Iveco
Encyclopedia
Iveco, an acronym for Industrial Vehicle Corporation, originally an alliance of European commercial vehicle manufacturers such as Fiat
Fiat
FIAT, an acronym for Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino , is an Italian automobile manufacturer, engine manufacturer, financial, and industrial group based in Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont. Fiat was founded in 1899 by a group of investors including Giovanni Agnelli...

 (including OM
Officine Meccaniche
Officine Meccaniche or OM was an Italian car and truck manufacturing company, founded in 1899 in Milan as Societa Anonima Officine Meccaniche...

 and Lancia Veicoli Speciali
Lancia
Lancia Automobiles S.p.A. is an Italian automobile manufacturer founded in 1906 by Vincenzo Lancia and which became part of the Fiat Group in 1969. The company has a long history of producing distinctive cars and also has a strong rally heritage. Some modern Lancias are seen as presenting a more...

), Unic
Unic
Unic was a French car manufacturer firm founded by Georges Richard in 1906 after having left Richard-Brasier. Société anonyme des automobiles UNIC was established in Puteaux with two-cylinder and four-cylinder models. The 1943 cc 12 CV four-cylinder model was extremely successful and...

 and Magirus
Magirus
Iveco Magirus AG is a truck manufacturer based in Ulm, Germany, founded by Conrad Dietrich Magirus . The company began manufacturing fire-fighting vehicles in 1864. In the late 1910s, it started the production of trucks and buses...

. Iveco is now an Italian truck
Truck
A truck or lorry is a motor vehicle designed to transport cargo. Trucks vary greatly in size, power, and configuration, with the smallest being mechanically similar to an automobile...

, bus
Bus
A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry passengers. Buses can have a capacity as high as 300 passengers. The most common type of bus is the single-decker bus, with larger loads carried by double-decker buses and articulated buses, and smaller loads carried by midibuses and minibuses; coaches are...

, and diesel engine
Diesel engine
A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber...

 manufacturer, based in Turin
Turin
Turin is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River and surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat...

. The firm is a subsidiary
Subsidiary
A subsidiary company, subsidiary, or daughter company is a company that is completely or partly owned and wholly controlled by another company that owns more than half of the subsidiary's stock. The subsidiary can be a company, corporation, or limited liability company. In some cases it is a...

 of Fiat Industrial
Fiat Industrial
Fiat Industrial S.p.A. is a company to which Fiat S.p.A. Fiat Industrial S.p.A. is a company to which Fiat S.p.A. Fiat Industrial S.p.A. is a company to which Fiat S.p.A. (parent company of Fiat Group demerged its capital goods activities at the start of 2011...

, having been demerged from the Fiat Group at the start of 2011, and produces around 200,000 commercial vehicles and 460,000 diesel engines annually, and for the year ended 2007 the company had
Euro
The euro is the official currency of the eurozone: 17 of the 27 member states of the European Union. It is also the currency used by the Institutions of the European Union. The eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,...

11,196 million
Million
One million or one thousand thousand, is the natural number following 999,999 and preceding 1,000,001. The word is derived from the early Italian millione , from mille, "thousand", plus the augmentative suffix -one.In scientific notation, it is written as or just 106...

 in sales (revenue
Revenue
In business, revenue is income that a company receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. In many countries, such as the United Kingdom, revenue is referred to as turnover....

s).

Today the company is a significant player in the medium-duty truck
Truck
A truck or lorry is a motor vehicle designed to transport cargo. Trucks vary greatly in size, power, and configuration, with the smallest being mechanically similar to an automobile...

s and engine
Engine
An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion. Heat engines, including internal combustion engines and external combustion engines burn a fuel to create heat which is then used to create motion...

 markets, and is near the top for sales of passenger transport and 3.5 ton
Ton
The ton is a unit of measure. It has a long history and has acquired a number of meanings and uses over the years. It is used principally as a unit of weight, and as a unit of volume. It can also be used as a measure of energy, for truck classification, or as a colloquial term.It is derived from...

 light vehicles.

History

The company is dominated by Fiat Group, and was created on 1 January 1975 by Fiat manager and mechanical engineer Bruno Beccaria (1915–2001) through the merger of five companies operating in Italy, France and Germany; Fiat Veicoli Industriali (located in Turin
Turin
Turin is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River and surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat...

