Jalayir
Encyclopedia
Jalayir is one of the Darliqin Mongol tribes according to Rashid-al-Din Hamadani's Jami' al-tawarikh. After the Mongol conquest in the 13th century many Jalayirs spread over Central Asia and the Middle East. Jalayirs are one of the founding tribes of Mongolia
's largest ethnic group Khalkha
. Smaller clans named Jalayir are also found among the Inner Mongolians in China. The Jalayirs who stayed in Central Asia under the rules of Genghis Khan
's older sons' descendants eventually adopted Turkic language. They are found among the Kazakh
s of the Great Juz; also they are found among the Uzbek
s, Karakalpaks, and the Kirghiz. The Jalayirs who went to Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan found the Jalayirid Sultanate in 1330. The state was then taken over by the "Black sheep" Turks or Kara Koyunlu
in 1432. Smaller numbers of powerful Jalayir families lived in Khorasan
, Iran as well as in the Mughal Empire
until the 19th century.
sources of 910. According to the record, they colonized eastern Inner Mongolia
. The Jalayirs fought the Borjigin
s and defeated them utterly. But Khaidu of the Borjigin conquered and dispersed them among Mongol tribes around 1060.
The Jalayir is one of the three core tribes in Khamag Mongol
confederation in 12th century.
The Jalayirs such as Mukhulai
helped Genghis Khan
to found his Empire. During the Mongol invasion of Khorazm in 1219-1223, Muqali campaigned in North China
as the first prince of the state (guo-wang) and a viceory. The Jalayirs served under Great Khans as steward, chief judge, imperial tutor and advisor. Genghis Khan also gave 1,000 men under Jalayir Moqe noyan
to his son Chagatai Khan
in Turkestan
. And a body of the Jalayir settled in Golden Horde
.
ordered Hulegu (Alau) to conquer Abbasid caliphate, Ayyubids in Syria
and Mamluks in Egypt
in 1252, the Jalayirs prepared strong military contingent. Their commander Kok-Elege participated siege
s of Persian
and Arabian fortresses from 1256–1261 and the battle against Berke
's commander Nogai Khan
in 1262.
Under Genghis Khan's successors, Muqali's descendants inherited his title and came to be one of the mainstays of Confucian influence in the Yuan Dynasty
, or the Empire of Great Khan. The Jalayirs were close to Great Khans in China and Il-khans in Iran
. In Il-khanate, Jalayir Buqa
revolted against Tekuder
Khan and installed Hulegu's grandson Arghun
in 1284. But his coup was revealed and executed by his protege later. After the death of Qazan Khan
(r. 1343-1346), Chagatai Khanate fell under the control of nomadic Turco-Mongol clans: the Jalayir in the north, the Arlat in the west, the Barlas
in the centre, the Qaraunas and the Qa'uchin in the south-west and the Dughlats in the east. Meanwhile, Hasan Buzurg
established Jalayirid Dynasty
and tried to reunite Turco-Mongol
states in the name of his puppet khans in Iraq
and western Persia of which fell into political chaos after the death of Il-khan Arpa Ke'un
in 1336. When Tamerlane ravaged the Jalayirid Dynasty of Ahmad
(1383–1410), Central Asia
n Jalayirs were one of main clans in both Timurid Empire and Moghulistan
. The Jalayirids in Persia were finally overthrown by Kara Koyunlu
Turks
in 1432. But the Jalayirs in Central Asia
were active for two more centuries.
In 16th century, the Jalayirs played important role in Eastern and Central Mongolian politics. They were one of the 14 clans of Khalkha
tumen and Dayan Khan
's son Gersenj was written in Mongolian chronicles as the prince of Jalayir (Jalaid).
by Timur
and numbered 400 families. They are the inhabitants of Kalat-i-nadiri
.
