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Ionic Greek was a sub-dialect of the Attic-Ionic dialectal group of Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning across the Archaic Greece , Classical Greece , and Hellenistic civilization periods of ancient Greece and the classical antiquity....
 (see Greek dialects).

Ionic (or Ionian) dialect appears to have spread originally from the Greek mainland across the Aegean at the time of the Dorian invasions, around the 11th Century B.C.

By the end of the Greek Dark Ages
Greek Dark Ages

The Greek Dark Ages refers to Greek history from the presumed Dorian invasion and end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 12th century BC, to the first Ancient Greece poleiss in the 9th century BC....
 in the 8th Century B.C, the central west coast of Asia Minor, along with the islands of Chios
Chios

Chios is the fifth largest of the Greece list of islands of Greece, situated in the Aegean Sea seven kilometres off the Turkey coast. The island is noted for its strong merchant shipping community, its unique mastic gum and its medieval villages....
 and Samos
Samos Island

Samos is a Greece island in the North Aegean sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off the Ionian coast of Turkey....
, formed the heartland of Ionia
Ionia

Ionia is an ancient region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey, the region nearest Izmir, which was historically Smyrna. It consisted of the northernmost territories of the Ionian League of Hellenes settlements....
 proper.






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Ionic Greek was a sub-dialect of the Attic-Ionic dialectal group of Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning across the Archaic Greece , Classical Greece , and Hellenistic civilization periods of ancient Greece and the classical antiquity....
 (see Greek dialects).

Ionic (or Ionian) dialect appears to have spread originally from the Greek mainland across the Aegean at the time of the Dorian invasions, around the 11th Century B.C.

By the end of the Greek Dark Ages
Greek Dark Ages

The Greek Dark Ages refers to Greek history from the presumed Dorian invasion and end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 12th century BC, to the first Ancient Greece poleiss in the 9th century BC....
 in the 8th Century B.C, the central west coast of Asia Minor, along with the islands of Chios
Chios

Chios is the fifth largest of the Greece list of islands of Greece, situated in the Aegean Sea seven kilometres off the Turkey coast. The island is noted for its strong merchant shipping community, its unique mastic gum and its medieval villages....
 and Samos
Samos Island

Samos is a Greece island in the North Aegean sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off the Ionian coast of Turkey....
, formed the heartland of Ionia
Ionia

Ionia is an ancient region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey, the region nearest Izmir, which was historically Smyrna. It consisted of the northernmost territories of the Ionian League of Hellenes settlements....
 proper. The Ionic dialect was also spoken on islands across the central Aegean and on the large island of Euboea
Euboea

For the Greek mythology figure, see Euboea Euboea is the second largest of the Greece Aegean Islands and the second largest List of islands of Greece overall in area and population, after Crete....
 north of Athens. The dialect was soon spread by Ionian colonization to areas in the northern Aegean, the Black Sea
Black Sea

The Black Sea is an inland sea sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolia and is ultimately connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the Mediterranean Sea and Aegean Seas and various straits....
, and the western Mediterranean.

Ionic dialect is generally divided into two major time periods, Old Ionic (or Old Ionian) and New Ionic (or New Ionian). The exact transition between the two is not clearly defined, but 600 B.C. is a good approximation.

The Homeric works (the Iliad
ILiad

The iLiad is an electronic handheld device, or e-book device, which can be used for document reading and editing. Like the Sony Reader or Amazon Kindle, the iLiad makes use of an electronic paper display....
, the Odyssey
Odyssey

The Odyssey is one of two major ancient Hellenic civilization epic poetrys attributed to Homer. It is, in part, a sequel to the Iliad, the other work traditionally ascribed to Homer....
, and the Homeric Hymns
Homeric Hymns

The thirty-three anonymous Homeric Hymns celebrating individual gods are a collection of ancient Greek language hymns, "Homeric" in the sense that they employ the same epic meter? dactylic hexameter? as the Iliad and Odyssey, use many similar formulas and are couched in the same dialect....
), and the works of Hesiod
Hesiod

Hesiod was a Greek language oral poet, his date is uncertain but leading scholars agree that Hesiod lived in the latter half of the Eighth-century BCE....
, were written in a literary dialect called Homeric Greek
Homeric Greek

Homeric Greek is the form of Ancient Greek that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey. It is an archaic version of Ionic Greek, with admixtures from certain other dialects, such as Aeolic Greek....
 or Epic Greek, which consists largely of Old Ionic, with some borrowings from the neighboring Aeolic dialect to the north. The poet Archilochus
Archilochus

Archilochus was a Ancient Greece poet and supposed mercenary....
 wrote in late Old Ionic.

