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Ja?alif, Janalif or Yañalif ([]; Cyrillic: ?????; Tatar
Tatar language

The Tatar language is a Turkic languages language spoken by the Tatars....
: new alphabet — ja?a ?lifba/yaña älifba -> ja?alif/yañalif) was the first Latin writing system
Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. It evolved from the western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumae alphabet, and was initially developed by the Ancient Romes to write the Latin....
 used during the Soviet epoque Tatar language
Tatar language

The Tatar language is a Turkic languages language spoken by the Tatars....
 in the 1930s.






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 Ja?alif (1928–1940)
? characters Yaña imlâ
Yaña imlâ

Ya?a iml? was a modified variant of Arabic script that was in use for Tatar language in 1920-1927. The orthographical reform modified Iske iml?, abolishing excess Arabic letters, adding letters for short vowels e, i, ?, o....

version of
Arabic		 a version of
modern Latin
Tatar alphabet
Tatar alphabet

Two scripts are currently used for the Tatar language: Cyrillic and Latin....
 		 a version of
modern Cyrillic
Tatar alphabet
1 A a
A

The letter A is the first letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is a ; the plural is aes or, more commonly, a's....
 		 ? A a ? ?
2
B

For technical reasons, B# redirects here. For the musical note, see C B is the second letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled bee , plural bees....
 		 ? B b ? ?
3 C c
C

C or c is a consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a voiceless postalveolar affricate , and is equivalent to the voiceless postalveolar affricate, , or the voiceless retroflex affricate, ...
 		 ? Ç ç ? ?
4 Ç ç
Cedilla

A cedilla or cedille is a hook added under certain consonant letters as a diacritic to modify their pronunciation....
 		 ? C c ? ?
5 D d
D

D is the fourth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled dee , plural dees....
 		 ? D d ? ?
6 E e
E

E is the fifth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled e , plural ees . The letter E is the most commonly used letter in the Czech language, Danish language, Dutch language, English language, French language, German language, Hungarian language, Latin language, Norwegian language, Spanish language...
 		 ? E e ? ?
7 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ?? Ä ä ? ?
8 F f
F

F is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled ef or eff ....
 		 ? F f ? ?
9 G g
G

G is the seventh letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled gee....
 		 ? G g ? ?
10
Gha

The letter is a letter that has been used in various Latin alphabet orthography for Turkic languages, such as Azeri language or the Ja?alif orthography for Tatar language....
 		 ? G g ? ?
11 H h
H

H is the eighth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in both British English and American English is aitch , though it is also pronounced haitch in some dialects ....
 		 ? H h ? h
12 I i
I

I is the ninth Letter of the Latin alphabet. Its English language name is i ....
 		 ?? I i ? ?
13 J j
J

J or j is a consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a voiced postalveolar fricative , and is equivalent to the voiced postalveolar fricative, , or the voiced retroflex fricative, ....
 		 ? Y y ? ?
14 K k
K

K is the eleventh letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled kay ....
 		 ? K k ? ?
15 L l
L

L or l, described in English language as L with stroke, is a letter of the Polish alphabet, Kashubian alphabet, Sorbian alphabet, Lacinka alphabet , Wymysorys, Navajo language, Dene Suline language, Inupiaq language and Dogrib language alphabets, and of several proposed alphabets for the Venetian language....
 		 ? L l ? ?
16 M m
M

M is the thirteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled em ....
 		 ? M m ? ?
17 N n
N

N is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled en ....
 		 ? N n ? ?
18 ? ?
Eng (letter)

Eng or engma is a letter of the Latin alphabet, used to represent a velar nasal in the written form of some languages....
 		 ? Ñ ñ ? ?
19 O o
O

O is the fifteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled o , plural oes ....
 		 ?, O o ? ?
20
O

O is the fifteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled o , plural oes ....
 		 ? Ö ö ? ?
21 P p
P

P is the sixteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is pronounced pee ....
 		 ? P p ? ?
22 Q q
Q

Q is the seventeenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled cue ....
 		 ? Q q ? ?
23 R r
R

R is the eighteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled ar ....
 		 ? R r ? ?
24 S s
S

S is the nineteenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled ess or generally es- when part of a compound word, plural esses....
 		 ? S s ? ?
25 S s
S

S is the nineteenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled ess or generally es- when part of a compound word, plural esses....
 		 ? S s ? ?
26 T t
T

T is the twentieth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled tee . It is the most commonly used consonant and the second most common letter in the English language....
 		 ? T t ? ?
27 U u
U

U is the twenty-first letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled u ....
 		 ?, U u ? ?
28 V v
V

V is the twenty-second letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled vee ....
 		 ? W w ? ? (?, ?)
29 X x
X

X is the twenty-fourth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled ex , plural exes .History...
 		 ? X x ? ?
30 ? y
Y

The letter Y is the twenty-fifth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled wye or occasionally wy' , plural wyes....
 		 ? Ü ü ? ?
31 Z z
Z

Z is the twenty-sixth and final Letter of the modern English alphabet....
 		 ? Z z ? ?
32
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? J j ? ?
33 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ?, I i ? ?
(34.1) '
'

' is the apostrophe punctuation mark. ' may also refer to:*Acute accent, ?*Ejective consonant or modifier letter apostrophe, '...
 		 ? ' ?, ?, ?
(34.2) ?j ??, (Í í) ??


