Iranian languages
The Iranian languages are a branch of the
Indo-European language family with an estimated number of 150-200 million native speakers today. Together with the Indo-Aryan languages they form the Indo-Iranian languages group, a branch of Indo-European. With
Avestan and
Old Persian, the Iranian languages comprise two of the oldest recorded Indo-European languages .
Encyclopedia
The
Iranian languages are a branch of the
Indo-European language family with an estimated number of 150-200 million native speakers today. Together with the Indo-Aryan languages they form the Indo-Iranian languages group, a branch of Indo-European. With
Avestan and
Old Persian, the Iranian languages comprise two of the oldest recorded Indo-European languages .
Name
This branch of languages is called
Iranian because its principal members, including Persian, have been spoken in an area centered around the
Iranian plateau since ancient times. However, as a linguistic classification, the term does not imply any connection with the state of
Iran, nor does it comprise all languages spoken within that area today. Some Iranian authors use the term "Iranian languages" in a looser, non-linguistic sense, including all languages spoken by people who regard themselves as part of the
Iranian nation, or by ancient peoples whose cultures Iranians today regard as part of their national heritage. This sense of "Iranian" will not be further treated in this article, which is concerned solely with the languages descended via Proto-Iranian from Proto-Indo-European.
Early Iranian languages
The Indo-Iranian languages probably originated in
Central Asia - the
Andronovo culture is the near-universally preferred candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture
ca. 2000 BC.
Together with the other Indo-Iranian languages, the
Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Indo-Iranian. This language split up into:
- Indo-Aryan languages, including Sanskrit, attested from the 2nd millennium BC
- Dardic languages
- Nuristani languages
- Iranian languages, including Avestan and Old Persian .
The Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the
Iranian plateau, and
Central Asia.
Linguistically, the Old Iranian languages are divided into two major families and sub classes:
- The eastern group
- The western group
- The southwestern group
- The northwestern group
The eastern group includes the
Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and
Avestan, . The northwestern branch includes the Median language. The southwestern group includes
Persian.
Avestan is mainly attested through the
Avesta, a collection of sacred texts connected to the
Zoroastrian religion. Old Persian is attested through numerous inscriptions in the
Cuneiform script.
The Middle Iranian languages
What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Again, geographically, one can classify these into two main families, Western and Eastern.
The former family includes the languages of Parthian and Middle Persian, while Bactrian,
Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and
Old Ossetic fall under the latter category. The two languages of the western group were linguistically very close to eachother, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group retained more proximity to Old Iranian. They were inscribed in various Aramaic alphabets, which had evolved from the
Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic.
Middle Persian , was the official language of the
Sassanids. It was in usage from the 3rd century until the top of the 10th century. Pahlavi was also the language of the
Manichaeans, whose texts survive albeit in limited numbers. The
Imperial Aramaic script used in this era experienced significant maturation.
Iranian languages after the Arab conquest of Persia
Following the Islamic Conquest of Iran, there were important changes in the role of the different dialects of Persian within the Persian empire. The old prestige form of Middle Persian, also known as
Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word , which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished . The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875CE. Dari is believed to have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier
Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the ancestor of modern Standard Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as
Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa and Ibn al-Nadim associated the term "Dari" with the eastern province of
Khorasan, while they used the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between
Isfahan and
Azerbaijan , and "Parsi" to describe the dialects of
Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, "Khuzi", associated with the western province of
Khuzestan.
The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian. It was adapted to the writing of Persian by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Persian script began dwindling in usage. The aforementioned script remains the in use in contemporary modern Persian. Tajiki Persian script was however
Cyrillicized in the 1920s and 1930s under plans by
USSR's government in
Central Asia.
The geographical area in which Iranian languages were spoken was pushed back in several areas by new neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran , and
Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as
Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today
Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan and
Tajikistan. They also displaced the Persian language spoken in Azerbaijan.
Classification of the Iranian languages
I. Eastern
A. Northeastern
- Avestan*
- Chorasmian*
- Bactrian*
- Sogdian* , Yaghnobi
...
- Scythian*, Sarmatian*, Alanian*, Ossetian , Jassic*
B. Southeastern
- Pamir languages: Munji, Sanglechi, Ishkashimi, Zebaki, Sarikoli, Shughni, Rushani, Yazgulyam, Wakhi, Yidgha
- Saka*
- Pashto
- Waneci
- Waziri
II. Western
A. Northwestern
- Azari*
- Ormuri, Parachi
- Northwestern: Ashtiani, Amora’i, Kahaki, Vafsi, Judeo-Hamadani, Judeo-Borujerdi; Western: Mahallati, Vanishani, Khunsari , Judeo-Golpaygani, Judeo-Khunsari; North-Central: Arani, Bidgoli, Delijani, Nashalji, Abuzaydabadi, Qohrudi, Badrudi, Kamu’i, Jowshaqani, Meyma’i, Abyana’i, Farizandi, Yarandi , Soi , Badi, Natanzi, Kasha’i, Tari, Taqi, Judeo-Kashani; Southern: Gazi, Sedehi, Ardestani, Zefra’i, Nohuji, Sajzi, Kuhpaya’i, Jarquya’i, Rudashti, Kafrudi, Judeo-Esfahani; Eastern: Dari , Kermani, Nayini , Anaraki, Varzenei, Judeo-Yazdi, Judeo-Kermani, Tudeshki, Keyjani, Abchuya’i; Sivandi; Khuri, Farvi, Farroki, Mehrjani
- Kurdish , Laki
- Gorani , Bajelan, Kirmanjki , Dimli , Shabak, Sarli
- Parthian*
- Semnani, Sangisari, Lasgerdi, Sorkhei
- Median*
- Mazandarani
- Balochi, Koroshi
- Gilaki, Rashti
- Talysh, Judeo-Nahavandi, Harzani, Alviri, Eshtehardi, Gozarkhani, Kabatei, Kajali, Karingani, Kho'ini, Koresh-e Rostam, Maraghei, Razajerdi, Rudbari, Shahrudi, Takestani, Taromi
- Dezfuli
- Khalaj
B. Southwestern
- Old Persian*, Middle Persian*, also called Pahlavi ; Modern Persian: Farsi, Dari, Tajik, Hazaragi, Dzhidi , Madaglashti, Judeo-Shirazi, Judeo-Bukharic, Khuzestani Persian, Aimaq, Darwazi, Dehwari, Pahlavani
- Judeo-Tat, Muslim Tat
- Fars, Lari , Bashkardi
- Luri , Kumzari
III. Unclassified
- Tangshewi
Notes
References
See also
...
province of Iran
External links
