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Iske imlâ

 

 
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Iske imlâ
 
 
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Iske imlâ ( ; Cyrillic: ???? ????; Tatar language
Tatar language

The Tatar language is a Turkic languages language spoken by the Tatars....
 for Old Orthography) is a variant of the Arabic alphabet
Arabic alphabet

The Arabic alphabet is the writing system used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa, such as Arabic language, Persian language, and Urdu language....
, used for the Tatar language
Tatar language

The Tatar language is a Turkic languages language spoken by the Tatars....
 before 1920 and the Old Tatar language
Old Tatar language

Old Tatar language was a literary language used among the Muslim Tatars from the Middle Ages till the 19th century.Old Tatar is a member of the Kypchak languages group of Turkic languages, although it is partly derived from the ancient Bolgar language ....
. This alphabet can be referred to as old only to contrast it with Yaña imla.

Additional characters that could not be found in Arabic and Persian
Perso-Arabic script

The Perso-Arabic script is a writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. Originally used exclusively for the Arabic language, the Arabic script was modified to match the demands of being a writing system for the Persian language, adding four letters: ? , ? , ? , and ? ....
 were borrowed from the Chagatai language
Chagatai language

The Chagatai language is an extinct Turkic language which was once widely spoken in Central Asia, and remained the shared literary language there until the early twentieth century....
. The final alphabet was reformed by Qayum Nasiri in the 1870s. In 1920, it was replaced by the Yaña imla
Yaña imlâ

Ya?a iml? was a modified variant of Arabic script that was in use for Tatar language in 1920-1927. The orthographical reform modified Iske iml?, abolishing excess Arabic letters, adding letters for short vowels e, i, ?, o....
 (which was not an Abjad
Abjad

An abjad is a type of writing system in which each symbol stands for a consonant; the reader must supply the appropriate vowel. It is a term suggested by Peter T....
, but derived from the same source).

Description
Based on the standard Arabic alphabet, Iske imla reflected all vowels in the beginning and end of a word, and back vowels in the middle of a word with letters, but front vowels in the middle of a word, as in most Arabic alphabets, were optionally reflected using harakat
Harakat

The Arabic script has numerous diacritics, including , consonant pointing, and , supplementary diacritics. The latter include the , vowel marks....
 (diacritics on top of or below consonants).






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Iske imlâ ( ; Cyrillic: ???? ????; Tatar language
Tatar language

The Tatar language is a Turkic languages language spoken by the Tatars....
 for Old Orthography) is a variant of the Arabic alphabet
Arabic alphabet

The Arabic alphabet is the writing system used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa, such as Arabic language, Persian language, and Urdu language....
, used for the Tatar language
Tatar language

The Tatar language is a Turkic languages language spoken by the Tatars....
 before 1920 and the Old Tatar language
Old Tatar language

Old Tatar language was a literary language used among the Muslim Tatars from the Middle Ages till the 19th century.Old Tatar is a member of the Kypchak languages group of Turkic languages, although it is partly derived from the ancient Bolgar language ....
. This alphabet can be referred to as old only to contrast it with Yaña imla.

Additional characters that could not be found in Arabic and Persian
Perso-Arabic script

The Perso-Arabic script is a writing system that is based on the Arabic alphabet. Originally used exclusively for the Arabic language, the Arabic script was modified to match the demands of being a writing system for the Persian language, adding four letters: ? , ? , ? , and ? ....
 were borrowed from the Chagatai language
Chagatai language

The Chagatai language is an extinct Turkic language which was once widely spoken in Central Asia, and remained the shared literary language there until the early twentieth century....
. The final alphabet was reformed by Qayum Nasiri in the 1870s. In 1920, it was replaced by the Yaña imla
Yaña imlâ

Ya?a iml? was a modified variant of Arabic script that was in use for Tatar language in 1920-1927. The orthographical reform modified Iske iml?, abolishing excess Arabic letters, adding letters for short vowels e, i, ?, o....
 (which was not an Abjad
Abjad

An abjad is a type of writing system in which each symbol stands for a consonant; the reader must supply the appropriate vowel. It is a term suggested by Peter T....
, but derived from the same source).

Description


Based on the standard Arabic alphabet, Iske imla reflected all vowels in the beginning and end of a word, and back vowels in the middle of a word with letters, but front vowels in the middle of a word, as in most Arabic alphabets, were optionally reflected using harakat
Harakat

The Arabic script has numerous diacritics, including , consonant pointing, and , supplementary diacritics. The latter include the , vowel marks....
 (diacritics on top of or below consonants). Just as in standard Arabic orthography, letters Alif
Aleph

* Aleph or Alef is the first letter of the Semitic abjads descended from Proto-Canaanite alphabet, Arabic alphabet, Phoenician alphabet, Hebrew alphabet, Syriac alphabet....
, , and Waw
WAW