Ja?alif, Janalif or Yañalif ([]; Cyrillic: ?????; Tatar
Tatar language

The Tatar language is a Turkic languages language spoken by the Tatars....
: new alphabet — ja?a ?lifba/yaña älifba -> ja?alif/yañalif) was the first Latin writing system
Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. It evolved from the western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumae alphabet, and was initially developed by the Ancient Romes to write the Latin....
 used during the Soviet epoque Tatar language
Tatar language

The Tatar language is a Turkic languages language spoken by the Tatars....
 in the 1930s. It replaced Yaña imlâ
Yaña imlâ

Ya?a iml? was a modified variant of Arabic script that was in use for Tatar language in 1920-1927. The orthographical reform modified Iske iml?, abolishing excess Arabic letters, adding letters for short vowels e, i, ?, o....
 Arabic script-based alphabet in 1928 and was replaced by Cyrillic alphabet in 1939.

There were 33 letters
Letter (alphabet)

A letter is an element in an alphabetic system of writing, such as the Greek alphabet and its descendants. Each letter in the written language is usually associated with one phoneme in the spoken form of the language....
 in Ja?alif; nine were for vowel
Vowel

In phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language, such as English ah! or oh! , pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis....
s. The apostrophe
Apostrophe

The apostrophe is a punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritic mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet or certain other alphabets. In English it has two main functions: it marks omissions, and it assists in marking the possessives of all nouns and many pronouns....
 was used for the glottal stop
Glottal stop

The glottal stop, or more fully, the voiceless glottal plosive, is a type of consonantal sound which is used in many Speech communication languages....
 (h?mz?/hämzä) and was sometimes sorted as a letter. Other characters were also in use for foreign names. The small letter B looks like (to prevent confusion with ? ?), and the capital letter Y looks like ?
U (Cyrillic)

U is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the vowel after non-palatalized consonants.In some languages variations of this letter are used:...
. The letter ? ? has a descender as in Cyrillic letters ?
Shcha (Cyrillic)

Shcha or Shta is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, today usually representing the sound in Russian language , the consonant cluster in Ukrainian language and Rusyn language, and the consonant cluster in Bulgarian language....
, ?
Zhje

The Cyrillic alphabet letter Zhe with descender, or Zhje is used as a letter in the Tatar language, Kalmyk language and Dungan language alphabets. It was also used in Turkmen language before that language switched to the Latin alphabet....
, ?
Ng (Cyrillic)

The Cyrillic alphabet letter N with descender or Ng is an En with a descender. It is used in Bashkir language, Dungan language, Kazakh language, Kyrgyz language, Kalmyk language, Tatar language, and Tuvan language, where it expresses the velar nasal /?/ as in "singer"....
. The letter no. 33 (similar to Zhuang
Zhuang language

The Zhuang language is used by the Zhuang people in the People's Republic of China. Most speakers live in the Guangxi. Zhuang, which belongs to the Tai language, is an official language in that region....
 ) isn't represented in Unicode
Unicode

Unicode is a computing industry standard allowing computers to consistently represent and manipulate Character expressed in most of the world's writing systems....
, but it looks like Cyrillic soft sign
Soft sign

The soft sign is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. In Old Church Slavonic, it represented a short front vowel but in modern Slavic Cyrillic writing systems , it does not represent an individual sound, rather it indicates softening of the preceding consonant or just has a traditional orthographic usage with no phonetic meaning ....
. Capital also looks like Russian ? in some fonts.

History

The earliest example of the Kypchak language
Kypchak language

Kypchak language may refer to:*Kypchak languages, a group of Turkic languages*The extinct Kipchak language ...
, the main ancestor of the modern Tatar language and written with Latin characters is the Codex Cumanicus
Codex Cumanicus

The Codex Cumanicus was a Linguistics manual of the Middle Ages, designed to help Catholic missionaries communicate with the Cumans, a nomadic Turkic peoples people....
. These letters could be used for Catholic devotions among Turkic Catholics within the Golden Horde
Golden Horde

The Golden Horde is a East-Slavic designation for the Mongol?later Turkic languages?Muslim khanate established in the western part of the Mongol Empire after the Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 1240s: present-day Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus....
. Nevertheless, the culture of Catholic Hordians disappeared and this alphabet was lost.

