Empress Genmyo.... , 707-715.
708	??	Wado Wado (era) was a after Keiun and before Reiki . This period spanned the years from 708 through 715. The reigning emperor was ....	"Japanese Copper"
Nara period Nara period The of the history of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794. Empress Gemmei established the capital of Heijo-kyo . Except for 5 years , when the capital was briefly moved again, it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kammu established a new capital, Nagaoka-kyo, in 784 before moving to Heian-kyo , or Kyoto, a decade lat... (710-794)
715	??	Reiki Reiki (era) was a after Wado and before Yoro. This period spanned the years from 715 through 717. The reigning empress was ....	"ethereal tortoise"	Empress Gensho Empress Gensho Empress Gensho was the 44th imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. She was the sixth woman to ascend the Chrysanthemum Throne.... , 715-724.
717	??	Yoro Yoro Yoro is the capital city of the Yoro department of Honduras....	"caring for the aged"
724	??	Jinki Jinki (era) was a after Yoro and before Tenpyo. This period spanned the years from 724 through 729. The reigning emperor was ....	"divine tortoise"	also Shinki; Emperor Shomu Emperor Shomu Emperor Shomu was the 45th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years 724 through 749.... , 724-749.
729	??	Tenpyo Tenpyo was a after Jinki and before Tenpyo-kanpo. This period spanned the years from 729 through 749. The reigning emperor was ....	"heavenly peace"	also Tenbyo or Tenhei
749	????	Tenpyo-kanpo Tenpyo-kanpo was a after Tenpyo and before Tenpyo-shoho. This period spanned mere months in 749. The reigning emperor was ....	"Gratitude for Treasure"	also Tenbyo-kanpo
749	????	Tenpyo-shoho Tenpyo-shoho was a after Tenpyo-kanpo and before Tenpyo-hoji. This period spanned the years from 749 through 757. The reigning emperor was ....	"Heavenly Peace and Victorious Buddhism"	also Tenbyo-shobo or Tenpei-shoho; Empress Koken Empress Koken Empress Shotoku was both the 46th and the 48th Emperors of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. The period in which she was the reigning sovereign stretched from 749 through the year of her death in 770.... , 749-758.
757	????	Tenpyo-hoji Tenpyo-hoji was a after Tenpyo-shoho and before Tenpyo-jingo. This period spanned the years from 757 through 765. The reigning empress was ....	"Lucky Inscription"	also Tenbyo-hoji or Tenpei-hoji; Emperor Junnin Emperor Junnin Emperor Junnin was the 47th Emperor of Japan of Japan according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 758 to 764.... , 758-764; Empress Shotoku, 764-770.
765	????	Tenpyo-jingo Tenpyo-jingo was a after Tenpyo-hoji and before Jingo-keiun. This period spanned the years from 765 through 767. The reigning empress was . This was the same woman who had reigned previously as the former ....	"heavenly peace and divine protection"	also Tenbyo-jingo or Tenhei-jingo
767	????	Jingo-keiun Jingo-keiun under construction}} was a after Tenpyo-jingo and before Hoki. This period spanned the years from 767 through 770. The reigning empress was ....	"divine protection and cloudy view"
770	??	Hoki Hoki Hoki can mean:* Hoki Province, was an old province of Japan, today part of the Tottori Prefecture.* Hoki, Tottori is a town in Japan.* Hoki was a Japanese era name from 770 through 781....	"treasure turtle"	Emperor Konin Emperor Konin was the 49th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 770 through 781.... , 770-781.
781	??	Ten'o Ten'o was a after Hoki and before Enryaku. This period spanned the years from 781 through 782. The reigning emperor was ....	"heavenly answer"	Emperor Kammu Emperor Kammu was the 50th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 781 through 806.... , 781-806.
782	??	Enryaku Enryaku was a after Ten'o and before Daido. This period spanned the years from 782 through 806. The reigning emperor was ....	"prolonged calendar"
Heian period Heian period The is the last division of classical History of Japan, running from 794 to 1185. It is the period in Japanese history when Confucianism and other Chinese culture were at their height.... (794-1192)
806	??	Daido Daido was a after Enryaku and before Konin . This period spanned the years from 806 through 809. The reigning emperors were and ....	"great similarity"	Emperor Heizei Emperor Heizei Not to be confused with Emperor Heisei, the future posthumous name of the current reigning Emperor Akihito.Emperor Heizei was the 51st Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.... , 806-809; Emperor Saga Emperor Saga Emperor Saga was the 52nd Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 809 through 823.... , 809-823.
810	??	Konin Konin (era) was a after Daido and before Tencho. This period spanned the years from 810 through 824. The reigning emperors were and ....	"broad virtue"	Emperor Junna Emperor Junna Emperor Junna was the 53rd Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He was a son of Emperor Kammu. He reigned from 823 to 833.... , 823-833.
824	??	Tencho Tencho was a after Konin and before Jowa . This period spanned the years from 824 through 834. The reigning emperors were and ....	"heavenly length"	Emperor Ninmyo, 833-850.
834	??	Jowa Jowa (Heian period) was a after Tencho and before Kasho. This period spanned the years from 834 through 848. The reigning emperors were and ....	"Flourishing Treasure"	also Showa or Sowa
848	??	Kasho Kasho , also known as Kajo, was a after Jowa and before Ninju. This period spanned the years from 848 through 851. The reigning emperors were and ....	"Good Augury"	also Kajo; Emperor Montoku Emperor Montoku Emperor Montoku was the 55th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. The years of his reign spanned the years from 850 through 858.... , 850-858.
851	??	Ninju Ninju was a after Kasho and before Saiko. This period spanned the years from 851 through 854. The reigning emperor was ....	"virtuous long life"
854	??	Saiko Saiko Saiko may refer to:* Saiko, Yamanashi, a lake of Japan* Saiko, a Japanese era...	"adjusted equilibrium"
857	??	Ten'an Ten'an was a after Saiko and before Jogan. This period spanned the years from 857 through 859. The reigning emperors were and ....	"heavenly peace"	also Tennan; Emperor Seiwa Emperor Seiwa Emperor Seiwa was the 56th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 858 through 876.... , 858-876.
859	??	Jogan Jogan was a after Ten'an and before Gangyo. This period spanned the years from 859 through 877. The reigning emperors were and ....	"righteous appearance"	Emperor Yozei Emperor Yozei Emperor Yozei was the 57th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the eyrs from 876 through 884.... , 876-884.
877	??	Gangyo Gangyo was a after Jogan and before Ninna. This period spanned the years from 877 through 885. The reigning emperor was ....	"former jubilation"	also Gankyo or Genkei; Emperor Koko Emperor Koko was the 58th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from 884 to 887.... , 884-887.
885	??	Ninna Ninna was a after Gangyo and before Kanpyo . This period spanned the years from 885 through 889. The reigning emperors were and ....	"virtuous peace"	also Ninwa; Emperor Uda Emperor Uda was the 59th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 887 through 897.... , 887-897.
889	??	Kanpyo	"tolerant balance"	also Kanpei or Kanbyo or Kanbei or Kanhei; Emperor Daigo Emperor Daigo Emperor Daigo was the 60th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from 897 to 930.... , 887-930.
898	??	Shotai Shotai was a after Kanpyo and before Engi . This period spanned the years from 898 through 901. The reigning emperor was ....	"prosperous calm"
901	??	Engi Engi (era) was a after Shotai and before Encho. This period spanned the years from 901 through 923. The reigning emperors were ....	"prolonged rejoice"
923	??	Encho Encho was a after Engi and before Johei. This period spanned the years from 923 through 931. The reigning emperors were and ....	"prolonged chief"	Emperor Suzaku Emperor Suzaku Emperor Suzaku was the 61st Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He ruled from 930 to 946.... , 930-946.
931	??	Johei Johei , also romanization as Shohei) was a after Encho and before Tengyo. This period spanned the years from 931 through 938. The reigning emperor was ....	"receive balance"	also Shohei
938	??	Tengyo Tengyo was a after Johei and before Tenryaku. This period spanned the years from 938 through 947. The reigning emperors were and ....	"heavenly jubilation"	also Tenkei or Tenkyo; Emperor Murakami Emperor Murakami Emperor Murakami was the 62nd Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He ruled from 946 to his death in 967.... , 946-967.
947	??	Tenryaku Tenryaku was a after Tengyo and before Tentoku. This period spanned the years from 947 through 957. The reigning emperor was ....	"heavenly almanac"	also Tenreki
957	??	Tentoku Tentoku was a after Tengyo and before Owa. This period spanned the years from 957 through 961. The reigning emperors was ....	"heavenly benevolence"