Until end of the 19th century, Kalat-i-nadiri
had its own hereditary chief of Jalayir tribe who held the fortress as feudatories of Persia. Under Nader Shah Afshar Jalayirs rose to power and held important official positions within government and military:
Hereditary rulers of Kalat-i-nadiri
:
people of Mongolia
. Also, they are found at present as a clan and a banner
in the Jirim and Ordos
Leagues as well as Chahar of Inner Mongolia
.
, Uzbeks
, Karakalpaks, and Kirghiz.
Mongolia
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...
's largest ethnic group Khalkha
Khalkha
Khalkha is the largest subgroup of Mongol people in Mongolia since 15th century. The Khalkha together with Tsahar, Ordos and Tumed, were directly ruled by the Altan Urag Khans until the 20th century; unlike the Oirat people who were ruled by the Dzungar nobles or the Khorchins who were ruled by...
. Smaller clans named Jalayir are also found among the Inner Mongolians in China. The Jalayirs who stayed in Central Asia under the rules of Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan , born Temujin and occasionally known by his temple name Taizu , was the founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death....
's older sons' descendants eventually adopted Turkic language. They are found among the Kazakh
Kazakhs
The Kazakhs are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia ....
s of the Great Juz; also they are found among the Uzbek
Uzbeks
The Uzbeks are a Turkic ethnic group in Central Asia. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, and large populations can also be found in Afghanistan, Tajikstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Pakistan, Mongolia and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China...
s, Karakalpaks, and the Kirghiz. The Jalayirs who went to Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan found the Jalayirid Sultanate in 1330. The state was then taken over by the "Black sheep" Turks or Kara Koyunlu
Kara Koyunlu
The Kara Koyunlu or Qara Qoyunlu, also called the Black Sheep Turkomans , were a Shi'ite Oghuz Turkic tribal federation that ruled over the territory comprising the present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, north-western Iran, eastern Turkey and Iraq from about 1375 to 1468.The Kara Koyunlu Turkomans at one...
in 1432. Smaller numbers of powerful Jalayir families lived in Khorasan
Greater Khorasan
Greater Khorasan or Ancient Khorasan is a historical region of Greater Iran mentioned in sources from Sassanid and Islamic eras which "frequently" had a denotation wider than current three provinces of Khorasan in Iran...
, Iran as well as in the Mughal Empire
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire , or Mogul Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were descendants of the Timurids...
until the 19th century.
Early history
The Jalayir might be the Chaladi who were recorded in ChineseChina
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
sources of 910. According to the record, they colonized eastern Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the countries of Mongolia and the Russian Federation...
. The Jalayirs fought the Borjigin
Borjigin
Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors....
s and defeated them utterly. But Khaidu of the Borjigin conquered and dispersed them among Mongol tribes around 1060.
The Jalayir is one of the three core tribes in Khamag Mongol
Khamag Mongol
Khamag Mongol was a major tribal confederation in Mongolian plateau in 12th century. It is sometimes also considered a predecessor state to the Mongol Empire....
confederation in 12th century.
The Jalayirs such as Mukhulai
Muqali
Mukhulai was one of the greatest generals under Genghis Khan of Jalayir descent and the first prince of the Mongol Empire. The fact that his father died trying to save Genghis Khan during a battle coupled with his own skills in battle led Muqali to become one of the Khan's most trusted generals...
helped Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan , born Temujin and occasionally known by his temple name Taizu , was the founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death....
to found his Empire. During the Mongol invasion of Khorazm in 1219-1223, Muqali campaigned in North China
North China
thumb|250px|Northern [[People's Republic of China]] region.Northern China or North China is a geographical region of China. The heartland of North China is the North China Plain....
as the first prince of the state (guo-wang) and a viceory. The Jalayirs served under Great Khans as steward, chief judge, imperial tutor and advisor. Genghis Khan also gave 1,000 men under Jalayir Moqe noyan
Noyan
Noyan, noyon was a title of authority in the Mongol Empire and later periods...
to his son Chagatai Khan
Chagatai Khan
Chagatai Khan was the second son of Genghis Khan and first khan and origin of the names of the Chagatai Khanate, Chagatai language and Chagatai Turks....
in Turkestan
Turkestan
Turkestan, spelled also as Turkistan, literally means "Land of the Turks".The term Turkestan is of Persian origin and has never been in use to denote a single nation. It was first used by Persian geographers to describe the place of Turkish peoples...
