Iudaea Province

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Iudaea Province

:Kingdom of Judea redirects here. For the 10th-6th century BCE kingdom, see Kingdom of Judah
Kingdom of Judah

The Kingdom of Judah existed at two periods in Jewish history. According to the Hebrew Bible, a kingdom emerged in Judah after the death of Saul, when the tribe of Judah elevated David to rule over it....
Iudaea (Hebrew

Hebrew language

Hebrew is a Semitic languages of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Modern Hebrew is spoken by more than seven million people in Israel and Classical Hebrew is used for prayer or study in Jews communities around the world....
: ?????, Standard

Hebrew language

Tiberian vocalization

Tiberian Hebrew is an extinct but very well documented oral tradition of pronunciation for ancient Hebrew language, especially the Hebrew of the Tanakh, that was given written form by Masoretes scholars in the Jewish community at Tiberias, in the early Middle Ages, beginning in the 8th century....
; ; ; sometimes spelled Judaea in English) was a Roman province

Roman province

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Hebrew language

Tiberian vocalization

Roman province

In Ancient Rome, a province was the basic, and until the Tetrarchy , largest territorial and administrative unit of the empire's territorial possessions outside of the Italia ....
that extended over the former region of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Israel. It was named after the tetrarchy of Judea of which it was an expansion, the latter name deriving from the Kingdom of Judah

Kingdom of Judah

The Kingdom of Judah existed at two periods in Jewish history. According to the Hebrew Bible, a kingdom emerged in Judah after the death of Saul, when the tribe of Judah elevated David to rule over it....
of the 6th century BCE.

Rome's involvement in the area dated from 63 BCE, following the end of the Third Mithridatic War

Third Mithridatic War

The Third Mithridatic War was the last and longest of three Mithridatic Wars fought between Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman Republic. The Romans won the war, and Mithridates committed suicide, ending the menace of Pontus and conquering the Kingdom of Armenian kingdom....
, when Rome made Syria

Syria

Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is an Arab-majority country in Southwest Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Israel to the southwest, Jordan to the south, Iraq to the east, and Turkey to the north....
a province. After the defeat of Mithridates VI of Pontus

Mithridates VI of Pontus

Mithradates VI , from Old Persian Mithradatha, "gift of Mithra"; b. 134, d. 63 BC, also known as Mithradates the Great and Eupator Dionysius, was king of Pontus in northern Anatolia from about 119 to 63 BC....
, general

General

A General officer is an Officer of high military rank. The term or equivalent is used by nearly every country in the world. General can be used as a generic term for all grades of general officer, or it can specifically refer to a single rank that is just called general....
Pompeius Magnus

Pompey

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'p?mpi/, Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir , was a distinguished military and political leader of the late Roman Republic....
(Pompey the Great) remained to secure the area. Subsequently, during the 1st century BCE, the Hasmonean Kingdom became a client kingdom

Client state

Client state is one of several terms used to describe the subordination of one state to a more powerful state in international affairs. It is the least specific of these terms and may be treated as a broad category which includes satellite state, puppet state, neo-colony, protectorate, vassal state and tributary state....
and then a province

Province

A province is a territorial unit, almost always an administrative division, within a country or state....
of the Roman Empire

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
.

Iudaea Province was the stage of three major rebellion

Rebellion

Rebellion is a refusal of obedience. It may, therefore, be seen as encompassing a range of behaviors from civil disobedience and mass nonviolent resistance, to violent and organized attempts to destroy an established authority such as the government....
s (see Jewish-Roman wars

Jewish-Roman wars

The Jewish-Roman wars were a series of revolts by the Jews of Iudaea Province against the Roman Empire. Some sources use the term to refer only to the First Jewish-Roman War and Bar Kokhba revolt ....
), including the Great Jewish Revolt (66

Year 66 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar....
-70

Year 70 was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar....
CE) the Kitos War

Kitos War

The Kitos War is the name given to the second of the Jewish-Roman wars. The name comes from the Mauretanian Roman general Lusius Quietus who ruthlessly suppressed a Jewish revolt in Mesopotamia and was sent to Iudaea to handle the revolt there as procurator under Trajan, a position he held until he was recalled to Rome and executed by Hadr...
(115

115

Events...
-117

117

Events...
CE), and Bar Kokhba's revolt

Bar Kokhba's revolt

The Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire was a second major rebellion by the Jews of Iudaea Province and the last of the Jewish-Roman Wars....
(132