961	??	Owa Owa Owa can be:Ordered Weighted Averaging Aggregation OperatorsOwa, an era in Japanese historyOutlook Web AccessOpen World Assumption, formal reasoning with incomplete knowledge...	"answered peace"
964	??	Koho Koho Koho may mean:Koho language, a member of the Bahnaric familyKoho, a Japanese eraKoho , a hockey equipment companyKOHO-FM, a radio station...	"guaranteed ease"	Emperor Reizei Emperor Reizei [Image:Reizei kyoto.jpg\|thumb\|right\|The tomb of Emperor Reizei, Kyoto Emperor Reizei was the 63rd Emperor of Japan of Japan according to the traditional order of succession.... , 967-969.
968	??	Anna Anna (era) was a after Koho and before Tenroku. This period spanned the years from 964 through 968. The reigning emperors were and ....	"calm peace"	also Anwa; Emperor En'yu Emperor En'yu Emperor En'yu was the 64th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 969 through 984.... , 969-984.
970	??	Tenroku Tenroku was a after Anna and before Ten'en. This period spanned the years from 970 through 973. The reigning emperors were and ....	"heavenly fief"
973	??	Ten'en	"prolonged heaven"
976	??	Jogen	"righteous origins"	also Teigen
978	??	Tengen Tengen (era) was a after Jogen and before Eikan. This period spanned the years from 976 through 978. The reigning emperor was ....	"heavenly origins"
983	??	Eikan Eikan was a after Tengen and before Kanna. This period spanned the years from 983 through 985. The reigning emperors were and ....	"eternal view"	also Yokan; Emperor Kazan Emperor Kazan Emperor Kazan was the 65th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He ruled from 984 to 986.... , 984-986.
985	??	Kanna Kanna (era) was a after Eikan and before Eien. This period spanned the years from 985 through 987. The reigning emperors were and ....	"tolerant peace"	also Kanwa; Emperor Ichijo Emperor Ichijo Emperor Ichijo was the 66th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He ruled from 986 to 1011.... , 986-1011.
987	??	Eien Eien was a after Kanna and before Eiso. This period spanned the years from 987 through 988. The reigning emperor was ....	"prolonged eternity"	also Yoen
988	??	Eiso Eiso was a after Eien and before Shoryaku. This period spanned the years from 988 through 990. The reigning emperor was ....	"eternal imperial throne"	also Yoso
990	??	Shoryaku Shoryaku was a after Eiso and before Chotoku. This period spanned the years from 990 through 995. The reigning emperor was ....	"true almanac"	also Joryaku or Shoreki
995	??	Chotoku Chotoku was a after Eiso and before Choho . This period spanned the years from 995 through 999. The reigning emperor was ....	"chief benevolence"
999	??	Choho Choho (era) was a after Chotoku and before Kanko. This period spanned the years from 999 through 1004. The reigning emperor was ....	"chief guarantee"
1004	??	Kanko Kanko was a after Choho and before Chowa. This period spanned the years from 1004 through 1012. The reigning emperors were and ....		Emperor Sanjo Emperor Sanjo was the 67th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1011 through 1016.... , 1011-1016.
1012	??	Chowa Chowa was a after Kanko and before Kannin. This period spanned the years from 1012 through 1017. The reigning emperors were and ....		Emperor Go-Ichijo Emperor Go-Ichijo Emperor Go-Ichijo was the 68th Emperors of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1016 through 1036.... , 1016-1036.
1017	??	Kannin Kannin was a after Chowa and before Jian . This period spanned the years from 1017 through 1021. The reigning emperor was ....
1021	??	Jian Jian (era) was a after Kannin and before Manju . This period spanned the years from 1021 through 1024. The reigning emperor was ....		also Chian
1024	??	Manju Manju (era) was a after Jian and before Chogen. This period spanned the years from 1024 through 1028. The reigning emperor was ....
1028	??	Chogen Chogen was a after Manju and before Choryaku. This period spanned the years from 1028 through 1037. The reigning emperors were and ....		Emperor Go-Suzaku Emperor Go-Suzaku Emperor Go-Suzaku was the 69th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1036 through 1045.... , 1036-1045.
1037	??	Choryaku Choryaku was a after Chogen and before Chokyu. This period spanned the years from 1037 through 1040. The reigning emperor was ....		also Choreki
1040	??	Chokyu Chokyu was a after Choryaku and before Kantoku. This period spanned the years from 1040 through 1044. The reigning emperor was ....
1044	??	Kantoku Kantoku was a after Chokyu and before Eisho . This period spanned the years from 1044 through 1046. The reigning emperors were ) and ....		Emperor Go-Reizei Emperor Go-Reizei Emperor Go-Reizei was the 70th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years 1045 ? 1068.... , 1045-1068.
1046	??	Eisho Eisho (Heian period) was a after Kantoku and before Tengi. This period spanned the years from 1046 through 1053. The reigning emperor was ....		also Eijo or Yojo
1053	??	Tengi Tengi was a after Eisho and before Kohei. This period spanned the years from 1053 through 1058. The reigning emperor was ....		also Tenki
1058	??	Kohei Kohei was a after Tengi and before Jiryaku. This period spanned the years from 1058 through 1065. The reigning emperor was ....
1065	??	Jiryaku Jiryaku was a after Kohei and before Enkyu. This period spanned the years from 1065 through 1069. The reigning emperors were and ....		also Chiryaku
1069	??	Enkyu Enkyu was a after Jiryaku and before Joho. This period spanned the years from 1069 through 1074. The reigning emperors were and ....		Emperor Go-Sanjo Emperor Go-Sanjo was the 71st Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1068 through 1073.... , 1068-1073.
1074	??	Joho Joho was a Japanese era name after Enkyu and before Joryaku. This period spanned the years from 1074 through 1077. The reigning emperor was ....		also Shoho or Shoho; Emperor Shirakawa Emperor Shirakawa Emperor Shirakawa was the 72nd Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from January 18, 1073 to January 5, 1087.... , 1073-1086.
1077	??	Joryaku Joryaku was a Japanese era name after Joho and before Eiho. This period spanned the years from 1077 through 1081. The reigning emperor was ....		also Shoryaku or Shoreki
1081	??	Eiho Eiho was a after Joryaku and before Otoku. This period spanned the years from 1081 through 1084. The reigning emperor was ....		also Yoho
1084	??	Otoku Otoku was a after Eiho and before Kanji . This period spanned the years from 1084 through 1087. The reigning emperor was ....
1087	??	Kanji Kanji (era) was a after Otoku and before Kaho. This period spanned the years from 1087 through 1094. The reigning emperor was ....		Emperor Horikawa Emperor Horikawa Emperor Horikawa was the 73rd Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1087 through 1107.... , 1087-1107.
1094	??	Kaho Kaho was a after Kanji and before Eicho. This period spanned the years from 1094 through 1096. The reigning emperor was ....
1096	??	Eicho Eicho was a after Kaho and before Jotoku. This period spanned the years from 1096 through 1097. The reigning emperor was ....		also Yocho
1097	??	Jotoku Jotoku was a after Eicho and before Kowa . This period spanned the years from 1097 through 1099. The reigning emperor was ....		also Shotoku
1099	??	Kowa Kowa (Heian period) was a after Jotoku and before Choji. This period spanned the years from 1099 through 1104. The reigning emperor was ....
1104	??	Choji Choji was a after Kowa and before Kajo. This period spanned the years from 1104 through 1106. The reigning emperor was ....
1106	??	Kajo Kajo , also pronounced Kasho, was a after Choji and before Tennin . This period spanned the years from 1106 through 1108. The reigning emperors were and ....		also Kasho or Kaso; Emperor Toba Emperor Toba Emperor Toba was the 74th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1107 through 1123.... , 1107-1123.
1108	??	Tennin Tennin (era) was a after Kajo and before Ten'ei. This period spanned the years from 1108 through 1110. The reigning emperor was ....
1110	??	Ten'ei Ten'ei was a after Tennin and before Eikyu. This period spanned the years from 1110 through 1113. The reigning emperor was .Change of Era...		also Ten'yo
1113	??	Eikyu Eikyu was a after Ten'ei and before Gen'ei. This period spanned the years from 1113 through 1118. The reigning emperor was ....		also Yokyu
1118	??	Gen'ei Gen'ei was a after Eikyu and before Hoan. This period spanned the years from 1118 through 1120. The reigning emperor was ....
1120	??	Hoan Hoan was a after Gen'ei and before Tenji . This period spanned the years from 1120 through 1124. The reigning emperors were and ....		Emperor Sutoku Emperor Sutoku Emperor Sutoku was the 75th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1123 through 1142.... , 1123-1142.
1124	??	Tenji Tenji (era) was a after Hoan and before Daiji . This period spanned the years from 1124 through 1126. The reigning emperor was ....		also Tenchi