The most famous New Ionic authors are Anacreon
Anacreon

Anacreon was a Greece lyric poem poet, notable for his drinking songs and hymns. Later Greeks included him in the canonical list of nine lyric poets....
, Theognis
Theognis of Megara

Theognis of Megara was an ancient Greece poet. More than half of the extant elegiac poetry of Greece before the Alexandrian period is included in the 1,400 verses ascribed to Theognis....
, Herodotus
Herodotus

Herodotus of Halicarnassus was a Greeks historian who lived in the 5th century BC and is regarded as the "Father of History" in Western culture....
, Hippocrates
Hippocrates

Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos - ancient Greek: ; Hippokr?tes was an Ancient Greece physician of the Age of Pericles, and was considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine....
 and in Roman times Aretaeus
Aretaeus of Cappadocia

Aretaeus , is one of the most celebrated of the ancient Greek physicians, of whose life, however, few particulars are known. There is some uncertainty regarding both his age and country, but it seems probable that he practised in the 1st century CE, during the reign of Nero or Vespasian....
, Arrian
Arrian

File:Flavius_Arrianus.jpgLucius Flavius Arrianus 'Xenophon , known in English as Arrian , and Arrian of Nicomedia, was a Ancient Rome historian , a public servant, a military commander and a philosopher of the Roman and Byzantine Greece period....
, and Lucian
Lucian

Lucian of Samosata was an Assyrian people rhetorician, and satire who wrote in the Greek language. He is noted for his witty and scoffing nature....
.

The main differences between the Ionic dialect (Old and New) and Classical Attic
Classical Attic

Classical Attic is the most correct term for the Ancient Greek dialect commonly called Classical Athenian or Classical Greek.It refers to the speech form which was used in Attica, the region surrounding and including the city of Athens, in the 5th and 4th Centuries B.C....
 were the following:

  1. In Ionic, the shift from long alpha to eta occurs in almost all words, whereas in Attic it does not occur after eta, iota, or rho. Example: Attic ?ea??a? (ne-a-ní-as) versus Ionic ?e????? (ne-e-ní-es), a "young person". Often the simple vowel e or o of Attic dialect appears in Ionic as a diphthong (?????, koúre, "young lady, girl", for ????, kóre; pe??a?, peíras "end, border" for p??a?, péras)
  2. In many cases Ionic turned Proto-Greek labiovelar sound /kw/ into /k/ rather than /p/ before back vowels. Example: Attic ?p?? (hópos) versus Ionic ???? (ókos), "in whatever way, in which way". It is worth mentioning that similar divergent outcomes for /kw/ occurred also in Celtic
    Celtic languages

    The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic", a branch of the greater Indo-European languages language family. The term "Celtic" was used to describe this language group by Edward Lhuyd in 1707, having much earlier been used by Greek and Roman writers to describe tribes in central Gaul....
     and Italic
    Italic languages

    The Italic subfamily is a member of the Indo-European languages language family's Centum branch. It includes the Romance languages derived from Latin , and a number of extinct languages of the Italian Peninsula, including Umbrian language, Oscan language, and the aforementioned Latin....
     branches of the Indo-European language family, for example between Latin
    Latin

    Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
     and Oscan
    Oscan language

    Oscan, the language of the Osci, is in the Sabellic branch of the Italic languages, which is a branch of Indo-European languages that also includes Umbrian language, Latin, and Faliscan language....
    , as well as between P-Celtic (Welsh
    Welsh language

    Welsh ]], is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic languages spoken natively in Wales, in England by some along the Welsh Marches and in the Welsh settlement in Argentina in the Chubut Valley in Argentina Patagonia....
    ) and Q-Celtic (Irish
    Irish language

    Irish , also known as Irish Gaelic, is a Goidelic languages of the Indo-European language family, originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people....
    ) — e.g. Welsh
    Welsh language

    Welsh ]], is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic languages spoken natively in Wales, in England by some along the Welsh Marches and in the Welsh settlement in Argentina in the Chubut Valley in Argentina Patagonia....
     pump, Breton
    Breton language

    The Breton language is a Celtic languages spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany in France....
     pemp, Cornish
    Cornish language

    The Cornish language is one of the Brythonic group of Celtic languages. The language continued to function as a community language in parts of Cornwall until the late 18th century, and there have been attempts to revive the language since the early 20th century....
     pymp vs. Gaelic cóig or cùig, Irish
    Irish language

    Irish , also known as Irish Gaelic, is a Goidelic languages of the Indo-European language family, originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people....
     cúig, Manx
    Manx language