), Officine Meccaniche
Officine Meccaniche
Officine Meccaniche or OM was an Italian car and truck manufacturing company, founded in 1899 in Milan as Societa Anonima Officine Meccaniche...

(Brescia
Brescia
Brescia is a city and comune in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy. It is situated at the foot of the Alps, between the Mella and the Naviglio, with a population of around 197,000. It is the second largest city in Lombardy, after the capital, Milan...

), Lancia Veicoli Speciali (Bolzano), Unic
Unic
Unic was a French car manufacturer firm founded by Georges Richard in 1906 after having left Richard-Brasier. Société anonyme des automobiles UNIC was established in Puteaux with two-cylinder and four-cylinder models. The 1943 cc 12 CV four-cylinder model was extremely successful and...

(Trappes
Trappes
Trappes is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris from the center in the new town of Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.-Transport:...

) and Magirus
Magirus
Iveco Magirus AG is a truck manufacturer based in Ulm, Germany, founded by Conrad Dietrich Magirus . The company began manufacturing fire-fighting vehicles in 1864. In the late 1910s, it started the production of trucks and buses...

(Ulm
Ulm
Ulm is a city in the federal German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the River Danube. The city, whose population is estimated at 120,000 , forms an urban district of its own and is the administrative seat of the Alb-Donau district. Ulm, founded around 850, is rich in history and...

).

In 1990, Iveco acquired 60% of ENASA
Enasa
ENASA was a Spanish vehicle manufacturing company, incorporated in 1946 having bought the automotive assets of the Spanish arm of Hispano-Suiza. It produced trucks, buses and military armored vehicles under the Pegaso and, for a short while, Sava brands. Enasa belonged to the state-owned INI...

, a leading truck manufacturer and makers of Pegaso
Pegaso
Pegaso was a Spanish make of trucks, omnibuses, tractors, armored vehicles, and, for a while, sports cars. The parent company, Enasa, was created in 1946 and based in the old Hispano-Suiza factory, under the direction of the renowned automotive engineer Wifredo Ricart...

 brand of commercial vehicles in Spain. This was an important step in the history of Iveco since it became a local brand in all the leading European markets. With this acquisition, Iveco expanded its manufacturing locations to Barcelona, Valladolid and Madrid in Spain.

In its early years, the company focused on rationalizing, integrating and optimizing the various manufacturing and commercial structures that had been independent until then, and the first centralized functional structure emerged. From a marketing viewpoint, these years saw the launch of the Daily (1978), the Turbo (1981) and the Turbostar (1984), three vehicles that symbolized Iveco's entrepreneurial success in Europe. In 1986 Ford's European commercial vehicle operation became part of the brand.

Iveco had to overcome a crisis in the early 1990s, fuelled by increasingly fierce competition. In order to respond more effectively to the growing specialization of the market, Iveco broke its structure down into specialist corporate units that addressed specific customers divided by product type. In those years, the company continued to boost its strategic presence in the world. In 1992 Iveco purchased the Italian company, International Trucks Australia Limited, which still plays a very important role in the Pacific Rim
Pacific Rim
The Pacific Rim refers to places around the edge of the Pacific Ocean. The term "Pacific Basin" includes the Pacific Rim and islands in the Pacific Ocean...

. And Iveco Mercosul was created in Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...

 in 1997, as a base for manufacturing and distribution operations all over South America
South America
South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...

.

In 1995 the EuroClass luxury coach
Coach (vehicle)
A coach is a large motor vehicle, a type of bus, used for conveying passengers on excursions and on longer distance express coach scheduled transport between cities - or even between countries...

 was voted International Coach of the Year, and in 1999 Iveco and Renault
Renault
Renault S.A. is a French automaker producing cars, vans, and in the past, autorail vehicles, trucks, tractors, vans and also buses/coaches. Its alliance with Nissan makes it the world's third largest automaker...

 decided to combine their efforts in the public transport field by merging their respective bus operations. This merger included companies such as Heuliez and Karosa
Karosa
Karosa is a bus manufacturer from Vysoké Mýto town of Czech Republic, since 1999 it is a part of Irisbus holding. Since 1997 started the production of modernized 800-series...