. And a body of the Jalayir settled in Golden Horde
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate that formed the north-western sector of the Mongol Empire...
.
Medieval Jalayirs
When Mongke KhanMöngke Khan
Möngke Khan , born Möngke, , was the fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire from July 1, 1251 – August 11, 1259. He was the first Great Khan from the Toluid line, and made significant reforms to improve the administration of the Empire during his reign...
ordered Hulegu (Alau) to conquer Abbasid caliphate, Ayyubids in Syria
Syria
Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest....
and Mamluks in Egypt
Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
in 1252, the Jalayirs prepared strong military contingent. Their commander Kok-Elege participated siege
Siege
A siege is a military blockade of a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by attrition or assault. The term derives from sedere, Latin for "to sit". Generally speaking, siege warfare is a form of constant, low intensity conflict characterized by one party holding a strong, static...
s of Persian
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
and Arabian fortresses from 1256–1261 and the battle against Berke
Berke
Berke Khan was the ruler of the Golden Horde who effectively consolidated the power of the Blue Horde and White Hordes from 1257 to 1266. He succeeded his brother Batu Khan of the Blue Horde and was responsible for the first official establishment of Islam in a khanate of the Mongol Empire...
's commander Nogai Khan
Nogai Khan
Nogai , also called Isa Nogai, was a general and de facto ruler of the Golden Horde and a great-great-grandson of Genghis Khan. His grandfather was Baul/Teval Khan, the 7th son of Jochi...
in 1262.
Under Genghis Khan's successors, Muqali's descendants inherited his title and came to be one of the mainstays of Confucian influence in the Yuan Dynasty
Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty , or Great Yuan Empire was a ruling dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai Khan, who ruled most of present-day China, all of modern Mongolia and its surrounding areas, lasting officially from 1271 to 1368. It is considered both as a division of the Mongol Empire and as an...
, or the Empire of Great Khan. The Jalayirs were close to Great Khans in China and Il-khans in Iran
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
. In Il-khanate, Jalayir Buqa
Buqa
Buqa was a Mongol lord and chancellor who was instrumental in sweeping Arghun to power as the fourth Il-Khan of Iran in 1284 and became his chief minister and advisor, succeeding Shams ad-Din Juvayni whom Arghun had executed...
revolted against Tekuder
Tekuder
Ahmed Tekuder , also known as Sultan Ahmad , was the sultan of the Persia-based Ilkhanate, son of Hulegu and brother of Abaqa. He was eventually succeeded by Arghun Khan...
Khan and installed Hulegu's grandson Arghun
Arghun
Arghun Khan aka Argon was the fourth ruler of the Mongol empire's Ilkhanate, from 1284 to 1291. He was the son of Abaqa Khan, and like his father, was a devout Buddhist...
in 1284. But his coup was revealed and executed by his protege later. After the death of Qazan Khan
Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur
-Biography:Qazan was the son of Yasa'ur, a Chagatayid prince who had revolted in the 1310s. Upon his ascension to the throne, he attempted to increase his power within the ulus. These measures provoked the anger of the nobility, who threw their support behind the Qara'unas Amir Qazaghan. The two...