For centuries the Tatar language
Tatar language

The Tatar language is a Turkic languages language spoken by the Tatars....
 as well as other Turkic languages
Turkic languages

The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean Sea to Siberia and Western China, and are sometimes considered to be part of the proposed Altaic languages....
 used a modified Arabic alphabet
Arabic alphabet

The Arabic alphabet is the writing system used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa, such as Arabic language, Persian language, and Urdu language....
, Iske imlâ
Iske imlâ

Iske iml? is a variant of the Arabic alphabet, used for the Tatar language before 1920 and the Old Tatar language. This alphabet can be referred to as old only to contrast it with Ya?a imla....
. The alphabet was far from perfect, both technically and logically (different initial, medium, final and stand-alone forms, no glyphs for short vowels). Because of this some Turkic intelligentsia tended to use the Latin or even Cyrillic alphabet
Cyrillic alphabet

The Cyrillic alphabet is a family of alphabets, subsets of which are used by five Slavic languages national languages as well as non-Slavic . It is also used by many other languages of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Siberia and other languages in the past....
. The first attempts appeared in the mid-19th century among Azerbaijanis. At the same period the Russian missionary Ilminski, along with followers, invented the modified Russian alphabet
Russian alphabet

The modern Russian alphabet is a variant of the Cyrillic alphabet. It was introduced into Kievan Rus' at the time of Vladimir I of Kiev's conversion to Christianity date....
 for all peoples of Idel-Ural
Idel-Ural

Idel-Ural is a historical region in Eastern Europe, in what is today Russia. The name literally means Volga-Urals in the Tatar language. The frequently used Russian variant is Volgo-Uralye ....
. Nevertheless modern alphabet uses other glyphs: , the principles of modern Cyrillic alphabet was first invented then. But Ilmiski's alphabet were used for the purpose of Christianization and Muslim Tatars didn't use his alphabet. Ilminski's alphabet is still used among Keräsen Tatars. Interestingly, this alphabet still uses pre-revolutionary Russian spelling of Orthodox names, using Fita
Fita

Fita is a letter of the early Cyrillic alphabet, descended from the Greek language Theta. It was mainly used to write proper names derived from Greek....
 and Ukrainian I
Ukrainian I

eading=Cyrillic letter Decimal I|Image=...
.

In 1908–1909 the Tatar poet Sägit Rämiev started to use the Latin alphabet in his own works. He offered the use of digraph
Digraph

Digraph may refer to:* Digraph , a pair of characters used to write one phoneme or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond to the normal values of the two characters combined...
s: ea for ä, eu for ü, eo for ö and ei for i. But Arabists turned down his project. In the early 1920s Azerbaijanis invented their own Latin alphabet, but Tatarstan scholars set a little store to this project, preferring to reform the Iske imlâ
Iske imlâ

Iske iml? is a variant of the Arabic alphabet, used for the Tatar language before 1920 and the Old Tatar language. This alphabet can be referred to as old only to contrast it with Ya?a imla....
. The simplified Iske imla
Iske imlâ

Iske iml? is a variant of the Arabic alphabet, used for the Tatar language before 1920 and the Old Tatar language. This alphabet can be referred to as old only to contrast it with Ya?a imla....
, known as Yaña imlâ
Yaña imlâ

Ya?a iml? was a modified variant of Arabic script that was in use for Tatar language in 1920-1927. The orthographical reform modified Iske iml?, abolishing excess Arabic letters, adding letters for short vowels e, i, ?, o....
 was used from 1920–1927.

But Latinization was adopted by the Soviet officials
Uniform Turkic Alphabet

The Uniform Turkic Alphabet was a Latin alphabet used by non-Slavic peoples of the USSR in the 1930s. The alphabet used ligatures from Ja?alif as it was also a part of the uniform alphabet....
 and the special Central Committee for a New Alphabet was established in Moscow
Moscow

Moscow is the capital and the largest types of inhabited localities in Russia of the Russian Federation. It is also the largest European cities and metropolitan areas, with the Moscow metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world....
. The first project of the Tatar-Bashkir Latin alphabet was published in Esçe (The Worker) gazette in 1924. The pronunciation of the alphabet was similar to English, unlike the following. Specific Bashkir
Bashkir language

The Bashkir language is a Turkic languages....
 sounds were written with digraphs. However, this alphabet was declined.