1126	??	Daiji Daiji (era) was a after Tenji and before Tensho . This period spanned the years from 1126 through 1131. The reigning emperor was ....		also Taiji
1131	??	Tensho Tensho (Heian period) was a after Daiji and before Chosho. This period spanned the years from 1131 through 1132. The reigning emperor was .Change of Era...		also Tenjo
1132	??	Chosho Chosho was a after Tensho and before Hoen. This period spanned the years from 1132 through 1135. The reigning emperor was ....		also Chojo
1135	??	Hoen Hoen was a after Chosho and before Eiji. This period spanned the years from 1135 through 1141. The reigning emperor was ....
1141	??	Eiji Eiji was a after Hoen and before Koji . This period spanned the years from 1141 through 1142. The reigning emperors were and ....
1142	??	Koji Koji (Heian period) was a after Eiji and before Ten'yo. This period spanned the year from 1142 through 1144. The reigning emperor was ....		Emperor Konoe Emperor Konoe Emperor Konoe was the 76th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1142 through 1155.... , 1142-1155.
1144	??	Ten'yo Ten'yo was a after Koji and before Kyuan. This period spanned the year from 1144 through 1145. The reigning emperor was ....		also Tennyo
1145	??	Kyuan Kyuan was a after Ten'yo and before Ninpei. This period spanned the years from 1145 through 1151. The reigning emperor was ....
1151	??	Ninpei Ninpei was a after Kyuan and before Kyuju. This period spanned the years from 1151 through 1154. The reigning emperor was ....		also Ninpyo or Ninbyo or Ninhyo or Ninhei
1154	??	Kyuju Kyuju was a after Ninpei and before Hogen . This period spanned the years from 1151 through 1154. The reigning emperors were and ....		Emperor Go-Shirakawa Emperor Go-Shirakawa Emperor Go-Shirakawa was the 77th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1155 through 1158.... , 1155-1158.
1156	??	Hogen Hogen (era) was a after Kyuju and before Heiji. This period spanned the years from 1156 through 1159. The reigning emperors were and ....		also Hogen; Emperor Nijo Emperor Nijo Emperor Nijo was the 78th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spaned the years from 1158 through 1165.... , 1158-1165.
1159	??	Heiji Heiji was a after Hogen and before Eiryaku. This period spanned the years from 1159 through 1160. The reigning emperor was ....		also Byoji
1160	??	Eiryaku Eiryaku was a after Hogen and before Oho. This period spanned the years from 1160 through 1161. The reigning emperor was ....		also Yoryaku
1161	??	Oho Oho was a after Eiryaku and before Chokan. This period spanned the years from 1161 through 1163. The reigning emperor was .Change of era...
1163	??	Chokan Chokan was a after Oho and before Eiman. This period spanned the years from 1163 through 1165. The reigning emperors were and ....		also Chogan
1165	??	Eiman Eiman was a after Chokan and before Nin'an. This period spanned the years from 1165 through 1166. The reigning emperor was ....		also Yoman; Emperor Rokujo Emperor Rokujo Emperor Rokujo was the 79th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1165 through 1168.... , 1165-1168.
1166	??	Nin'an Nin'an , also known as Ninnan, was a after Eiman and before Kao . This period spanned the years from 1166 through 1169. The reigning emperors were and ....		also Ninnan; Emperor Takakura Emperor Takakura Emperor Takakura was the 80th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1168 through 1180.... , 1168-1180.
1169	??	Kao Kao (era) was a after Nin'an and before Joan . This period spanned the years from 1169 through 1171. The reigning emperor was ....
1171	??	Joan Joan (era) was a after Kao and before Angen. This period spanned the years from 1171 through 1175. The reigning emperor was ....		also Shoan
1175	??	Angen Angen was a after Joan and before Jisho. This period spanned the years from 1175 through 1177. The reigning emperor was ....
1177	??	Jisho Jisho was a after Angen and before Yowa. This period spanned the years from 1177 through 1181. The reigning emperors were and ....		also Jijo or Chisho; Emperor Antoku Emperor Antoku Emperor Antoku was the 81st Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1180 through 1185.... , 1180-1185.
1181	??	Yowa Yowa was a after Jisho and before Juei. This period spanned the years from 1181 through 1182. The reigning emperor was ....
1182	??	Juei Juei was a after Yowa and before Genryaku. This period spanned the years from 1182 through 1184. The reigning emperors were Emperor Antoku -tenno and ....		Emperor Go-Toba Emperor Go-Toba was the 82nd Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1183 through 1198.... , 1183-1198.
1184	??	Genryaku Genryaku was a after Juei and before Bunji . This period spanned the years from 1184 through 1185. The reigning emperors were and ....
1185	??	Bunji Bunji (Japanese era) was a after Genryaku and before Kenkyu. This period spanned the years from 1185 through 1190. The reigning emperor was ....		also Monchi
1190	??	Kenkyu Kenkyu was a after Bunji and before Shoji . This period spanned the years from 1190 through 1199. The reigning emperor was .Change of era...		Emperor Tsuchimikado Emperor Tsuchimikado was the 83rd Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1198 through 1210.... , 1198-1210.
Kamakura period Kamakura period The is a period of History of Japan that marks the governance by the Kamakura shogunate, officially established in 1192 in Kamakura, Kanagawa by the first shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo.... (1192-1333)
1199	??	Shoji Shoji (era) was a after Kenkyu and before Kennin. This period spanned the years from 1199 through 1201. The reigning emperor was ....
1201	??	Kennin Kennin was a after Shoji and before Genkyu. This period spanned the years from 1201 through 1204. The reigning emperor was ....
1204	??	Genkyu Genkyu was a after Kennin and before Ken'ei. This period spanned the years from 1204 through 1206. The reigning emperor was ....
1206	??	Ken'ei		also Ken'yo
1207	??	Jogen		also Shogen; Emperor Juntoku Emperor Juntoku was the 84th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1210 through 1221.... , 1210-1221.
1211	??	Kenryaku Kenryaku was a after Jogen and before Kempo . This period spanned the years from 1211 through 1213. The reigning emperor was ....
1213	??	Kenpo Kempo (era) was a Japanese era after Kenryaku and before Jokyu. This period spanned the years from 1213 through 1219. The reigning emperor was Emperor Juntoku -tenno ....		also Kenho
1219	??	Jokyu Jokyu was a Japanese era after Kempo and before Joo . This period spanned the years from 1219 through 1222. The reigning emperor was Emperor Juntoku -tenno ....		also Shokyu; Emperor Chukyo Emperor Chukyo was the 85th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned only months in 1221, and he was not officially listed amongst the emperors until 1870 because of doubts caused by the length of his reign.... , 1221;. Emperor Go-Horikawa Emperor Go-Horikawa was the 86th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. This reign spanned the years from 1221 through 1232.... , 1221-1232.
1222	??	Joo	"righteous answer"	also Teio
1224	??	Gennin Gennin was a after Joo and before Karoku. This period spanned the years from 1224 to 1225. The reigning emperor was ....
1225	??	Karoku Karoku was a after Gennin and before Antei. This period spanned the years from 1225 to 1227. The reigning emperor was ....
1227	??	Antei Antei was a after Gennin and before Kangi. This period spanned the years from 1227 to 1229. The reigning emperor was ....		also Anjo
1229	??	Kangi		also Kanki
1232	??	Joei Joei was a after Kangi and before Tenpuku. This period spanned the years from 1232 to 1233. The reigning emperors were and ....		also Teiei; Emperor Shijo Emperor Shijo was the 87th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. This reign spanned the years 1232 through 1242.... , 1232-1242.
1233	??	Tenpuku Tenpuku was a after Joei and before Bunryaku. This period spanned the years from 1233 to 1234. The reigning emperor was ....		also Tenfuku
1234	??	Bunryaku Bunryaku was a after Tenpuku and before Katei. This period spanned the years from 1234 to 1235. The reigning emperor was ....		also Monryaku or Monreki
1235	??	Katei Katei was a after Bunryaku and before Ryakunin. This period spanned the years from 1235 to 1238. The reigning emperor was ....
1238	??	Ryakunin Ryakunin was a after Katei and before En'o. This period spanned the years from 1238 to 1239. The reigning emperor was ....		also Rekinin
1239	??	En'o		also Enno
1240	??	Ninji Ninji was a after En'o and before Kangen. This period spanned the years from 1240 to 1243. The reigning emperors were and ....		also Ninchi; Emperor Go-Saga Emperor Go-Saga Emperor Go-Saga was the 88th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. This reign spanned the years 1242 through 1246.... , 1242-1246.
1243	??	Kangen Kangen was a after Ninji and before Hoji. This period spanned the years from 1243 to 1247. The reigning emperors were and ....		Emperor Go-Fukakusa Emperor Go-Fukakusa was the 89th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. This reign spanned the years 1246 through 1260.This 13th century sovereign was named after the 9th century Emperor Nimmyo and go- , translates literally as "later;" and thus, he could be called the "Later Emperor Fukakusa".... , 1246-1260.