(r. 1343-1346), Chagatai Khanate fell under the control of nomadic Turco-Mongol clans: the Jalayir in the north, the Arlat in the west, the Barlas
Barlas
The Barlas were a Mongol - later Turkicized - nomadic confederation in Central Asia and the chief tribe of the Timurids who ruled much of Central Asia, Iran, and South Asia in the Middle Ages.- Origins :According to the Secret History of the Mongols, written during the reign of Ögedei Khan, the...
in the centre, the Qaraunas and the Qa'uchin in the south-west and the Dughlats in the east. Meanwhile, Hasan Buzurg
Hasan Buzurg
Shaikh Hasan, called "Buzurg" , was the first of several de facto independent Jalayirid rulers of Iraq and central Iran. He was the son of Husain and Öljetey.-Shaikh Hasan-i Buzurg:...
established Jalayirid Dynasty
Jalayirids
The Jalayirids were a Mongol Jalayir dynasty which ruled over Iraq and western Persia after the breakup of the Mongol Khanate of Persia in the 1330s....
and tried to reunite Turco-Mongol
Turco-Mongol
Turko-Mongol is a modern designation for various nomads who were subjects of the Mongol Empire. Being progressively Turkicized in terms of language and identity following the Mongol conquests, they derived their ethnic and cultural origins from steppes of Central Asia...
states in the name of his puppet khans in Iraq
Iraq
Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
and western Persia of which fell into political chaos after the death of Il-khan Arpa Ke'un
Arpa Ke'un
Arpa Ke'un, also known as Arpa Khan or Gavon or Gawon , was an Ilkhan during the disintegration of the Mongol state in Persia. He was a member of the house of Tolui. His lineage traced back to Arik Boke who was a youngest brother of Mongke, Kublai and Hulegu.Arpa Ke'un came to power following the...
in 1336. When Tamerlane ravaged the Jalayirid Dynasty of Ahmad
Ahmad (Jalayirids)
Sultan Ahmad was a Jalayirid ruler . He was the son of Shaikh Uvais.-Struggle With His Brothers:Ahmad came to power as a result of a plot against his brother Husain. In 1382 he departed from Ardabil, which he had been given control of, and took Tabriz; Husain was captured and executed...
(1383–1410), Central Asia
Central Asia
Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...
n Jalayirs were one of main clans in both Timurid Empire and Moghulistan
Moghulistan
Moghulistan or Mughalistan is a historical geographic unit in Central Asia that included parts of modern-day Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and the Chinese Autonomous Region of Xinjiang...
. The Jalayirids in Persia were finally overthrown by Kara Koyunlu
Kara Koyunlu
The Kara Koyunlu or Qara Qoyunlu, also called the Black Sheep Turkomans , were a Shi'ite Oghuz Turkic tribal federation that ruled over the territory comprising the present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, north-western Iran, eastern Turkey and Iraq from about 1375 to 1468.The Kara Koyunlu Turkomans at one...
Turks
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are peoples residing in northern, central and western Asia, southern Siberia and northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds...
in 1432. But the Jalayirs in Central Asia
Central Asia
Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...
were active for two more centuries.
In 16th century, the Jalayirs played important role in Eastern and Central Mongolian politics. They were one of the 14 clans of Khalkha
Khalkha
Khalkha is the largest subgroup of Mongol people in Mongolia since 15th century. The Khalkha together with Tsahar, Ordos and Tumed, were directly ruled by the Altan Urag Khans until the 20th century; unlike the Oirat people who were ruled by the Dzungar nobles or the Khorchins who were ruled by...
tumen and Dayan Khan
Dayan Khan
Dayan Khan , was a Mongol khan who reunited the Mongols under Chinggisid supremacy in the Northern Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia...
's son Gersenj was written in Mongolian chronicles as the prince of Jalayir (Jalaid).