In 1926 the Congress of Turkologists
Turkology

Turkology is a complex of humanities sciences studying languages, history, literature, folklore, culture, and ethnology of people speaking Turkic languages and Turkic peoples in chronological and comparative context....
 in Baku
Baku

Baku , sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, Baki or Bak?, is the capital, the largest city, and the largest port of Azerbaijan....
 recommended to switch all Turkic languages to the Latin alphabet
Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. It evolved from the western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumae alphabet, and was initially developed by the Ancient Romes to write the Latin....
. Since April 1926 the Ja?a tatar ?lifbas?/Yaña Tatar älifbasi (New Tatar alphabet) society started its work at Kazan
Kazan

Kazan is the capital types of inhabited localities in Russia of the Tatarstan, Russia, and one of Russia's largest cities. It is a major industrial, commercial and cultural center, and remains the most important center of Tatar culture....
.

Since July 3 1927, Tatarstan
Tatarstan

Republic of Tatarstan is a federal subjects of Russia of the Russian Federation . Its size is 68,000 km? with a population of 3,800,000. Its capital is Kazan....
 officials have declared Ja?alif as the official script of the Tatar language
Tatar language

The Tatar language is a Turkic languages language spoken by the Tatars....
, replacing the Yanga imla script. The first variant of Ja?alif (acutes
Acute accent

The acute accent is a diacritic mark used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet and Greek alphabet writing systems....
-Ja?alif ) is shown below. There weren't separate letters for K and Q (realized as K) and for G and G (realized as G), V and W (realized as W). S (sh) looked like the Cyrillic letter ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 (she). C and Ç were realized as in Turkish and the modern Tatar Latin alphabet and later were transposed in the final version of Ja?alif.

In 1928 Ja?alif was finally reformed (the table is shown before) and was in active usage for 12 years. Some sources claim, that alphabet had 34 letters, but the last was a digraph ?j, used for corresponding Tatar diphthong
Diphthong

In phonetics, a diphthong, or , is a contour vowel?that is, a unitary vowel that changes vowel quality during its pronunciation, or "glides", with a glissando of the tongue from one articulation to another, as in the English words eye, boy, and cow. This contrasts with "pure" vowels, or monophthongs, where the tongue is held s...
. Another source states that the 34th letter was an apostrophe
Apostrophe

The apostrophe is a punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritic mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet or certain other alphabets. In English it has two main functions: it marks omissions, and it assists in marking the possessives of all nouns and many pronouns....
. They also give another sorting of the alphabet. (? after A, ? after E)

After the introduction of Ja?alif most of the books which were printed in the Arabic alphabet were withdrawn from libraries.

Ja?alif as published in the Esçe newspaper

 '1924-07-18 Esçe alphabet
? characters final version
of Ja?alif 		modern Latin Tatar alphabet
Tatar alphabet

Two scripts are currently used for the Tatar language: Cyrillic and Latin....
 
and Romanization
Romanization

In linguistics, romanization is the representation of a written word or spoken speech with the Latin alphabet, or a system for doing so, where the original word or language uses a different writing system ....
 of Bashkir		 modern Cyrillic Tatar alphabet
+ some Bashkir Cyrillic 		Notes
1 A a
A

The letter A is the first letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is a ; the plural is aes or, more commonly, a's....
 		 A a A a ? ?  
2 B b
B

For technical reasons, B# redirects here. For the musical note, see C B is the second letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled bee , plural bees....
 		 B ? B b ? ? like in modern alphabet
3 C c
C

C or c is a consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a voiceless postalveolar affricate , and is equivalent to the voiceless postalveolar affricate, , or the voiceless retroflex affricate, ...
 		 C c Ç ç ? ? like in Ja?alif
4 Ç ç
Cedilla

A cedilla or cedille is a hook added under certain consonant letters as a diacritic to modify their pronunciation....
 		 S s S s ? ? unique variant
5 D d
D

D is the fourth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled dee , plural dees....
 		 D d D d ? ?  
6 Dh dh
DH

DH or Dh may refer to:* Dh , a verbal sound* DH postcode area, in the United KingdomDH may stand for:* Department of Health , a branch of government...
 		 Ð d Z z ? ? like in today transliteration of Bashkir
7 E e
E

E is the fifth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled e , plural ees . The letter E is the most commonly used letter in the Czech language, Danish language, Dutch language, English language, French language, German language, Hungarian language, Latin language, Norwegian language, Spanish language...
 		 ? ? Ä ä ? ? like in Turkish-style transliteration
8 F f
F

F is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled ef or eff ....
 		 F f F f ? ?  
9 G g
G

G is the seventh letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled gee....
 		 G g G g ? ?  
10 G g
G

G is the seventh letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled gee....
 		 ? ? G g ? ? similar to modern alphabet
11 H h
H

H is the eighth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in both British English and American English is aitch , though it is also pronounced haitch in some dialects ....
 		 H h H h ? h  
12 I i
I