1247	??	Hoji Hoji was a after Kangen and before Kencho. This period spanned the years from 1247 to 1249. The reigning emperors were and ....
1249	??	Kencho Kencho was a after Hoji and before Kogen. This period spanned the years from 1249 to 1256. The reigning emperor was ....
1256	??	Kogen Kogen Kogen may refer to :Hebrew-Russian language:* Arnie Kogen* Jay KogenJapanese language:Kogen Emperor Kogen ...		Emperor Kameyama Emperor Kameyama , was the 90th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1259 through 1274.... , 1260-1274.
1257	??	Shoka Shoka was a after Kogen and before Shogen. This period spanned the years from 1257 to 1259. The reigning emperor was ....
1259	??	Shogen Shogen was a after Shoka and before Bun'o. This period spanned the years from 1259 to 1260. The reigning emperors were and ....
1260	??	Bun'o		also Bunno
1261	??	Kocho Kocho was a after Bun'o and before Bun'ei. This period spanned the years from 1261 to 1264. The reigning emperor was ....
1264	??	Bun'ei		Emperor Go-Uda Emperor Go-Uda Emperor Go-Uda was the 91st Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1274 through 1287.... , 1274-1287.
1275	??	Kenji Kenji (Japanese era) is the name of a which followed Bun'ei and preceded Koan . This period spanned the years from 1275 to 1278. The reigning emperor was ....
1278	??	Koan		Emperor Fushimi Emperor Fushimi Emperor Fushimi was the 92nd Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1287 through 1298.... , 1287-1298.
1288	??	Shoo Shoo was a after Koan and before Einin. This period spanned the years from 1288 through 1293. The reigning emperor was ....
1293	??	Einin Einin was a after Shoo and before Shoan. This period spanned the years from 1293 through 1299. The reigning emperors were and ....		Emperor Go-Fushimi Emperor Go-Fushimi Emperor Go-Fushimi was the 93rd Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1298 to 1301.... , 1298-1301.
1299	??	Shoan Shoan is the name of an era in Japanese history. This era spanned the years from 1299 through 1302. Preceding it was the Einin era, and following it was the Kengen era....		Emperor Go-Nijo Emperor Go-Nijo Emperor Go-Nijo was the 94th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from March 3, 1301 until September 10, 1308.... , 1301-1308.
1302	??	Kengen Kengen was a after Shoan and before Kagen. This period spanned the years from 1302 through 1303. The reigning emperor was ....
1303	??	Kagen Kagen was a after Kengen and before Tokuji. This period spanned the years from 1303 through 1306. The reigning emperor was ....
1306	??	Tokuji Tokuji was a after Kagen and before Enkyo . This period spanned the years from 1306 through 1308. The reigning emperor was ....
1308	??	Enkyo		also Engyo or Enkei; Emperor Hanazono Emperor Hanazono Emperor Hanazono was the 95th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1308 through 1318.... , 1308-1318.
1311	??	Ocho Ocho was a after Enkyo and before Showa . This period spanned the years from 1311 AD through 1312. The reigning emperor was ....
1312	??	Showa Showa (first) was a after Ocho and before Bunpo. This period spanned the years from 1312 through 1317. The reigning emperor was ....
1317	??	Bunpo		also Bunho; Emperor Go-Daigo Emperor Go-Daigo Emperor Go-Daigo was the 96th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Post-Meiji period historians construe the years of his reign spanning 1318 through 1339; however, pre-Meiji accounts of his reign considered the years of his reign to last only between 1318 and 1332, when he was said to have be... , 1318-1339.
1319	??	Gen'o Gen'o was a after Showa and before Genko . This period spanned the years from 1319 to 1321. The reigning Emperor was ....		also Genno
1321	??	Genko
1324	??	Shochu Shochu (era) was a after Genko and before Karyaku. This period spanned the years from 1324 to 1326. The reigning Emperor was ....
1326	??	Karyaku Karyaku was a after Shochu and before Gentoku. This period spanned the years from 1326 to 1329. The reigning Emperor was ....
1329	??	Gentoku Gentoku was a after Karyaku and before Genko . This period spanned the years from 1329 to 1331. The reigning Emperor was ....
1331	??	Genko
1334	??	Kenmu Kemmu *Kenmu* was a Japanese era name of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-cho after Genko and before Engen. This period spanned the years from 1334 through 1336 in the south, and until 1338 in the Northern Court ....		also Kenbu
Nanboku-cho period (1334-1392)
*Nanboku-cho Nanboku-cho The , spanning from 1336 to 1392, was a period that occurred during the formative years of the Muromachi bakufu of Japan's history. During this period, there existed a Northern Court , established by Ashikaga Takauji in Kyoto, and a Southern Imperial Court, established by Emperor Go-Daigo in Yoshino District, Nara.... Southern Court
1336	??	Engen Engen Engen was a Japanese era name of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-cho after Kemmu and before Kokoku, lasting from 1336 to 1340. Reigning Emperors were Emperor Go-Daigo and Emperor Go-Murakami in the south and Emperor Komyo in the north....
1340	??	Kokoku Kokoku Kokoku was a Japanese era name of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-cho after Engen and before Shohei, lasting from 1340 to 1346. Reigning Emperors were Emperor Go-Murakami in the south and Emperor Komyo in the north....
1346	??	Shohei Shohei was a Japanese era name of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-cho after Bunchu and before Kowa, lasting from 1346 to 1370. Reigning Emperors were Emperor Go-Murakami and Emperor Chokei in the south and Emperor Komyo, Emperor Suko and Emperor Go-Kogon in the north....
1370	??	Kentoku Kentoku Kentoku was a Japanese era name of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-cho after Shohei and before Bunchu, lasting from 1370 to 1372. Reigning Emperors were Emperor Chokei of Japan in the south and Emperor Go-En'yu of Japan in the north....
1372	??	Bunchu Bunchu Bunchu was a Japanese era name of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-cho after Kentoku and before Tenju, lasting from 1372 to 1375. Reigning Emperors were Emperor Chokei of Japan in the south and Emperor Go-En'yu of Japan in the north....
1375	??	Tenju Tenju Tenju was a Japanese era name of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-cho after the Bunchu era and before the Kowa era, lasting from 1375 to 1381....
1381	??	Kowa
1384	??	Genchu Genchu Genchu was a Japanese era name of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-cho lasting from 1384 to 1392. Reigning Emperors were Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan in the south and Emperor Go-Komatsu of Japan in the north....		Genchu 9 becomes Meitoku Meitoku Meitoku was a Japanese era name after Genchu in the south and Koo in the north and before Shocho, spanning from 1390 to 1394 . The reigning Emperors were Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan in the south and Emperor Go-Komatsu of Japan in the north until 1392, and in all of Japan from 1392.... 3 in post Nanboku-cho reunification
*Nanboku-cho Nanboku-cho The , spanning from 1336 to 1392, was a period that occurred during the formative years of the Muromachi bakufu of Japan's history. During this period, there existed a Northern Court , established by Ashikaga Takauji in Kyoto, and a Southern Imperial Court, established by Emperor Go-Daigo in Yoshino District, Nara.... Northern Court
1332	??	Shokei Shokei (Japanese era) Shokei was a brief initial Japanese era name of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-cho, after Gentoku and before Kemmu, lasting from 1332 to 1333....		also Shokyo
1333	Northern court not in existence between 1333 and 1336; no era names apply from 1333 to 1338.
1338	??	Ryakuo Ryakuo was a Japanese era name of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-cho, lasting from 1338 to 1342....		also Rekio
1342	??	Koei Koei (era) was a Japanese era name of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-cho after Ryakuo and before Jowa and lasting from 1342 to 1344....
1345	??	Jowa Jowa (Muromachi period) was a Japanese era name of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-cho after Koei and before Kanno and lasting from 1345 to 1349....		also Teiwa
1350	??	Kanno Kanno Kanno may refer to:* Aya Kanno, manga artist* Yoko Kanno, composer...		also Kan'o
1352	??	Bunna Bunna was a Japanese era name of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-cho after Kanno and before Enbun and lasting from 1352 to 1355....		also Bunwa
1356	??	Enbun Enbun was a Japanese era name of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-cho after Bunna and before Koan and lasting from 1356 to 1360....
1361	??	Koan