132

Events...
-135

135

Events...
CE), after which Hadrian

Hadrian

Jerusalem

Jerusalem is the capital of Israel and its List of Israeli cities in both population and area, with a population of 747,600 residents over an area of if Positions on Jerusalem East Jerusalem is included....
to Aelia Capitolina
Aelia Capitolina

Aelia Capitolina was a city built by the emperor Hadrian, and occupied by a Roman colony, on the site of Jerusalem, which was still in ruins from the First Jewish-Roman War in 70 A.D.....
in an attempt to erase the historical ties of the Jewish people to the region.

The Herodian client kingdom

The first intervention of Rome in the region dates from 63 BCE, following the end of the Third Mithridatic War

Third Mithridatic War

Syria

Mithridates VI of Pontus

Pompey

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'p?mpi/, Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir , was a distinguished military and political leader of the late Roman Republic....
(Pompey the Great) remained there to secure the area.

The region at the time was not a peaceful place. Queen Salome Alexandra

Salome Alexandra

Salome Alexandra or Alexandra of Jerusalem , was the only Jewish Queen regnant, with the exception of her own husband's mother whom he had prevented from ruling as his dying father had wished, and of the much earlier usurper Athaliah....
had recently died and her sons, Hyrcanus II

Hyrcanus II

Hyrcanus II, a member of the Hasmonean dynasty, was the Jewish Kohen Gadol and King of Judea in the 1st century BCE....
and Aristobulus II

Aristobulus II

Aristobulus II was the Jewish Kohen Gadol and King of Judea, 66 BC to 63 BC, from the Hasmonean Dynasty....
, divided against each other in a civil war. In 63 BCE, Aristobulus was besieged in Jerusalem

Jerusalem

Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (praetor 56 BC)

Marcus Aemilius Scaurus was a Ancient Rome politician of the 1st century BC and son of Marcus Aemilius Scaurus and Caecilia Metella Dalmatica....
, Pompey's representative in the area. Aristobulus offered a massive bribe to be rescued, which Pompey promptly accepted. Afterwards, Aristobulus accused Scaurus of extortion. Since Scaurus was Pompey's brother in law and protégée, the general retaliated by putting Hyrcanus in charge of the kingdom as Prince and High Priest

Kohen Gadol

Kohen Gadol or Kohen ha-Gadol is the title of wiktionary:High Priest of early Israelite religion and of Classical Age Judaism from the rise of the Israelite nation until the destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem....
.

When Pompey was defeated by Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar

'Gaius Julius Caesar' , July 13, 100 BC ? March 15, 44 BC,) was a Roman Republic military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire....
, Hyrcanus was succeeded by his courtier

Courtier

A courtier is a person who attends the noble court of a monarch or other Executive . Historically the court was the centre of government as well as the Official residence of the monarch, and social and political life were often completely mixed together....
Antipater the Idumaean

Antipater the Idumaean

Antipater II the Idumaean was the founder of the Herodian Dynasty and father of Herod the Great. Other members of the family with the name Antipater were his father Antipater I, Governor of Idumaea, and grandson Antipater III....
, also known as Antipas, as the first Roman Procurator

List of Kings of Judea

This page lists rulers of Judea and other related Jewish Kingdoms from the Maccabean Rebellion to the final Roman annexations....
. In 57-55 BCE, Aulus Gabinius

Aulus Gabinius

Aulus Gabinius, Rome statesman and general, and supporter of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, was a prominent figure in the later days of the Roman Republic....
, proconsul of Syria

Syria (Roman province)

Syria was a Roman province, annexed in 64 BC by Pompey, as a consequence of his military presence after pursuing victory in the Third Mithridatic War....
, split the former Hasmonean

Hasmonean

The Hasmoneans were the ruling dynasty of the Hasmonean Kingdom of Israel , an independent Jewish state. The Hasmonean dynasty was established under the leadership of Simon Maccabaeus, two decades after his brother Judas Maccabeus defeated the Seleucid army during the Maccabean Revolt in 165 BCE....
Kingdom of Israel into five districts of Sanhedrin

Sanhedrin

The Sanhedrin was an assembly of twenty-three judges appointed in every city in the Land of Israel.The Great Sanhedrin was the supreme court of ancient Israel....
/Synedrion (councils of law).