Waw or WAW may refer to:* Waw , the letter* Waw, the velomobile* Wau, SudanAcronyms:* Watchful waiting* William Allen White, an American newspaper editor...
 were used to represent all vowels in the beginning and end of a word, and back vowels in the middle of a word, with various harakat on top or below them, and in these cases the letters actually denoted a vowel. The same harakat that combined with the afore-mentioned letters to make vowels were used in the middle of a word on top of or below a consonant to represent a front vowel. However, the following pairs/triplets of Tatar vowels were represented by the same harakat, because Arabic language only uses 3 of them to represent vowels which can be either back or front depending on whether they are applied to Alif
Aleph

* Aleph or Alef is the first letter of the Semitic abjads descended from Proto-Canaanite alphabet, Arabic alphabet, Phoenician alphabet, Hebrew alphabet, Syriac alphabet....
, , and Waw
WAW

Waw or WAW may refer to:* Waw , the letter* Waw, the velomobile* Wau, SudanAcronyms:* Watchful waiting* William Allen White, an American newspaper editor...
 or another letter (plus Alif madda represents a in the beginning of a word): i
I

I is the ninth Letter of the Latin alphabet. Its English language name is i ....
, e
E

E is the fifth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled e , plural ees . The letter E is the most commonly used letter in the Czech language, Danish language, Dutch language, English language, French language, German language, Hungarian language, Latin language, Norwegian language, Spanish language...
, í and i were represented with kasra, whereas ö
Ö

"?", or "?", is a character used in several extended Latin alphabets, or the letter O with umlaut ....
 and ü
Y

The letter Y is the twenty-fifth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is spelled wye or occasionally wy' , plural wyes....
 were represented with damma. O and U also looked the same, but being back vowels, they were represented with the help of Alif
Aleph

* Aleph or Alef is the first letter of the Semitic abjads descended from Proto-Canaanite alphabet, Arabic alphabet, Phoenician alphabet, Hebrew alphabet, Syriac alphabet....
, and Waw
WAW

Waw or WAW may refer to:* Waw , the letter* Waw, the velomobile* Wau, SudanAcronyms:* Watchful waiting* William Allen White, an American newspaper editor...
, and thus were distinct from ö and ü. Fatha represented only one vowel. While the user had to make a conversion of writing into pronunciation, somewhat akin to English, this allowed for more similar orthography between Turkic languages, because words looked more similar even when vowels vary, such as in cases of variations like ö to ü, o to u, or e to i.

Yaña imla added separate letters for vowels, and thus broke out with standard Arabic alphabets, but spelling followed no standard convention. During that period, the Tatar language had no borrowed vowels and consonates, so Arab loanwords were pronounced using the closest Tatar consonants (see table). European and Russian
Russian language

Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe....
 loanword
Loanword

A loanword is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation. By contrast, a calque or loan translation is a related concept whereby it is the Meaning or idiom that is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself....
s were pronounced according to how they could be written with the Iske imla, so that, for example, "equator
Equator

The equator is the intersection of the Earth's surface with the Plane perpendicular to the Earth's rotation and containing the Earth's center of mass....
" was spelled "ikwatur".

The alphabet

  name Initial Medial Final Stand-alone modern Latin Tatar alphabet
Tatar alphabet

Two scripts are currently used for the Tatar language: Cyrillic and Latin....
  		modern Cyrillic Tatar alphabet Notes
1 älif ? ? ? ? a ?  
2 älif ? ? ? ? ä ?  
3 bi ? ? ? ? b ?  
4 pi ? ? ? ? p ?  
5 ti ? ? ? ? t ?  
6 si ? ? ? ? s ?
7 cim ? ? ? ? c ?  
8 çi ? ? ? ? ç ?  
9 xi ? ? ? ? x ?  
10 xi ? ? ? ? x ?  
11 däl ? ? ? ? d ?  
12 zäl ? ? ? ? z ?
13 ra ? ? ? ? r ?  
14 zi ? ? ? ? z ?  
15 jé ? ? ? ? j ?  
16 sin, sen ? ? ? ? s ?  
17 sin ? ? ? ? s ?  
18 sad ? ? ? ? s ?  
19 dad, z’ad ? ? ? ? d, z ?, ?  
20 tí ? ? ? ? t ?  
21 zí ? ? ? ? z ?  
22 gäyn ? ? ? ? g ?(?) alternative Cyrillic transcription: ?
23 gayn ? ? ? ? g ?(?) alternative Cyrillic transcription: ?
24 fi ? ? ? ? f ?  
25 qaf ? ? ? ? q ?(?) alternative Cyrillic transcription: ?
26 kaf ? ? ? ? k ?  
27 gaf ? ? ? ? g ?  
28 eñ ñ ? Initial form was never used due phonetic reasons
29 läm ? ? ? ? l ?  
30 mim ? ? ? ? m ?  
31 nün ? ? ? ? n ?  
32 ha ? ? ? ? h h  
33 waw ? ? ? ? w, u, o ?, ?, ? alternative Cyrillic transcription: ?, ?, ?
34 vaw v ? corresponds to ? in Bashkir alphabet
35 ya ? ? ? ? y, í, i ?, ?, ??  

See also

  • Tatar alphabet
    Tatar alphabet

    Two scripts are currently used for the Tatar language: Cyrillic and Latin....