1362	??	Joji Joji was a Japanese era name of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-cho after Koan and before Oan and lasting from 1362 to 1368. Reigning Emperors were Emperor Go-Murakami in the south and Emperor Go-Kogon in the north....		also Teiji
1368	??	Oan Oan Oan was a Japanese era name of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-cho after Joji and before Eiwa and lasting from 1368 to 1375. Reigning Emperors were Emperor Chokei of Japan in the south and Emperor Go-Kogon of Japan and Emperor Go-En'yu of Japan in the north....
1375	??	Eiwa Eiwa Eiwa was a Japanese era name of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-cho lasting from 1379 to 1381. Reigning Emperors were Emperor Chokei of Japan in the south and Emperor Go-En'yu of Japan in the north....
1379	??	Koryaku Koryaku Koryaku was a Japanese era name of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-cho lasting from 1379 to 1381. Reigning Emperors were Emperor Chokei of Japan in the south and Emperor Go-En'yu of Japan in the north....
1381	??	Eitoku Eitoku was a Japanese era name of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-cho lasting from 1381 to 1384. Reigning Emperors were Emperor Chokei of Japan and Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan in the south and Emperor Go-En'yu of Japan and Emperor Go-Komatsu of Japan in the north....
1384	??	Shitoku Shitoku Shitoku was a Japanese era name of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-cho lasting from 1384 to 1387. Reigning Emperors were Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan in the south and Emperor Go-Komatsu of Japan in the north....
1387	??	Kakei Kakei Kakei was a Japanese era name of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-cho lasting from 1387 to 1389. Reigning Emperors were Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan in the south and Emperor Go-Komatsu of Japan in the north....		also Kakyo
1389	??	Koo Koo Koo was a Japanese era name of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-cho lasting from 1389 to 1390. Reigning Emperors were Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan in the south and Emperor Go-Komatsu of Japan in the north....
1390	??	Meitoku Meitoku Meitoku was a Japanese era name after Genchu in the south and Koo in the north and before Shocho, spanning from 1390 to 1394 . The reigning Emperors were Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan in the south and Emperor Go-Komatsu of Japan in the north until 1392, and in all of Japan from 1392....		Meitoku 3 replaces Genchu Genchu Genchu was a Japanese era name of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-cho lasting from 1384 to 1392. Reigning Emperors were Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan in the south and Emperor Go-Komatsu of Japan in the north.... 9 in post-Nanboku-cho reunification
Muromachi period Muromachi period The was a division of History of Japan running from approximately 1336 to 1573. The period marks the governance of the Ashikaga shogunate, which was officially established in 1336 by the first Muromachi shogun, Ashikaga Takauji.... (1392-1573)
1394	??	Oei Oei was a after Meitoku and before Shocho. This period spanned the years from 1394 through 1428. Reigning emperors were and ....		Emperor Shoko Emperor Shoko Emperor Shoko was the 101st Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.His reign spanned the years from 1412 through 1428.... , 1412-1428.
1428	??	Shocho Shocho was a after Oei and before Eikyo. This period spanned the years from 1428 through 1429. Reigning emperors were and ....		Emperor Go-Hanazono Emperor Go-Hanazono was the 102nd Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1428 through] 1464.... , 1428-1464.
1429	??	Eikyo Eikyo was a after Shocho and before Kakitsu. This period spanned the years from 1429 through 1441. The reigning emperor was ....		also Eiko
1441	??	Kakitsu Kakitsu was a after Eikyo and before Bun'an. This period spanned the years from 1441 through 1444. The reigning emperor was ....		also Kakichi
1444	??	Bun'an		also Bunnan
1449	??	Hotoku Hotoku was a after Bun'an and before Kyotoku. This period spanned the years from 1449 through 1452. The reigning emperor was ....
1452	??	Kyotoku Kyotoku was a after Hotoku and before Kosho. This period spanned the years from 1452 through 1455. The reigning emperor was .Change of era...
1455	??	Kosho Kosho Kosho is a game or martial art conceived by Patrick McGoohan for the 1967 television series The Prisoner.Emperor Kosho was the fifth imperial ruler of Japan to appear on the traditional list of emperors....
1457	??	Choroku Choroku was a after Kosho and before Kansho. This period spanned the years from 1457 through 1460. The reigning emperor was .Change of era...
1460	??	Kansho Kansho was a after Choroku and before Bunsho. This period spanned from 1460 through 1466. The reigning emperors were and ....		Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado was the 103rd Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1464 through 1500.... , 1464-1500.
1466	??	Bunsho Bunsho was a after Kansho and before Onin. The period spanned the years 1466 through 1467. The reigning emperor during this period was ....		also Monsho
1467	??	Onin Onin was a after Bunsho and before Bunmei. This period spanned the years from 1467 through 1469. The reigning emperor was ....
1469	??	Bunmei Bunmei was a after Onin and before Chokyo. This period spanned the years from 1469 through 1487. The reigning emperor was ....
1487	??	Chokyo Chokyo was a Japanese era after Bunmei and before Entoku. This period spanned the years from 1487 through 1489. The reigning emperor was Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado of Japan-tenno ....
1489	??	Entoku Entoku was a after Chokyo and before Meio. This period spanned the years from 1489 through 1492. The reigning emperor was ....
1492	??	Meio Meio was a after Entoku and before Bunki. This period spanned the years from 1492 through 1501. Reigning emperors were and ....		Emperor Go-Kashiwabara Emperor Go-Kashiwabara Emperor Go-Kashiwabara was the 104th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from November 16, 1500 to May 19, 1526.... , 1500-1526.
1501	??	Bunki Bunki was a after Meio and before Eisho . This period spanned the years from 1501 through 1504. The reigning emperor was ....
1504	??	Eisho
1521	??	Daiei Daiei (era) was a after Eisho and before Kyoroku. This period spanned the years from 1521 through 1528. The reigning emperors were and ....		Emperor Go-Nara Emperor Go-Nara Emperor Go-Nara was the 105th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from June 9 1526 until September 27 1557, at the end of the Sengoku period.... , 1526-1557.
1528	??	Kyoroku Kyoroku was a after Daiei and before Tenbun. This period spanned the years from 1528 to 1532. The reigning emperor was ....	"heaven's favor"
1532	??	Tenbun Tenbun or Temmun was a after Kyoroku and before Koji . This period spanned the years from 1532 through 1555. The reigning emperor was ....		also Tenmon
1555	??	Koji		Emperor Ogimachi Emperor Ogimachi Emperor Ogimachi was the 106th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from October 27?, 1557 to December 17, 1586, corresponding to the transition between the Sengoku Period and the Azuchi-Momoyama period.... , 1557-1586.
1558	??	Eiroku Eiroku was a after Koji and before Genki. This period spanned the years from 1558 through 1570. The reigning emperor was ....
1570	??	Genki Genki was a after Eiroku and before Tensho . This period spanned the years from 1570 through 1573. The reigning emperor was ....
1573	??	Tensho		Emperor Go-Yozei Emperor Go-Yozei Emperor Go-Yozei was the 107th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from December 17, 1586 to May 9, 1611, corresponding to the transition between the Azuchi-Momoyama period and the Edo period.... , 1586-1611.
1592	??	Bunroku Bunroku was a after Tensho and before Keicho. This period spanned the years from 1592 to 1596. The reigning emperor was ....
1596	??	Keicho Keicho was a after Bunroku and before Genna. This period spanned from 1596 to 1615. The reigning emperors were and ....		also Kyocho; Emperor Go-Mizunoo Emperor Go-Mizunoo [Image:GoMizunoo Kyoto.jpg\|thumb\|right\|The tomb of Emperor Go-Mizunoo, Kyoto Emperor Go-Mizunoo was the 108th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.... , 1611-1629.
Edo period Edo period The , or , is a division of History of Japan running from 1603 to 1868. The period marks the governance of the Edo or Tokugawa shogunate, which was officially established in 1603 by the first Edo shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu.... (1603-1867)
1615	??	Genna Genna was a after Keicho and before Kan'ei. This period spanned the years from 1615 to 1624. The reigning emperor was ....	"Commencement of Concord"	also Genwa
1624	??	Kan'ei		Empress Meisho Empress Meisho Empress Meisho was the 109th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. She was the seventh woman to ascend the Chrysanthemum Throne.... , 1629-1643; Emperor Go-Komyo Emperor Go-Komyo Emperor Go-Komyo was the 110th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from November 14 1643 to October 30 1654.... , 1643-1654.