, and the result was Irisbus
Irisbus
Irisbus is a bus manufacturer which was formed through the merger of the bus and coach divisions of Fiat Industrial, Iveco and Renault in January 1999 and Ikarus Bus in late 1999...

, one of the major manufacturers in the passenger transport sector, which was further strengthened by the acquisition of the Hungarian
Hungary
Hungary , officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The...

 company Ikarusbus
Ikarus Bus
Ikarus is a bus manufacturer based in Budapest, Hungary. It was established in 1895 as Uhri Imre Kovács- és Kocsigyártó Üzeme .-History:...

.

Constantly growing attention was paid in those years to the integration of products and services, both to respond comprehensively to customers' requirements and to combat the extremely cyclic nature of the automotive market. This strategy led to the creation of Transolver in 1997, which took Iveco into the world of financial services.

On the commercial front, in 1998 Iveco Ford's EuroCargo, which was sold in over ninety countries and led the market in Italy, the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...

, Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...

, Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...

 and Slovenia
Slovenia
Slovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia , is a country in Central and Southeastern Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy to the west, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north, and also has a small portion of...

, was voted the "Best Imported Truck" in Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...

. In 2000 it was the light segment that won awards, when the Daily was voted "International Van of the Year", and the one-millionth vehicle left the assembly line.
In 2006 it produced the Ducato and the Scudo. In 2007 it produced the Fiorino.
Today Iveco has 49 factories
Factory
A factory or manufacturing plant is an industrial building where laborers manufacture goods or supervise machines processing one product into another. Most modern factories have large warehouses or warehouse-like facilities that contain heavy equipment used for assembly line production...

, 15 research and development facilities, 840 dealers, 31,000 employees, and is in 19 countries. 40% of the engines Iveco manufactures go to Iveco vehicles, 60% are sold as OEM
Original Equipment Manufacturer
An original equipment manufacturer, or OEM, manufactures products or components that are purchased by a company and retailed under that purchasing company's brand name. OEM refers to the company that originally manufactured the product. When referring to automotive parts, OEM designates a...

 units for use in automotive, industrial, agricultural, marine, and power generation applications. It is a major European producer of fire-fighting vehicles.

In 2007, Iveco announced plans to reenter the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

 truck market.

Engine production

Iveco produces engines in three plants: SOFIM Foggia
Foggia
Foggia is a city and comune of Apulia, Italy, capital of the province of Foggia. Foggia is the main city of a plain called Tavoliere, also known as the "granary of Italy".-History:...

, Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...

 (8140-series), IVECO SpA Turin
Turin
Turin is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River and surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat...

, Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...

 (8000 and NEF-series) and Bourbon-Lancy
Bourbon-Lancy
Bourbon-Lancy is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne in eastern France.It is a rural town on the Loire River with a walled medieval area on the dominant hill...

, France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

 (Cursor-series). The Sofim was originally joint diesel engine enterprise of Fiat, Saviem
Saviem
Saviem is a French manufacturer of trucks and buses and a part of the Renault group...

 and Alfa Romeo established in 1973 and was bought by Iveco in 1981.

Electric vehicles

Iveco is making hybrid electric vehicle
Hybrid electric vehicle
A hybrid electric vehicle is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle which combines a conventional internal combustion engine propulsion system with an electric propulsion system. The presence of the electric powertrain is intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a conventional...

s.

This includes:
  • Iveco Civis, tram
    Tram
    A tram is a passenger rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets and also sometimes on separate rights of way. It may also run between cities and/or towns , and/or partially grade separated even in the cities...

     on tyres. In service in Rouen
    Rouen
    Rouen , in northern France on the River Seine, is the capital of the Haute-Normandie region and the historic capital city of Normandy. Once one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe , it was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy in the Middle Ages...

     and Clermont-Ferrand
    Clermont-Ferrand
    Clermont-Ferrand is a city and commune of France, in the Auvergne region, with a population of 140,700 . Its metropolitan area had 409,558 inhabitants at the 1999 census. It is the prefecture of the Puy-de-Dôme department...