I is the ninth Letter of the Latin alphabet. Its English language name is i ....
 		 I i I i ? ? like in Ja?alif
13 J j
J

J or j is a consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a voiced postalveolar fricative , and is equivalent to the voiced postalveolar fricative, , or the voiced retroflex fricative, ....
 		 Ç ç C c ? ? like in English-style transliteration
14 K k
K

K is the eleventh letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled kay ....
 		 K k K k ? ?  
15 L l
L

L or l, described in English language as L with stroke, is a letter of the Polish alphabet, Kashubian alphabet, Sorbian alphabet, Lacinka alphabet , Wymysorys, Navajo language, Dene Suline language, Inupiaq language and Dogrib language alphabets, and of several proposed alphabets for the Venetian language....
 		 L l L l ? ?  
16 M m
M

M is the thirteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled em ....
 		 M m M m ? ?  
17 N n
N

N is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled en ....
 		 N n N n ? ?  
18 ? ?
Eng (letter)

Eng or engma is a letter of the Latin alphabet, used to represent a velar nasal in the written form of some languages....
 		 ? ? Ñ ñ ? ? like in Ja?alif
19 O o
O

O is the fifteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled o , plural oes ....
 		 O o O o ? ?  
20 Ö ö
Ö

"?", or "?", is a character used in several extended Latin alphabets, or the letter O with umlaut ....
 		 O ? Ö ö ? ? like in modern alphabet
21 P p
P

P is the sixteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is pronounced pee ....
 		 P p P p ? ?  
22 Q q
Q

Q is the seventeenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled cue ....
 		 Q q Q q ? ?  
23 R r
R

R is the eighteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled ar ....
 		 R r R r ? ?  
24 S s
S

S is the nineteenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled ess or generally es- when part of a compound word, plural esses....
 		 S s S s ? ?  
25 T t
T

T is the twentieth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled tee . It is the most commonly used consonant and the second most common letter in the English language....
 		 T t T t ? ?  
26 Th th
TH

TH may refer to:*Th , a digraph in orthography in several languages*Pronunciation of English th aspects of this digraph in English*Triple H, a professional wrestler, currently on its Raw brand...
 		 ? ? S s ? ? like in today transliteration of Bashkir, English th
27 U u
U

U is the twenty-first letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled u ....
 		 U u U u ? ?  
28 Ü ü
Y

The letter Y is the twenty-fifth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled wye or occasionally wy' , plural wyes....
 		 ? y Ü ü ? ? like in modern alphabet
29 W w
W

W is the 23 letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled double-u ....
 		 V v W w ? ? (?, ?) like in modern alphabet
30 V v
V

V is the twenty-second letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled vee ....
 		 V v V v ? ? like in modern alphabet
31 X x
X

X is the twenty-fourth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled ex , plural exes .History...
 		 X x X x ? ?  
32 Y y
Y

The letter Y is the twenty-fifth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled wye or occasionally wy' , plural wyes....
 		 ?j ?j Í í (iy) ?? unique variant; also Arabic used one letter for this diphthong
33 Z z
Z

Z is the twenty-sixth and final Letter of the modern English alphabet....
 		 Z z Z z ? ?  
34 ? z
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? z J j ? ? like in Ja?alif
35 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? I i ? ? unique variant
36 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 E e E e ? ? like in Cyrillic

The original "acutes" version of Ja?alif


"Acutes"- Ja?alif
? characters final version
of Ja?alif 		Yaña imlâ,
stand-alone form		 Modern Latin Tatar alphabet
Tatar alphabet

Two scripts are currently used for the Tatar language: Cyrillic and Latin....
 
and Romanization
Romanization

In linguistics, romanization is the representation of a written word or spoken speech with the Latin alphabet, or a system for doing so, where the original word or language uses a different writing system ....
 of Bashkir		 modern Cyrillic Tatar alphabet
+ some Bashkir Cyrillic 		Notes
1 A a
A

The letter A is the first letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is a ; the plural is aes or, more commonly, a's....
 		 A a ? A a ? ?  
2 B b
B

For technical reasons, B# redirects here. For the musical note, see C B is the second letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled bee , plural bees....
 		 B ? ? B b ? ? like in modern alphabet
3 C c
C

C or c is a consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a voiceless postalveolar affricate , and is equivalent to the voiceless postalveolar affricate, , or the voiceless retroflex affricate, ...
 		 Ç ç ? C c ? ? like in modern alphabet
4 Ç ç
Cedilla

A cedilla or cedille is a hook added under certain consonant letters as a diacritic to modify their pronunciation....
 		 C c ? Ç ç ? ? like in modern alphabet
5 D d
D