Both Caesar and Antipater were killed in 44 BCE, and the Idumean

Edom

Edom is a name given to Esau in the Hebrew Bible, as well as to the nation descending from him. The nation's name in Assyrian language was Udumi; in Syriac language, ????; in Greek language, ?d???a?a ; in Latin, Idum?a or Idumea....
Herod the Great

Herod the Great

Herod , also known as Herod I or Herod the Great , was a Roman Empire client state of Israel. Herod is known for his colossal building projects in Jerusalem and other parts of the ancient world, including the rebuilding of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, sometimes referred to as Herod's Temple....
, Antipater's son, was designated "King of the Jews

King of the Jews

King of the Jews may refer to:History:Ruler of historic Jewish kingdoms and client states:* Kingdom of Israel * Kingdom of Judah * Hasmonean dynasty ...
" by the Roman Senate

Roman Senate

The Senate of the Roman Republic was a political institution in the ancient Roman Republic. According to the Greek historian Polybius, our principal source on the Constitution of the Roman Republic, the Roman Senate was the predominant branch of government....
in 40 BCE. He didn't gain military control of Israel until 37 BCE. During his reign the last representatives of the Maccabees

Maccabees

The Maccabees were a Jewish national liberation movement that fought for and won independence from Antiochus IV Epiphanes of the Hellenistic Seleucid dynasty, who was succeeded by his infant son Antiochus V Eupator....
were eliminated, and the great port of Caesarea Maritima was built. He died in 4 BCE, and his kingdom of Israel was divided among his sons, who became tetrarch

Tetrarch

Tetrarch is a Greek language term for a holder of Roman Emperor office under a Tetrarchy. It was applied earlier to rulers of minor principalities owing allegiance to Rome....
s ("rulers of a quarter part"). One of these quarters was Judea corresponding to the region of the ancient Kingdom of Judah. Herod's son Herod Archelaus

Herod Archelaus

Herod Archelaus was the ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Edom from 4 BC to 6 AD. He was the son of Herod the Great and Malthace, the brother of Herod Antipas, and the half-brother of Herod Philip I....
, ruled Judea so badly that he was dismissed in 6 CE by the Roman emperor

Roman Emperor

The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period . The Romans had no single term for the office: Latin language titles such as imperator , Augustus , Caesar and princeps were all associated with it....
Augustus, after an appeal from his own population. Another, Herod Antipas

Herod Antipas

Herod Antipas After inheriting his territories when the kingdom of his father Herod the Great was divided upon his death in 4 BC, Antipas ruled them as a client state of the Roman Empire....
, ruled as tetrarch of Galilee and Perea from 4 BCE to 39 CE, being then dismissed by Caligula

Caligula

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus , more commonly known by his nickname Caligula , was the third Roman Emperor, reigning from 16 March 37 until his assassination on 24 January 41....
.

Iudaea

In 6 CE Judea became part of a larger Roman province, called Iudaea, which was formed by combining Judea

Judea

Judea or Jud?a is the name given to the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel , an area now divided between Israel and the West Bank ....
proper with Samaria

Samaria

Samaria, or the Shomron is a term used for the mountainous region in northern Israel roughly corresponding to the northern part of the West Bank....
and Idumea. It did not include Galilee

Galilee

Galilee , is a large region in northern Israel which overlaps with much of the administrative North District of the country. Traditionally divided into Upper Galilee , Lower Galilee , and Western Galilee , extending from Dan to the north, at the base of Mount Hermon, along Mount Lebanon to the ridges of Mount Carmel and Mount Gilboa t...
, Gaulanitis (the Golan), nor Peraea

Perea (Holy Land)

Perea , a portion of the kingdom of Herod the Great occupying the eastern side of the Jordan River valley, from about one third the way down from the Sea of Galilee to about one third the way down the eastern shore of the Dead Sea; it did not extend too far inland....
or the Decapolis

Decapolis

The Decapolis was a group of ten cities on the eastern frontier of the Roman Empire in Jordan, Israel, and Syria. The ten cities were not an official league or political unit, but they were grouped together because of their language, culture, location, and political status....
. The capital was at Caesarea, not Jerusalem

Jerusalem

Quirinius

Publius Sulpicius Quirinius was a Roman Empire aristocrat. His governorship of Syria is one of the Chronology of Jesus for the birth of Jesus....
became Legate