1644	??	Shoho Shoho was a after Kan'ei and before Keian. This period spanned the years from 1644 through 1648. The reigning emperor was ....
1648	??	Keian Keian was a after Shoho and before Joo . This period spanned the years from 1648 through 1652. The reigning emperor was ....	"Peaceful Gladness"	also Kyoan
1652	??	Joo	"receiving answers"	also Shoo; Emperor Go-Sai Emperor Go-Sai Emperor Go-Sai , also called Emperor Go-Saiin was the 111th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.... , 1655-1663.
1655	??	Meireki Meireki was a after Joo and before Manji . This period spanned the years from 1655 to 1658. The reigning emperor was ....		also Myoryaku or Meiryaku
1658	??	Manji Manji (era) was a after Meireki and before Kanbun . This period spanned the years from 1658 through 1661. The reigning emperor was ....
1661	??	Kanbun Kanbun (era) was a after Manji and before Enpo. This period spanned the years from 1661 to 1673. The reigning emperors were and ....	"generous art"	Emperor Reigen Emperor Reigen was the 112th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Reigen reigned from March 5, 1663 until May 2, 1687.... , 1663-1687.
1673	??	Enpo Enpo was a after Kanbun and before Tenna. This period spanned the years from 1673 to 1681. The reigning emperor was ....	"prolonged wealth"	also Enho
1681	??	Tenna Tenna was a after Enpo and before Jokyo. This period spanned the years from 1681 through 1684. The reigning emperor was ....	"heavenly Imperial peace"	also Tenwa
1684	??	Jokyo Jokyo was a after Tenna and before Genroku. This period spanned the years from 1684 through 1688. The reigning emperors were and ....		Emperor Higashiyama Emperor Higashiyama Emperor Higashiyama was the 113th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He ruled from May 6, 1687 to July 27, 1709.... , 1687-1709.
1688	??	Genroku Genroku was a after Jokyo and before Hoei. This period spanned the years from 1688 through 1704. The reigning emperor was .The years of Genroku are generally considered to be the Golden Age of the Edo Period....	"original happiness"
1704	??	Hoei Hoei was a after Genroku and before Shotoku . This period spanned the years from 1704 through 1711. The reigning emperors were and ....	"prosperous eternity"	Emperor Nakamikado Emperor Nakamikado Emperor Nakamikado was the 114th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from July 27, 1709 to April 13, 1735.... , 1709-1735.
1711	??	Shotoku Shotoku (era) was a after Hoei and before Kyoho. This period spanned the years from 1711 through 1716. The reigning emperor was ....	"righteous virtue"
1716	??	Kyoho Kyoho was a after Shotoku and before Genbun. This period spanned the years from 1716 through 1736. The reigning emperors were and ....	"Receiving, Holding"	Emperor Sakuramachi Emperor Sakuramachi Emperor Sakuramachi was the 115th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from April 13, 1735 to June 9, 1747.... , 1735-1747.
1736	??	Genbun Genbun was a after Kyoho and before Kanpo. This period spanned the years from 1736 through 1741. The reigning emperor was ....	"original civility"
1741	??	Kanpo Kanpo was a after Genbun and before Enkyo . This period spanned the years from 1741 through 1744. The reigning emperor was .Change of Era...	"keeping lenient and generous"	also Kanho
1744	??	Enkyo	"becoming prolonged"	Emperor Momozono Emperor Momozono Emperor Momozono was the 116th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He ruled from June 9, 1747 until his death.... , 1747-1762.
1748	??	Kan'en	"prolonging lenience"
1751	??	Horeki Horeki was a after Kanen and before Meiwa. The period spanned the years from 1751 through 1764. The reigning emperor and emperess were and ....	"valuable calendar" or "valuable almanac"	also Horyaku; Empress Go-Sakuramachi Empress Go-Sakuramachi Empress Go-Sakuramachi was the 117th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. She is the last woman ever to reign as Empress regnant, out of eight in the history of Japan.... , 1762-1771.
1764	??	Meiwa Meiwa was a after Horeki and before Anei. This period spanned the years from 1764 through 1772. The reigning empress and emperor were and ....	"bright harmony"	Emperor Go-Momozono Emperor Go-Momozono Emperor Go-Momozono was the 118th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from May 23, 1771 until his death on December 16, 1779.... , 1771-1779.
1772	??	An'ei	"peaceful eternity"	Emperor Kokaku Emperor Kokaku Emperor Kokaku was the 119th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years 1780 through 1817.... , 1780-1817.
1781	??	Tenmei Tenmei was a Japanese era after Anei and before Kansei. This period spanned the years from 1781 through 1789. The reigning emperor was ....
1789	??	Kansei Kansei was a after Tenmei and before Kyowa. This period spanned the years from 1789 through 1801. The reigning emperor was ....	"tolerant" or "broad-minded government"}
1801	??	Kyowa Kyowa was a after Kansei and before Bunka. This period spanned the years from 1801 through 1804. The reigning emperor was ....
1804	??	Bunka Bunka was a after Kyowa and before Bunsei. The period spanned the years from 1804 to 1818. The reigning emperors were and ....	"culture" or "civilization"	Emperor Ninko Emperor Ninko Emperor Ninko was the 120th Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years 1817 through 1846.... , 1817-1846.
1818	??	Bunsei Bunsei was a after Bunka and before Tenpo. This period spanned the years from 1818 through 1830. The reigning emperor was ....
1830	??	Tenpo Tenpo was a after Bunsei and before Koka. The period spanned the years from 1830 through 1844. The reigning emperor was ....	"heavenly Imperial protection"	also Tenho
1844	??	Koka Koka was a after Tenpo and before Kaei. This period spanned the years from 1844 through 1848. The reigning emperors were and ....	"becoming wide or vast"	Emperor Komei Emperor Komei was the 121st Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from March 10, 1846 to January 30, 1867.... , 1846-1867.
1848	??	Kaei Kaei was a after Koka and before Ansei. This period spanned the years from 1848 through 1854. The reigning emperor was ....	"Celebration of Eternity"	"eternal felicity"
1854	??	Ansei Ansei was a after Kaei and before Manen. This period spanned the years from 1854 through 1860. The reigning emperor was ....	"quiet peaceful government"	"tranquil government"
1860	??	Man'en
1861	??	Bunkyu Bunkyu was a after Manen and before Genji. This period spanned the years from 1861 through 1864. The reigning Emperor of Japan was ....	"literate story"
1864	??	Genji Genji was a after Bunkyu and before Keio. This period spanned only slightly more than a single year from 1864 to 1865. The reigning emperor was ....	"original rule"
1865	??	Keio Keio was a after Genji and before Meiji era. The period spanned the years from 1865 to 1868. The reigning emperors were and ....	"Joyous Concord"
Modern Japan (1868-present)
1868	??	Meiji Meiji period The , or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running, in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July 1912. During this time, Japan started its modernization and rose to world power status....	"Enlightened Rule"	Emperor Meiji Emperor Meiji The or Meiji the Great was the 122nd Emperor of Japan of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 3 February 1867 until his death.... , 1868-1912. Also known as "Enlightened Government" or "Brilliant Rule"
1912	??	Taisho Taisho period The , or Taisho era, is a period in the history of Japan dating from July 30, 1912 to December 25, 1926, coinciding with the reign of the Taisho Emperor....	"great righteousness"	Emperor Taisho Emperor Taisho The was the 123rd Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from July 30, 1912, until his death in 1926.The Emperor?s personal name was .... , 1912-1926.
1926	??	Showa Showa period The , or Showa era, is the period of Japanese history corresponding to the reign of Emperor Showa , from December 25, 1926 to January 7, 1989. In his coronation message which was read to the people and to the army, the newly enthroned emperor referenced this Japanese era name or nengo: "I have visited the battlefields of the Great War in...	"Brilliant Harmony"	Emperor Showa Hirohito , also known as , was the 124th Emperor of Japan of Japan according to the traditional order, reigning from 25 December 1926 until his death in 1989.... , 1926-1989.
1989	??	Heisei Heisei is the current Japanese era name in Japan. The Heisei era started on January 8, 1989, just one day after the death of the reigning Emperor, Hirohito....	"Achieving Peace"	Akihito Akihito is the current of Japan, and the 125th Emperor according to Japan's list of Emperors of Japan. He acceded to the throne in 1989, and is the List of longest reigning current monarchs monarch or lifelong leader.... , 1989-present [the reigning emperor].

