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Jacques Charles François Sturm

 
Jacques Charles François Sturm

 
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Jacques Charles François Sturm
 
 
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Jacques Charles François Sturm (September 29, 1803 – December 15, 1855) was a French
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
 mathematician
Mathematician

A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and/or research is the field of mathematics....
 of German
Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
 extraction.

Life and work
Sturm was born in Geneva
Geneva

Geneva is the second-most-populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandie . Situated where the Rh?ne River exits Lake Geneva , it is the capital of the Canton of Geneva....
 in 1803. His family had emigrated from Strasbourg
Strasbourg

Strasbourg is the capital and principal city of the Alsace Regions of France in northeastern France. With 702,412 inhabitants in 2007, its metropolitan area is the Aire urbaine....
 around 1760. In 1818, he started to follow the lectures of the academy of Geneva. In 1819, the death of his father forced Sturm to give lessons to children of the rich in order to support his own family.






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Jacques Charles François Sturm (September 29, 1803 – December 15, 1855) was a French
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
 mathematician
Mathematician

A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and/or research is the field of mathematics....
 of German
Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
 extraction.

Life and work


Sturm was born in Geneva
Geneva

Geneva is the second-most-populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandie . Situated where the Rh?ne River exits Lake Geneva , it is the capital of the Canton of Geneva....
 in 1803. His family had emigrated from Strasbourg
Strasbourg

Strasbourg is the capital and principal city of the Alsace Regions of France in northeastern France. With 702,412 inhabitants in 2007, its metropolitan area is the Aire urbaine....
 around 1760. In 1818, he started to follow the lectures of the academy of Geneva. In 1819, the death of his father forced Sturm to give lessons to children of the rich in order to support his own family. In 1823, he became tutor to the son of Madame de Staël.

At the end of 1823, Sturm stayed in Paris for a short time following the family of his student. He resolved, with his school-fellow Colladon
Jean-Daniel Colladon

Jean-Daniel Colladon was a Swiss physicist. He studied law but then worked in the labs of Andr?-Marie Amp?re and Joseph Fourier. He received an Acad?mie des Sciences award with his friend Charles Sturm for their measurement of the speed of sound in water in Lake Geneva in 1826....
, to try his fortune in Paris
Paris

Paris is the Capital of France and the country's largest city. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the ?le-de-France Regions of France ....
, and obtained employment on the Bulletin universel. In 1829, he discovered the theorem
Theorem

In mathematics, a theorem is a statement Mathematical proof on the basis of previously accepted or established statements such as axioms.In formal mathematical logic, the concept of a theorem may be taken to mean a formula that can be formal proof according to the deductive system of a fixed formal system....
 which bears his name and which concerns the determination of the number of real roots of a numerical equation
Sturm's theorem

In mathematics, Sturm's theorem is a symbolic procedure to determine the number of distinct real number root s of a polynomial. It was named for Jacques Charles Fran?ois Sturm, though it had actually been discovered by Joseph Fourier; Fourier's paper, delivered on the eve of the French Revolution, was forgotten for many years....
 included between given limits,.

Sturm benefited from the 1830 revolution, as his Protestant faith ceased to be an obstacle to employment in public high schools. At the end of 1830, he was thus appointed as a professor of Mathématiques Spéciales at the collège Rollin.

He was chosen a member of the Académie des Sciences in 1836, filling the seat of André-Marie Ampère
André-Marie Ampère

Andr?-Marie Amp?re Fellow of the Royal Society , was a French physicist and mathematician who is generally credited as one of the main discoverers of electromagnetism....
. Sturm became répétiteur in 1838, and in 1840 professor in the École Polytechnique
École Polytechnique

The ?cole Polytechnique , often referred to by the nickname X, is the foremost France grande ?cole of engineering . Founded in 1794 and initially located in the Quartier Latin in central Paris, it was moved to Palaiseau in 1976....
. The same year, after the death of SD Poisson
Siméon Denis Poisson

Sim?on-Denis Poisson , was a France mathematician, geometer, and physicist. The name is in French language....
, Sturm was appointed as mechanics
Classical mechanics

Classical mechanics is used for describing the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies....
 professor of the Faculté des Sciences of Paris. His works, Cours d'analyse de l'école polytechnique (1857–1863) and Cours de mécanique de l'école polytechnique (1861), were published after his death in Paris, and were regularly republished.