D is the fourth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled dee , plural dees....
 		 D d ? D d ? ?  
6 E e
E

E is the fifth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled e , plural ees . The letter E is the most commonly used letter in the Czech language, Danish language, Dutch language, English language, French language, German language, Hungarian language, Latin language, Norwegian language, Spanish language...
 		 E e ? E e ? ? like in modern alphabet
7 É é
E

E is the fifth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled e , plural ees . The letter E is the most commonly used letter in the Czech language, Danish language, Dutch language, English language, French language, German language, Hungarian language, Latin language, Norwegian language, Spanish language...
 		 ? ? ?, I i ? ? unique variant, acute as a sign of "hard" vowel
8 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ?? Ä ä ? ? like in Ja?alif, but original capitalization
9 F f
F

F is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled ef or eff ....
 		 F f ? F f ? ?  
10 G g
G

G is the seventh letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled gee....
 		 G g, ? ? ?, ? G g, G g ? ? one letter for two phonemes, as in Cyrillic
11 H h
H

H is the eighth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in both British English and American English is aitch , though it is also pronounced haitch in some dialects ....
 		 H h ? H h ? h  
12 I i
I

I is the ninth Letter of the Latin alphabet. Its English language name is i ....
 		 I i ?? I i ? ? like in Ja?alif
13 J j
J

J or j is a consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a voiced postalveolar fricative , and is equivalent to the voiced postalveolar fricative, , or the voiced retroflex fricative, ....
 		 J j ? Y y ? ? like in Ja?alif
14 K k
K

K is the eleventh letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled kay ....
 		 K k, Q q ?, ? K k, Q q ? ? one letter for two phonemes, as in Cyrillic
15 L l
L

L or l, described in English language as L with stroke, is a letter of the Polish alphabet, Kashubian alphabet, Sorbian alphabet, Lacinka alphabet , Wymysorys, Navajo language, Dene Suline language, Inupiaq language and Dogrib language alphabets, and of several proposed alphabets for the Venetian language....
 		 L l ? L l ? ?  
16 M m
M

M is the thirteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled em ....
 		 M m ? M m ? ?  
17 N n
N

N is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled en ....
 		 N n ? N n ? ?  
18 N, n,
Eng (letter)

Eng or engma is a letter of the Latin alphabet, used to represent a velar nasal in the written form of some languages....
 		 ? ? ? Ñ ñ ? ? like in Ja?alif
19 O o
O

O is the fifteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled o , plural oes ....
 		 O o ?, O o ? ?  
20 Ó ó
O

O is the fifteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled o , plural oes ....
 		 O ? ? Ö ö ? ? unique variant, acute as a sign of "soft" vowel
21 P p
P

P is the sixteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is pronounced pee ....
 		 P p ? P p ? ?  
22 R r
R

R is the eighteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled ar ....
 		 R r ? R r ? ?  
23 S s
S

S is the nineteenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled ess or generally es- when part of a compound word, plural esses....
 		 S s ? S s ? ?  
24 T t
T

T is the twentieth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled tee . It is the most commonly used consonant and the second most common letter in the English language....
 		 T t ? T t ? ?  
25 U u
U

U is the twenty-first letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled u ....
 		 U u ?, U u ? ?  
26 V v
V

V is the twenty-second letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled vee ....
 		 Y y ? Ü ü ? ? unique variant, V is used for "soft" vowel
27 X x
X

X is the twenty-fourth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled ex , plural exes .History...
 		 X x ? X x ? ?  
28 Y y
Y

The letter Y is the twenty-fifth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled wye or occasionally wy' , plural wyes....
 		 ?j ?j ??, Í í (iy) ?? inherited from Tatar-Bashkir alphabet project
29 Z z
Z

Z is the twenty-sixth and final Letter of the modern English alphabet....
 		 Z z ? Z z ? ?  
30 ? z
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? z ? J j ? ? like in Ja?alif
31 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 S s ? S s ? ? unique variant, like in Cyrillic
32 W w
W

W is the 23 letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled double-u ....
 		 V v ? W w, V v ? ? one letter for two phonemes, as in Cyrillic, but [v] is found only in Russian loanwords


Decline

In 1939 the Stalinist
Stalinism

File:Joseph Stalin.jpgStalinism is a term that purportedly describes the political system of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929?1953....
 government prohibited Ja?alif, although it remained in use until January 1940. Ja?alif was also used in Nazi
Nazism

Nazism, officially National Socialism , refers to the ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Workers? Party under Adolf Hitler, and the policies adopted by the dictatorial government of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945....
 gazettes for prisoners of war and propaganda
Propaganda

Propaganda is the dissemination of information aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people. As opposed to Objectivity providing information, propaganda in its most basic sense presents information in order to influence its audience....
 until WW2 ended. However, the alphabet served until 1950s, because most of the schoolbooks were printed before World War II
World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a Participants in World War II, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War II and the Axis powers....
. Some Tatar diasporas also used Ja?alif outside of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
, for example the Tatar bureau of Radio Free Europe
Radio Free Europe

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty is an independent international broadcast organization that provides uncensored news, information, and analysis to countries where free media is often limited or banned....
.

