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James, son of Alphaeus
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James, son of Alphaeus was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus of Nazareth. He is often identified with James the Less and commonly known by that name in church tradition.
James, the son of Alphaeus, is rarely mentioned in the New Testament, but he is sometimes identified with James the Just, an important leader in the New Testament church. He is clearly distinguished from James, son of Zebedee, another one of the Twelve Apostles.
James, son of Alphaeus, only appears four times in the New Testament, each time in a list of the twelve apostles.
Identity
Possible identity with James the Less
James, son of Alphaeus is often identified with James the Less, who is only mentioned three times in the bible, each time in connection with his mother.
Discussion
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Encyclopedia
James, son of Alphaeus was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus of Nazareth. He is often identified with James the Less and commonly known by that name in church tradition.
James, the son of Alphaeus, is rarely mentioned in the New Testament, but he is sometimes identified with James the Just, an important leader in the New Testament church. He is clearly distinguished from James, son of Zebedee, another one of the Twelve Apostles.
James, son of Alphaeus, only appears four times in the New Testament, each time in a list of the twelve apostles.
Identity
Possible identity with James the Less
James, son of Alphaeus is often identified with James the Less, who is only mentioned three times in the bible, each time in connection with his mother. refers to "Mary the mother of James the younger and of Joses", while and refer to "Mary the mother of James".
Since there was already a more prominent James (James, son of Zebedee) among the twelve apostles, equating James son of Alphaeus with James the Less made sense. (James son of Zebedee was sometimes called "James the Greater"). However, it also made it imperative to identify Clopas, the husband of Mary, with Alphaeus, the father of the Apostle James. (For the argument on this, see Alphaeus.) This identification was accepted by early church leaders and, therefore, tradition knows him more commonly as Saint James the Less.
Modern Biblical scholars are divided on whether this identification is correct. John Paul Meier finds it unlikely. Amongst evangelicals, the New Bible Dictionary supports the traditional identification, while Don Carson and Darrell Bock both regard the identification as possible, but not certain.
Possible identity with James, the brother of Jesus
James, son of Alphaeus, has also been identified with James, the brother of Jesus. This was supported by Jerome and therefore widely accepted in the Roman Catholic Church, while the Eastern Orthodox and Protestant tend to distinguish between the two.
Possible brother of Matthew
Another Alphaeus is also the name of the father of the publican Levi mentioned in . The publican appears as Matthew in , which has led some to conclude that James and Matthew might have been brothers. However, there is no Biblical account of the two being called brothers, even when they appear side by side in the synoptic list of the Twelve Apostles, next to the fraternal pairs of Peter and Andrew and the sons of Zebedee.
Tradition
A tradition holds that Saint James, though strongly clinging to Jewish law, was sentenced to death for having violated the Torah. This however, is highly unlikely as the Jewish authorities did not practice crucifixion, and unless a possible rebellion was at hand, the Roman authority would not involve themselves in Jewish religious affairs. He is reported to have been martyred by crucifixion at Ostrakine in Lower Egypt, where he was preaching the Gospel. A carpenter's saw is the symbol associated with him in Christian art because it is also noted that his body was later sawed to pieces
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