Legatus

A legatus was a general in the Roman army, equivalent to a modern general officer. Being of Roman senate rank, his immediate superior was the dux, and he outranked all military tribunes....
(Governor) of Syria

Syria (Roman province)

Syria was a Roman province, annexed in 64 BC by Pompey, as a consequence of his military presence after pursuing victory in the Third Mithridatic War....
and conducted the first Roman tax census of Iudaea

Census of Quirinius

The Census of Quirinius refers to the enrollment of the Roman Provinces of Syria and Iudaea Province for tax purposes taken in AD 6/7 during the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus, when Quirinius was appointed governor of Syria, after the banishment of Herod Archelaus and the imposition of direct Roman rule on what became Iudaea Province ....
, which was opposed by the Zealots. This province was one of the few governed

List of Kings of Judea

This page lists rulers of Judea and other related Jewish Kingdoms from the Maccabean Rebellion to the final Roman annexations....
by a knight of the equestrian order

Equestrian (Roman)

The Roman equestrian order constituted the lower of the two aristocratic classes of ancient Rome, ranking below the Roman senate Order . A member of the order was known as an eques , which in Latin has the general meaning of any person mounted on a horse , but in this context carries the specific meaning of "knight"....
, not a former consul

Consul

Consul was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Roman Empire. The title was also used in other city states, and revived in modern states, notably French Republic before the Napoleon I of Franceic counter-revolution....
or praetor

Praetor

Praetor was a Title#Titles_for_heads_of_state granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities: the commander of an army, either before it was mustered or more typically in the field, or an elected Magistratus assigned duties that varied depending on the historical period....
of senatorial

Roman Senate

The Senate of the Roman Republic was a political institution in the ancient Roman Republic. According to the Greek historian Polybius, our principal source on the Constitution of the Roman Republic, the Roman Senate was the predominant branch of government....
rank; even though its revenue was of little importance to the Roman treasury, it controlled the land and coastal sea routes to the bread basket Egypt

Egypt

Egypt is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about , Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west....
and was a border province against Parthia

Parthia

Parthia is a region of north-eastern Iran, best known for having been the political and cultural base of the Arsacid dynasty, after which the Arsacid Empire is then also known as the 'Parthian Empire'....
because of the Jewish connections to Babylonia

Babylonia

Babylonia was a state in Lower Mesopotamia , Babylon as its franklin. Babylonia emerged when Hammurabi created an empire out of the territories of the former kingdoms of Sumer and Akkad....
. Pontius Pilate

Pontius Pilate

Pontius Pilate was the Roman_governor#Equestrian_procurator of the Roman Empire Iudaea Province from the year AD 26 until AD 36. He is typically known as the sixth Procurator of Judea, but some sources cite him as the fifth....
was one of these prefect

Prefect

Prefect is a magisterial title of varying definition.A prefect's office, department, or area of control is called a prefecture, but in various post-Roman cases there is a prefect without a prefecture or vice versa....
s, from 26 to 36 CE. Caiaphas

Caiaphas

Yosef Bar Kayafa , also known simply as Caiaphas in the New Testament, was the Roman Empire-appointed Judaism List of High Priests of Israel between AD 18 and 37....
was one of the appointed High Priest

Kohen Gadol

Herod's Temple

Herod's Temple in Jerusalem was a massive expansion of the Temple Mount and construction of a completely new and much larger Jewish Temple by King Herod the Great around 19 BCE....
, being appointed by the Prefect Valerius Gratus

Valerius Gratus

Valerius Gratus was Roman Prefect or procurator of Judea under Tiberius, AD 15 - 26. He succeeded Annius Rufus and was replaced by Pontius Pilate....
in 18. Both were deposed by the Syrian Legate Lucius Vitellius

Lucius Vitellius

Lucius Vitellius Veteris was the youngest of four sons of quaestor Publius Vitellius the Elder and the only one of them not to die through politics....
in 36 CE.

The 'Crisis under Caligula

Caligula

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus , more commonly known by his nickname Caligula , was the third Roman Emperor, reigning from 16 March 37 until his assassination on 24 January 41....
' (37-41) has been proposed as the first open break between Rome and the Jews.