Iran
The Jalayirs were brought to KhorasanGreater Khorasan
Greater Khorasan or Ancient Khorasan is a historical region of Greater Iran mentioned in sources from Sassanid and Islamic eras which "frequently" had a denotation wider than current three provinces of Khorasan in Iran...
by Timur
Timur
Timur , historically known as Tamerlane in English , was a 14th-century conqueror of West, South and Central Asia, and the founder of the Timurid dynasty in Central Asia, and great-great-grandfather of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty, which survived as the Mughal Empire in India until...
and numbered 400 families. They are the inhabitants of Kalat-i-nadiri
Kalat-i-nadiri
Kalat-i-nadiri is a massive natural fortress located about 44 miles north of Sousia in the Kalat, Khorasan region of Iran.It is essentially a massive plateau about 4 miles in circumference that has been used as a fortress since before the Achaemenid era...
.
Until end of the 19th century, Kalat-i-nadiri
Kalat-i-nadiri
Kalat-i-nadiri is a massive natural fortress located about 44 miles north of Sousia in the Kalat, Khorasan region of Iran.It is essentially a massive plateau about 4 miles in circumference that has been used as a fortress since before the Achaemenid era...
had its own hereditary chief of Jalayir tribe who held the fortress as feudatories of Persia. Under Nader Shah Afshar Jalayirs rose to power and held important official positions within government and military:
- Qasem Ali Khan Jalayir - military commander during reign of Nader Shah Afshar.
- Subedar Khan Jalayir - military commander during reign of Nader Shah Afshar.
- Zal Khan Jalayir - military commander during reign of Shahrokh Shah AfsharShah Rukh of PersiaShahrukh Shah Afshar, also spelled Shahrokh was a king of the Afsharid dynasty and a contemporary of the Zand kings. He reigned until 1796....
.
Hereditary rulers of Kalat-i-nadiri
Kalat-i-nadiri
Kalat-i-nadiri is a massive natural fortress located about 44 miles north of Sousia in the Kalat, Khorasan region of Iran.It is essentially a massive plateau about 4 miles in circumference that has been used as a fortress since before the Achaemenid era...
:
- Tahmasp Qoli Khan Jalayir - vizier and military commander during reign of Nader Shah Afshar.
- Yousef Ali Khan Jalayir - vizier and military commander during reign of Shahrokh Shah AfsharShah Rukh of PersiaShahrukh Shah Afshar, also spelled Shahrokh was a king of the Afsharid dynasty and a contemporary of the Zand kings. He reigned until 1796....
. - Fath Ali Khan
- Yalangtush Khan I (d.1826) - son of Fath Ali Khan, during the reign of Fath Ali Shah Qajar
- Sayd Mohammad Khan - son of Fath Ali Khan and brother to Yalangtush Khan I, during the reign of Fath Ali Shah Qajar
- son of Yalangtush Khan (d.1883)
- Yalangtush Khan II (reigned from 1883-1885)
Mongolia
They are part of the KhalkhaKhalkha
Khalkha is the largest subgroup of Mongol people in Mongolia since 15th century. The Khalkha together with Tsahar, Ordos and Tumed, were directly ruled by the Altan Urag Khans until the 20th century; unlike the Oirat people who were ruled by the Dzungar nobles or the Khorchins who were ruled by...
people of Mongolia
Mongolia
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...
. Also, they are found at present as a clan and a banner
Banner
A banner is a flag or other piece of cloth bearing a symbol, logo, slogan or other message. Banner-making is an ancient craft.The word derives from late Latin bandum, a cloth out of which a flag is made...
in the Jirim and Ordos
Ordos
-Places:*Ordos Loop of the Yellow River, a region of China*Ordos Desert, in Inner Mongolia*Ordos City, city and district in Inner Mongolia*Ordos International Circuit, a race track in Ordos City.-People:...
Leagues as well as Chahar of Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the countries of Mongolia and the Russian Federation...
.
Former USSR
Today the Jalayir clans found among the Great Juz KazakhsKazakhs
The Kazakhs are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia ....
, Uzbeks
Uzbeks
The Uzbeks are a Turkic ethnic group in Central Asia. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, and large populations can also be found in Afghanistan, Tajikstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Pakistan, Mongolia and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China...
, Karakalpaks, and Kirghiz.