Non-nengo periods

The nengo system that was introduced by Emperor Kotoku

Emperor Kotoku

was the 36th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. The years of his reign lasted from 645 through 654....
was abandoned after his death; no nengo were designated between 654 and 686. The system was briefly reinstated by Emperor Temmu

Emperor Temmu

was the 40th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He ruled from 672 until his death in 686....
in 686, but was again abandoned upon his death approximately two months later. In 701, Emperor Mommu

Emperor Mommu

Emperor Mommu was the 42nd Emperor of Japan of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 697 through 707....
once again reinstated the nengo system, and it has continued uninterrupted through today.

Although use of the Gregorian calendar

Gregorian calendar

The Gregorian calendar is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was first proposed by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius, and decreed by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom it was named, on 24 February 1582 by the papal bull Inter gravissimas....
for historical dates has become increasingly common in Japan, the traditional Japanese system demands that dates be written in reference to nengo. The apparent problem introduced by the lack of nengo for the two periods above is resolved by referencing years of imperial reign. This is the same approach used when referencing periods that predate the introduction of the nengo system.

Although in modern Japan posthumous imperial names correspond with the eras of their reign, this is a relatively recent concept, introduced in practice during the Meiji period

Meiji period

The , or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running, in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July 1912. During this time, Japan started its modernization and rose to world power status....
and instituted by law in 1979. Therefore, the posthumous names of the emperors and empresses who reigned prior to 1868 may not be taken as era names by themselves. For example, the year 572 -- the year in which Emperor Bidatsu

Emperor Bidatsu

Emperor Bidatsu was the 30th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 572 through 585....
assumed the Chrysanthemum Throne

Chrysanthemum Throne

File:Emperor Tenji.jpgThe Chrysanthemum Throne is the English language term used to identify the throne of the Emperor of Japan. The term can refer to very specific seating, as in the raised thrones constructed in the Shishin-den for Emperor Showa and Empress Kojun on November 10, 1928 ....
— is properly written as "??????" (Bidatsu-Tenno Gannen, lit. "the first year of Emperor Bidatsu"), and not "????" (Bidatsu Gannen, lit. "the first year of Bidatsu"), although it may be abbreviated as such. By incorporating both proper era names and posthumous imperial names in this manner, it is possible to extend the nengo system to cover all dates from 660 through today.