Between 41

Year 41 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar....
and 44

Year 44 was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar....
CE, Iudaea regained its nominal autonomy, when Herod Agrippa

Agrippa I

Agrippa I also called the Great , King of the Jews, was the grandson of Herod the Great, and son of Aristobulus IV and Berenice . His original name was Marcus Julius Agrippa, and he is the king named Herod in the Acts of the Apostles, in the Bible, "Herod " ....
was made King of the Jews by the emperor

Emperor

An emperor is a monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress is the female equivalent. As a title, "empress" may indicate the wife of an emperor or a woman who rules in her own right ....
Claudius

Claudius

Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus or Claudius I was the fourth Roman Emperor, a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from January 24, AD 41 to his death in AD 54....
. Following Agrippa's death, the province returned to direct Roman control for a short period. Iudaea was returned to Agrippa's son Marcus Julius Agrippa

Agrippa II

Agrippa II , son of Agrippa I, and like him originally named Marcus Julius Agrippa, was the seventh and last king of the family of Herod the Great, thus last of the Herodians....
in 48

Year 48 was a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar....
. He was the seventh and last of the Herodians

Herodians

The Herodians were a sect or party mentioned in the New Testament as having on two occasions ? once in Galilee, and again in Jerusalem ? manifested an unfriendly disposition towards Jesus ....
. There was, however, an imperial procurator in the area, responsible for keeping peace and tax

Tax

To tax is to impose a financial charge or other levy upon an individual or Legal person by a state or the functional equivalent of a state.Taxes are also imposed by many subnational entity....
raising. When Agrippa II died, about 100

100

Year 100 was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar....
, the area returned to direct Roman Empire

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
control.

Iudaea was the stage of three major rebellion

Rebellion

Jewish-Roman wars

66
66

Year 66 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar....
-70
70

Year 70 was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar....
CE - first rebellion, followed by the destruction of Herod's Temple
Herod's Temple

Herod's Temple in Jerusalem was a massive expansion of the Temple Mount and construction of a completely new and much larger Jewish Temple by King Herod the Great around 19 BCE....
and the siege of Jerusalem (see Great Jewish Revolt, Josephus
Josephus

Josephus , also known as Yosef Ben Matityahu and, after he became a Roman citizenship, as Titus Flavius Josephus, was a first-century Jewish historian and apologist of priestly and royal ancestry who survived and recorded the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70....
)
115
115

Events...
-117
117

Events...
CE - second rebellion, called Kitos War
Kitos War

The Kitos War is the name given to the second of the Jewish-Roman wars. The name comes from the Mauretanian Roman general Lusius Quietus who ruthlessly suppressed a Jewish revolt in Mesopotamia and was sent to Iudaea to handle the revolt there as procurator under Trajan, a position he held until he was recalled to Rome and executed by Hadr...
, due to excessive taxation
132
132

Events...
-135
135

Events...
CE - third rebellion, Bar Kokhba's revolt
Bar Kokhba's revolt

The Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire was a second major rebellion by the Jews of Iudaea Province and the last of the Jewish-Roman Wars....

Following the suppression of Bar Kokhba's revolt, the emperor Hadrian

Hadrian

Publius Aelius Hadrianus , as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after his apotheosis, known as Hadrian in English language, was Roman Emperor of Roman Empire from AD 117 to 138, as well as a Stoicism and Epicureanism philosopher....
changed the name of the province to Syria Palaestina and Jerusalem became Aelia Capitolina
Aelia Capitolina

Aelia Capitolina was a city built by the emperor Hadrian, and occupied by a Roman colony, on the site of Jerusalem, which was still in ruins from the First Jewish-Roman War in 70 A.D.....
in order to humiliate the Jew

Jew

A Jew is a member of the Jewish people, an ethnoreligious group that traces its ancestry to the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East....
ish population by attempting to erase their historical ties to the region.

According to historian H.H. Ben-Sasson, under Diocletian

Diocletian

Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus , born Diocles and commonly known as Diocletian , was Roman Emperor from November 20, 284 to May 1, 305....
(284-305) the region was divided into Palaestina Prima which was Judea, Samaria, Idumea, Peraea and the coastal plain with Caesarea as capital, Palaestina Secunda which was Galilee, Decapolis, Golan with Beth-shean as capital, and Palaestina Tertia which was the Negev with Petra as capital.

Iudaea Province

The Herodian client kingdom

Iudaea

External links