He was the co-eponym
Eponym

An eponym is a person, whether real or fictitious, after whom a particular toponym, ethnonym, regnal year, discovery, or other item is named or thought to be named....
 of the Sturm–Liouville theory with Joseph Liouville
Joseph Liouville

Joseph Liouville was a France mathematician....
. Sturm's theorem
Sturm's theorem

In mathematics, Sturm's theorem is a symbolic procedure to determine the number of distinct real number root s of a polynomial. It was named for Jacques Charles Fran?ois Sturm, though it had actually been discovered by Joseph Fourier; Fourier's paper, delivered on the eve of the French Revolution, was forgotten for many years....
 is a basic result for proving the existence of real zeroes of functions.

In 1826, with his colleague Jean-Daniel Colladon
Jean-Daniel Colladon

Jean-Daniel Colladon was a Swiss physicist. He studied law but then worked in the labs of Andr?-Marie Amp?re and Joseph Fourier. He received an Acad?mie des Sciences award with his friend Charles Sturm for their measurement of the speed of sound in water in Lake Geneva in 1826....
, Sturm helped make the first experimental determination of the speed of sound
Speed of sound

Sound is a vibration that travels through an elasticity medium as a wave. The speed of sound describes how much distance such a wave travels in a certain amount of time....
 in water
Water

Water is a common chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of life. In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or States of matter, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam....
.

Sturm's name is part of the list of the 72 names
The 72 names on the Eiffel Tower

On the Eiffel Tower, seventy-two names of France scientists, engineers and some other notable people are engraved in recognition of their contributions by Gustave Eiffel....
 engraved at the Eiffel Tower
Eiffel Tower

The Eiffel Tower is an Puddle iron tower built on the Champ de Mars beside the Seine River in Paris. The tower has become a global Cultural icon of France and is one of the most recognizable structures in the world....
.

Distinctions


  • Grand prix de Mathématiques (December 4, 1834)
  • Member of the academy of Berlin (1835)
  • Member of the academy of Saint-Petersburg (1836)
  • Officier de la Légion d'Honneur
    Légion d'honneur

    The L?gion d'honneur or Ordre national de la L?gion d'honneur is a France order established by Napoleon I of France, First Consul of the French First Republic, on May 19, 1802....
     (1837)
  • Copley medal of the Royal Society of London (1840)
  • Member of the Royal Society of London
    Royal Society

    The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as the Royal Society, or even the Royal, is a learned society for science that was founded in 1660 and is considered by most to be the oldest such society still in existence....
     (1840)


Selected writing


  • (Gauthier-Villars, 1877)


  • (Gauthier-Villars, 1877)


  • (Gauthier-Villars, 1883)


See also


  • Sturm–Liouville theory
  • Sturm's theorem
    Sturm's theorem

    In mathematics, Sturm's theorem is a symbolic procedure to determine the number of distinct real number root s of a polynomial. It was named for Jacques Charles Fran?ois Sturm, though it had actually been discovered by Joseph Fourier; Fourier's paper, delivered on the eve of the French Revolution, was forgotten for many years....
  • Sturm-Picone comparison theorem
    Sturm-Picone comparison theorem

    In mathematics, in the field of ordinary differential equations, the Sturm?Picone comparison theorem, named after Jacques Charles Fran?ois Sturm and Mauro Picone, is a classical theorem which provides criteria for the oscillation and oscillation of solutions of certain linear differential equations....
  • Sturm separation theorem
    Sturm separation theorem

    In mathematics, in the field of ordinary differential equations, Sturm separation theorem, named after Jacques Charles Fran?ois Sturm, describes the location of roots of homogeneous differential equation order linear differential equations....


External links

  • Nouvelles annales de mathématiques journal des candidats aux écoles polytechnique et normale 15 p. 72 (1856)