The following is an example of such an extension of the nengo system to include the post-Taika years not covered by a proper era name:

Reign of Emperor Jimmu, 660-581 BC
Reign of Emperor Suizei, 581-548 BC
Reign of Emperor Annei, 548-510 BC
Reign of Emperor Itoku, 510-475 BC
Reign of Emperor Kosho, 475-392 BC
Reign of Emperor Koan, 392-290 BC
Reign of Emperor Korei, 290-214 BC
Reign of Emperor Kogen, 214-157 BC
Reign of Emperor Kaika, 157-97 BC
Reign of Emperor Sujin, 97-29 BC
Reign of Emperor Suinin, 29-71
Reign of Emperor Keiko, 71-131
Reign of Emperor Seimu, 131-192
Reign of Emperor Chuai, 192-201
Regency of Empress Jingu, 201-270
Reign of Emperor Ojin, 270-313
Reign of Emperor Nintoku, 313-400
Reign of Emperor Richu, 400-406
Reign of Emperor Hanzei, 406-412
Reign of Emperor Ingyo, 412-454
Reign of Emperor Anko, 454-457
Reign of Emperor Yuryaku, 457-480
Reign of Emperor Seinei, 480-485
Reign of Emperor Kenzo, 485-488
Reign of Emperor Ninken, 488-499
Reign of Emperor Buretsu, 499-507
Reign of Emperor Keitai, 507-534
Reign of Emperor Ankan, 534-536
Reign of Emperor Senka, 536-540
Reign of Emperor Kinmei, 540-572
Reign of Emperor Bidatsu, 572-586
Reign of Emperor Yomei, 586-588
Reign of Emperor Sushun, 588-593
Reign of Emperor Suiko, 593-629
Reign of Emperor Jomei, 629-645
Taika era
Taika (era)

was a after the Kogyoku period and before the Hakuchi . This period spanned the years from 645 through 650. The reigning emperor was ....
, 645-650
Hakuchi era
Hakuchi (era)

was a after the Taika era and before a late 7th century gap in the sequence of nengo which would stretch uninterrupted from the proclamation of the new era Taiho at the beginning of the 8th century....
, 650–654
Discontinuation of the nengo system, 654-686

Reign of Empress Saimei
Saimei (period)

The years of Empress Saimei's reign or the Saimei period should not be misunderstood as a Japanese era following after the Hakuchi era....
, 655-662
Reign of Emperor Tenji
Tenji (period)

The years of Emperor Tenji's reign or the Tenji period should not be misunderstood as a Japanese era . The nengo system which was introduced in reign of Emperor Kotoku was abandoned at the end of his reign, and the era name was not updated for a quite some time....
, 662-672
Reign of Emperor Kobun
Kobun (period)

The years of Emperor Kobun's reign or the Kobun period should not be misunderstood as a Japanese era . The nengo system which was introduced in reign of Emperor Kotoku was abandoned at the end of his reign, and the era name was not updated for a quite some time....
, 672-673
Reign of Emperor Temmu
Temmu (period)

The years of Emperor Temmu's reign or the Temmu period should not be misunderstood as a Japanese era . The nengo system which was introduced in reign of Emperor Kotoku was abandoned at the end of his reign, and the era name was not updated for a quite some time....
, 673-686

Shucho era
Shucho

, alternatively read as Sucho or Akamitori, was a after a gap following Hakuchi and before another gap lasting until Taiho . This Shucho period briefly spanned a period of months from 686 through 687....
, 686
Discontinuation of the nengo system, 686-701

Reign of Empress Jito
Jito (period)

The years of Emperor Jito's reign or the Jito period should not be misunderstood as a Japanese era . The nengo system which was introduced in reign of Emperor Kotoku was abandoned at the end of his reign, and the era name was not updated for a quite some time, except for very brief re-occurrence near the close of Emperor Temmu's re...
, 686-697
Reign of Emperor Mommu
Mommu (period)

The years of Emperor Mommu's reign or the Mommu period should not be misunderstood as a Japanese era . The nengo system which was introduced in reign of Emperor Kotoku was abandoned at the end of his reign, and the era name was not updated for a quite some time, except for very brief re-occurrence near the close of Emperor Temmu's...
, 697-701

Taiho era
Taiho (era)

was a after a late 7th century interruption in the sequence of nengo after Shucho and before Keiun. This period spanned the years from 701 through 704....
, 701-704

Imperial year

Koki, or Imperial year, is an epoch used before WW2. Koki 1 is the year when Emperor Jimmu

Emperor Jimmu

; also known as: Kamuyamato Iwarebiko; given name: Wakamikenu no Mikoto or Sano no Mikoto, was the mythical founder of Japan and is the first emperor named in the traditional lists of emperors....
founded Japan, 660 BC according to the Gregorian Calendar. This epoch system was adopted in 1872. In terms of nationalism, Koki emphasizes the long history of Japan and the imperial family because it is a larger number than Common Era

Common Era

Common Era, abbreviated as CE, is a designation for the calendar system most commonly used in the Western world, and also internationally, for numbering the year part of the calendar date....
(C.E.).

Koki 2600 (1940) was a special year. 1940 Summer Olympics

1940 Summer Olympics

The anticipated 1940 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XII Olympiad and originally scheduled to be held from September 21 to October 6 1940, in Tokyo, Empire of Japan, were cancelled due to the outbreak of World War II....
and Tokyo Expo were planned as anniversary events, but canceled due to Second Sino-Japanese War

Second Sino-Japanese War

The Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war in the twentieth century. From 1937 to 1941, it was fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan....
.

After the Second World War, the United States

United States

The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
occupied Japan, and stopped the use of Koki by officials. Today, Koki is rarely used.

Unofficial nengo system

In addition to the official nengo system, in which the era names are selected by the imperial court, one also observes—primarily in the ancient documents and epigraphs of shrines and temples—unofficial era names called , also known as or . Currently, there are over 40 confirmed shinengo, most of them dating from the middle ages

Middle Ages

File:Karl 1 mit papst gelasius gregor1 sacramentar v karl d kahlen.jpgThe Middle Ages of European history are a period in history which lasted for roughly a millennium, commonly dated from the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century to the beginning of the Early Modern Period in the 16th century, marked by the division of Western Christi...
. Shinengo used prior to the reestablishment of the nengo system in 701 are usually called . A list of shinengo and more information can be seen in the Japanese Wikipedia page ja:???.

Because official records of shinengo are lacking, the range of dates to which they apply is often unclear. For example, the well-known itsunengo is normally said to refer to 650-654 CE; a poetic synonym for the Hakuchi era

Hakuchi (era)

was a after the Taika era and before a late 7th century gap in the sequence of nengo which would stretch uninterrupted from the proclamation of the new era Taiho at the beginning of the 8th century....
. However, alternate interpretations exist. For example, in the Nichureki, Hakuho refers to 661-683 CE, and in some middle-age temple documents, Hakuho refers to 672-685 CE. Thus, shinengo may be used as an alternative way of dating periods for which there is no official era name.

Other well-known itsunengo and shinengo include (591-621+), (686), (1489-1492), (1506-1507 CE or 1507-1508) and (1540-1543).

The most recent shinengo is (1904-1905), named for the Russo-Japanese war

Russo-Japanese War

The Russo-Japanese War or the Manchurian Campaign in some English sources, was a conflict that grew out of the rival imperialism ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea....
.

Kyushu nengo

Edo period scholar Tsurumine Shikenobu proposed that , said to have been used in ancient Kumaso

Kumaso

The Kumaso were a people of ancient Japan, believed to have lived in the south of Kyushu until at least the Nara period. Two tribes existed with name Kuma and So....
, should also be considered a form of shinengo. This claim is not generally recognized by the academic community. Lists of the proposed Kyushu nengo can be seen in the Japanese Wikipedia pages ja:???? and ja:?????.

External links

Japanese resources:

German resources:

Japanese era name

Overview

Historical nengo

Nengo in modern Japan

Conversion table from Gregorian calendar years to nengo

Non-nengo periods

Imperial year

Unofficial nengo system

Kyushu nengo

See also

External links