It should be noted that for 12 years of usage the Latin alphabet, Arabic alphabet (and not only Yaña imlâ, but Iske imlâ too) also were used. So, one of the Musa Cälil
Musa Cälil

Musa C?lil was a Soviet Union Tatar language poet and Resistance during World War II. He is the only poet of the Soviet Union who was simultaneously awarded two of the highest government decorations: Hero of the Soviet Union for personal courage and meritorious performance of duty, and the Lenin Prize for his cycle The Moabit Notebooks...
's Moabit Notebooks was written in Ja?alif, but one was written in Arabic letters. Both notebooks were written in German prison, after 1939, the year when the Cyrillic alphabet was established.

Cyrillization

Crimea Propaganda
In 1930s Turkey
Turkey

Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in southwest Asia and Thrace in the Balkans region of Southern Europe....
 became one of the numerous potential enemies of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
. Even though Atatürk's alphabet was different from Ja?alif, for Soviet officials the Latin alphabet was a symbol of the outer, bourgeois world. In 1939 Cyrillization of USSR was initiated. As by Stalin's statement, Russian people is the leader of socialistic peoples, so all peoples of the country should know Russian and tend to be assimilated with Russians. As was said, alphabet was switched to Cyrillic "by labor's request."

There are also several projects of Cyrillization. Ilminski's alphabet was already forgotten and it couldn't be used, due to its religious origin. As early as 1938 professor M. Fazlullin introduced an adaptation of the Russian alphabet for the Tatar language, without any additional characters. Specific Tatar letters should be signed with the digraphs, consisting of similar Russian letters and the letters ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 and ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
.

In 1939 Qorbangaliev and Ramazanov offered their own projects that planned to use additional Cyrillic characters. Letters ?, ?, ?, ? were inherited from Ja?alif, but ? and ? were invented by analogy with ? and ?. ?? and ?? should be used to designate G and Q. By this project "gädät" ("custom") was spelled as "??????", "qar" ("snow") as "????". In Ramazanov's project W (Ja?alif V) was marked by ? before the vowel, and ?, ? in the end of syllable. Ja?alif: vaq - ???; tav - ???; d?v - ???. In May 5 1939 this project was established as official by the Supreme Soviet of TASSR. Surprisingly, "Tatar society disagreed to this project" and during 1940 July conference Cyrillic alphabet was finally standardized. January 10 1941 this project was passed. According to this version, "gädät" was spelled as "?????", "qar" as "???". The principles were following: if ??/??/??/??/??/??/??/??/ is followed by "soft syllable", containing "?, ?, ?, ?, ?" or soft sign "?", they are spelled as gä/gö/gü/ge/qä/qö/qü/qe, in other cases as ga/go/gu/gi/qa/qo/qu/qi. ??/??/??/??/??/??/??/?? are spelled as gä/gö/gü/ge/kä/kö/kü/ke. Similar practice were applied for ?, ?, ?, that could be spelled as ye, yü, yä and as yi, yu, ya. Examples: ???????? - qänägät (satisfied); ?? - yil (year); ??? - yäm (charm). So, in Tatar Cyrillic soft sign hasn't sense of iotation
Iotation

Iotation is a form of palatalization which occurs in Slavic languages. In most of them, iotated consonants are called soft consonants and the process of iotation is called softening....
, as in Russian, but a sense of vowel harmony
Vowel harmony

Vowel harmony is a type of long-distance Assimilation Phonology process involving vowels in some languages. In languages with vowel harmony, there are constraints on what vowels may be found near each other....
. Unlike modern Russian, some words can end with ?, to sign a "hard g" after the "soft vowel", as in ?????? - balig (of the full legal age).

All Russian words are written as in Russian and should be pronounced with Russian pronunciation.