     (France) and Las Vegas
    Las Vegas metropolitan area
    The Las Vegas Valley is the heart of the Las Vegas-Paradise, NV MSA also known as the Las Vegas–Paradise–Henderson MSA which includes all of Clark County, Nevada, and is a metropolitan area in the southern part of the U.S. state of Nevada. The Valley is defined by the Las Vegas Valley landform, a ...

     (USA).
  • Iveco EuroPolis hybrid (midibus
    Midibus
    A midibus is a classification of single-decker minibuses which generally are larger than a traditional minibus but smaller than a full-size single decker and can be anywhere between and long...

    ): Siemens electric motor
    Electric motor
    An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.Most electric motors operate through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors to generate force...

     and Exide lead gel batteries.
  • Trolleybus
    Trolleybus
    A trolleybus is an electric bus that draws its electricity from overhead wires using spring-loaded trolley poles. Two wires and poles are required to complete the electrical circuit...

    es Iveco Cristalis and Iveco Citelis

Brands

  • Iveco - light, medium, and heavy commercial vehicles
    • Campagnola
    • Daily
      Iveco Daily
      The Iveco Daily is a large van produced by Iveco from 1978; it was sold also as Fiat Daily until 1983. It is also available as a minibus.-First generation :...

       (2.8 - 6.5 t GVW)
    • EuroCargo (6.5 - 18 t GVW)
    • Stralis
      Iveco Stralis
      The Stralis is the flagship heavy-duty truck of Iveco Magirus. The Stralis, produced from 2002, replaced the EuroStar and EuroTech models. It covers the range above Eurocargo, between 19 and 44 tonnes....

       (40 t GVW)
    • Massif
      Iveco Massif
      The Iveco Massif is a utility 4x4 vehicle mainly aimed at the utility services and military markets and is part of Iveco’s 4x4 and off-road range which also includes the Trakker lorry and Daily 4x4 van. Massif was produced by Santana Motors from 2007 to 2011 and it's rebadged and restyled version...

       4x4 off-road vehicle, a rebadged Santana
      Santana Motors
      Santana Motor S.A. was a Spanish car manufacturer based in Linares, in the province of Jaén, Spain.-History:The company was founded as "Metalúrgica de Santa Ana, SA" and originally manufactured agricultural equipment...

       PS-10 with facelift by Ital Design
    • Acco Currently built for fleet applications was originally a civilianised variant of the military "Truck, 2½-Ton Australian No.1 Mk4" (Australia/New Zealand only, medium/heavy [variable weight]CNG or DIESEL)
    • PowerStar
      Iveco PowerStar
      The Iveco PowerStar is an Australian developed and built prime mover, assembled in Dandenong, Victoria. It is based on the European Cab-Over-Engine models, but with a bonnet, it was available as both a day cab, as well as a sleeper cab...

       (Australia/New Zealand only, heavy prime mover)
    • Trakker (over 72 t CNG, Gross Combination Weight)
  • Iveco DVD (Defence Vehicle Division)
    • LMV
      Iveco LMV
      Iveco LMV is a 4WD tactical vehicle developed by Iveco, and in service with several countries.After its adoption by the Italian Army under the name VTLM Lince , it won the “FCLV” competition of the British Army as the Panther and has been adopted by the armies of Belgium, Croatia, Norway, Russia...

       - wheeled multi-role light vehicle developed by Iveco DVD of Bolzano
    • GFF4 - 6x6 armoured vehicle
    • 40.10WM
      Iveco VM 90
      The Iveco VM 90 is an Italian multirole military vehicle. It is a hybrid, somewhere between a truck and tactical SUV, manufactured by Iveco, on the base of the Iveco Daily...

       4X4 off-road military truck - light armored vehicle based on the Daily, includes semi-armored and fully armored variants. Also produced in China by Naveco as the Nanjing NJ2046. Western Star
      Western Star Trucks
      Western Star Trucks is a Fort Mill, South Carolina, United States based manufacturer of Class 8 commercial trucks and a subsidiary of the German Daimler AG.-History:...

       built copies for the Canadian Forces
      Canadian Forces
      The Canadian Forces , officially the Canadian Armed Forces , are the unified armed forces of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: "The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces."...