 Cyrillic alphabet (1940)
? characters Fazlullin's
alphabet 		Ilminski's
alphabet		 Ja?alif Modern Latin Notes
1 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? A a A a  
2 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? B ? B b  
3 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? V v W w, V v [v] in Russian words, [w] in Tatar words
4 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? G g, ? ? G g, G g  
5 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? D d D d  
6 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? E e, Je, J? E e, ye, yi  
7 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? Jo Yo only in Russian loanwords
8 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? ? z J j  
9 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? Z z Z z  
10 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? I i I i  
11 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? J j Y y  
12 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? K k, Q q K k, Q q  
13 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? L l L l  
14 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? M m M m  
15 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? N n N n  
16 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? O o O o  
17 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? P p P p  
18 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? R r R r  
19 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? S s S s  
20 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? T t T t  
21 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? U u U u  
22 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? F f F f  
23 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? X x X x  
24 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? Ts Ts only in Russian loanwords
25 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? C c Ç ç  
26 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? S s S s  
27 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? Sc Sç only in Russian loanwords
28 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ?  
29 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? ? ? I i  
30 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ?  
31 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? E e E e  
32 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? Ju/Jy Yu/Yü  
33 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ? ? ? ? Ja/J? Ya/Yä  
34 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ?? ?? ? ? (? ?) ? ? Ä ä  
35 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ?? ?? ? ? ? ? Ö ö  
36 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ?? ?? ? ? (? ?) Y y Ü ü  
37 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ?? ?? ? ? Ç ç C c  
38 ? ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ?? ?? ? ? ? ? Ñ ñ  
39 ? h
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 		 ?? ?? ? ? H h H h  


In 1955, 1958, 1959 and 1989 some people tried to initiate the reform of Cyrillic alphabet, as to add letters ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
, ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
 and ?
?

or is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and Lower case forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule , based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E....
, to sign sounds [q], [] (g) and [w] and make Tatar spelling WYSIWYS
WYSIWYS

WYSIWYS is an acronym for What You See Is What You Sign, used in cryptography to describe the property of digital signature systems that the semantic content of signed messages can not be changed, either by accident or intent....
. Some offered to use V instead of ?. In 1990s those attempts failed, because at that period many Tatarstan statesmen wanted to restore the Ja?alif.

? ? ? ? [?] ? [?] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? [?] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

[] letters that should be added in 1989. However, Tatar Parliament resorted Cyrillic alphabet in January 1997.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Restoring of Ja?alif

Ng Janalif
In the 1990s some wanted to restore Ja?alif, or Ja?alif+W, as being corresponding to modern Tatar phonetics. But technical problems, such as font problems and the disuse of Uniform Turkic alphabet
Uniform Turkic Alphabet

The Uniform Turkic Alphabet was a Latin alphabet used by non-Slavic peoples of the USSR in the 1930s. The alphabet used ligatures from Ja?alif as it was also a part of the uniform alphabet....
 among other peoples forced to use "Turkish-based
Turkish alphabet

The Turkish alphabet is a Latin-based alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, a certain number of which have been adapted or modified for the phonetic requirements of the language....
 alphabet". In 2000 that alphabet was adopted by the Tatarstan government, but in 2002 it was abolished by the Russian Federation
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
.

Inalif

The "Internet-style" alphabet named Inalif after Internet
Internet

The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers, enabling users to share information along multiple channels. Typically, a computer that connects to the Internet can access information from a vast array of available server and other computers by moving information from them to the computer's local memory....
 and älifba was convented in 2003 and partly it was inspirited by Ja?alif. The main purpose of this alphabet was a standardization of texts, which are written only with English keyboard, without any diacritical marks. But this is not a simple transliteration of non-English symbols of Ja?alif or modern alphabet. Non-English letters are represented like digraphs, soft vowels are represented like combination of the pairmate and apostrophe
Apostrophe

The apostrophe is a punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritic mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet or certain other alphabets. In English it has two main functions: it marks omissions, and it assists in marking the possessives of all nouns and many pronouns....
, excluding y, that firstly in Tatar writing represent i, probably under the influence of Transliteration of Russian and grammar of the Slavic languages
Slavic languages

File:Slavic europe.svgThe Slavic languages , a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages, have speakers in most of Eastern Europe, in much of the Balkans, in parts of Central Europe, and in the northern part of Asia....
. Like in Ja?alif, j represent [j], and zh is used for j of modern and of Ja?alif. X isn't used in Inalif and kh uses instead of them. Other changes include: Ä - A'; Ö - O'; Ü - U'; Ç - Ch; G -Gh; Ñ -Ng; S -Sh. The sorting of Inalif isn't published, but computer sorting consider to use English sorting. Inalif is used only on the Internet.

Source



See also

  • Tatar alphabet
    Tatar alphabet

    Two scripts are currently used for the Tatar language: Cyrillic and Latin....
  • Tatar language
    Tatar language

    The Tatar language is a Turkic languages language spoken by the Tatars....
  • Uniform Turkic Alphabet
    Uniform Turkic Alphabet

    The Uniform Turkic Alphabet was a Latin alphabet used by non-Slavic peoples of the USSR in the 1930s. The alphabet used ligatures from Ja?alif as it was also a part of the uniform alphabet....