       1993–1997
  • Iveco Magirus - fire-fighting applications
    • Iveco Ford Truck - Now Iveco Limited (Iveco's UK Division). Iveco Ford Truck produced the Cargo, the UK market leader for many years built in Langley, Slough on which the current EuroCargo was based (Originally a Ford Product).
    • Lohr
      Lohr
      Lohr am Main is a town in the Main-Spessart district in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia in Bavaria, Germany and the seat of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft of Lohr am Main.- Location :The town lies on the Main in the Spessart about halfway between Würzburg and...

       Magirus
    • Iveco Mezzi Speciali
    • Camiva
      CAMIVA
      CAMIVA, an initialism for Constructeurs Associés de Matériels d'Incendie, Voirie et Aviation, is a French company which specializes in equipment for fire and rescue founded in 1970, near Chambéry, in Saint-Alban-Leysse in the department of Savoie, France.-History:CAMIVA took over the activities...

       in France - Chambéry, Iveco EuroFire - fire-fighting applications
  • Iveco Powertrain - engines: automotive, industrial, agricultural, marine, and power generation

  • Astra S.p.A. - heavy-duty trucks, all-terrain rigid dump-truck, articulated dump-truck, quarry-construction site vehicles, in Italy
    • SIVI
      SIVI
      The SIVI SpA is an Italian truck modification company founded in 1982. Partnered with Iveco from the start, SIVI builds vehicles using Iveco trucks as a basis, SIVI was absorbed by Astra SpA in January 2002...

       - truck modification company absorbed by Astra SpA in January 2002.
  • Irisbus
    Irisbus
    Irisbus is a bus manufacturer which was formed through the merger of the bus and coach divisions of Fiat Industrial, Iveco and Renault in January 1999 and Ikarus Bus in late 1999...

     - minibuses, citybuses, GT and intercity coaches (previously under "Iveco" brand)
    • Eurobus (discontinued)
    • TurboCity
      IVECO Turbocity
      The IVECO Turbocity is a class of Italian buses built between 1989 and 1996 by IVECO. Replacing the Effeuno, they consisted of three variants with different internal arrangement: IVECO 480 for urban services, IVECO 580 for suburban services, and IVECO 680 for interurban services.The buses were...

       (discontinued)
    • See Irisbus
      Irisbus
      Irisbus is a bus manufacturer which was formed through the merger of the bus and coach divisions of Fiat Industrial, Iveco and Renault in January 1999 and Ikarus Bus in late 1999...

       for Irisbus's buses and "Iveco" buses rebranded as Irisbus product.
  • Altra S.p.A. - electric and hybrid vehicles - from design to production and customer service - Genoa, Italy.
  • Naveco - China joint venture Iveco NAC, Iveco Daily.
  • Otoyol - medium commercial vehicles Eurocargo 1st version, in Turkey.In 2008, dissolved by Koç Holding
    Koç Holding
    Koç Holding A.Ş. is the top industrial conglomeratein Turkey. The Koç family, one of Turkey's wealthiest families, controls the company with its headquarter in Nakkaştepe, Istanbul...

    .
  • Pegaso
    Pegaso
    Pegaso was a Spanish make of trucks, omnibuses, tractors, armored vehicles, and, for a while, sports cars. The parent company, Enasa, was created in 1946 and based in the old Hispano-Suiza factory, under the direction of the renowned automotive engineer Wifredo Ricart...

    -ENASA
    Enasa
    ENASA was a Spanish vehicle manufacturing company, incorporated in 1946 having bought the automotive assets of the Spanish arm of Hispano-Suiza. It produced trucks, buses and military armored vehicles under the Pegaso and, for a short while, Sava brands. Enasa belonged to the state-owned INI...

     in Spain (brand defunct)
  • Seddon Atkinson
    Seddon Atkinson
    Seddon Atkinson Vehicles Limited, a manufacturer of large goods vehicles based in Oldham, Greater Manchester, England, was formed in mid 1970 when Atkinson Vehicles Limited of Preston was acquired by Seddon Diesel Vehicles Limited of Oldham...

     - special-purpose construction and waste collection vehicles - United Kingdom
    United Kingdom
    The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...

     (brand defunct)


Iveco also produces many types of vehicle specific to certain countries. These include the PowerStar and Acco brands listed above, which are continued from original models produced by International Trucks Australia Limited.

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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