    Manx , also known as Manx Gaelic, is a Goidelic languages spoken on the Isle of Man. The last native speaker, Ned Maddrell, died in 1974, but in recent years it has been the subject of language revival efforts, and it is now the medium of education at the , a primary school for four- to eleven-year-olds in St....
     queig (note the treatment of the same consonant in English with this word meaning "five ").
  3. Ionic contracted adjoining vowels much less frequently than Attic. Example: Ionic ???ea (gén-e-a) versus Attic ???? (gén-e), "family, stock".
  4. Ionic "ss" appears as "tt" in later Classical Attic. Example: Ionic t?ssa?e? (téssares) versus Attic t?tta?e? (téttares), "four".
  5. Ionic had a very analytical word-order, perhaps the most analytical one within ancient Greek dialects. Moreover the Ionic morphology of noun and verb doesn't have dual-forms.
  6. In some words, Attic initial aspiration was lacking in Old Ionic (the so called "psilosis"), and in New Ionic initial aspiration was probably lost entirely. Example: Attic ?pp?? (híppos) versus Ionic ????? (íkkos), "horse".


Glossary

  • scourge ( Hipponax
    Hipponax

    Hipponax of Ephesus was an Ancient Greek iambic poet.Expelled from Ephesus in 540 BC by the tyrant tyrant Athenagoras, he took refuge in Clazomenae, where he spent the rest of his life in poverty....
     .98)
  • (Attic athlon prize)
  • archon
    Archon

    Archon is a Greek language word that means "ruler", frequently used as the title of a specific public office. It is the masculine present participle of the verb stem ???-, meaning "to rule", derived from the same root as monarch, hierarchy and anarchism....
    tes in Miletus
    Miletus

    Miletus was an ancient city on the western coast of Anatolia , near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Caria. Evidence of first settlement at the site has been made inaccessible by the rise of sea level and deposition of sediments from the Maeander....
     and Chalcis
    Chalcis

    Chalcis or Chalkida, Halkida, Halkis or Chalkis , the chief town of the island of Euboea in Greece, is situated on the strait of the Euripus Strait at its narrowest point....
     (aeí always + naûtai sailors)
  • illness (Cf.Attic alged?n pain) Algophobia
    Algophobia

    Algophobia is a phobia of pain - an abnormal and persistent fear of pain that is far more powerful than that of a normal person. It can be treated with behavioral therapy and anti-anxiety medication....
  • ebb,being sucked back, i.e. of sea (Attic anápotis, verb anapíno) (Koine,Modern Greek ampotis)
  • (Attic áno, up)
  • Apatoúria Pan-ionic festival ( see also Panionium
    Panionium

    The Panionium was an Ionian sanctuary dedicated to Poseidon Helikonios and the meeting place of the Ionian League. It was on the peninsula of Mycale, about south of Smyrna?now Izmir, in Turkey....
     )
  • (Attic ekklesiázein
    Ecclesia

    Ecclesia or ekklesia may refer to:* Ecclesia , the Christian Church**See Church militant and church triumphant for ecclesia militans, ecclesia penitens, ''ecclesia triumphans...
     gather together,decide) (Doric apella
    Apella

    Apella was the official title of the popular Deliberative assembly in the Ancient Greece city-state of Sparta, corresponding to the ecclesia in most other Greek states....
    zein)
  • (Attic akánthion small thorn acanthus
    Acanthus

    Acanthus is the Latinized form of the Greek Acanthos or Akanthos. It can also be used as the prefix Acantho-, meaning 'thorny'....
    )
  • (Attic bátrachoi, frogs) in Pontus
    Pontus

    Pontus or Pontos is a region on the southern coast of the Black Sea, located in modern-day northeastern Turkey. The name was applied to the coastal region in Antiquity by the Greeks who colonized the area, and derived from the Greek name of the Black Sea: Pontos Euxeinos , or simply Pontos....
     
  • species of locust
    Locust

    Locust is the swarming phase of short-horned grasshoppers of the family Acrididae. The origin and apparent extinction of certain species of locust—some of which reached 6 inches in length—are unclear....
     (Attic akrís) (Cypriots call the green locust broúka)
  • (Attic bythós depth,bottom,chaos)
  • Ephesian
    Ephesus

    Ephesus was an ancient Greek city on the west coast of Anatolia, in the region known as Ionia during the period known as Classical Greece. It was one of the twelve cities of the Ionian League....
     (Attic huaina
    Hyena

    The Hyaenidae is a mammalian family of order Carnivora. The Hyaenidae family, native to both African and Asian continents consists of four living species, the Striped Hyena and Brown Hyena , the Spotted Hyena and the Aardwolf ....
     (glanos Aristotle
    Aristotle

    Aristotle was a Greeks philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, Poetics , theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology....
    .HA594a31.) (Phrygian
    Phrygian language

    The Phrygian language was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians, a people from Thrace who later migrated to Asia Minor.Inscriptions...
     and Tsakonian
    Tsakonian language

    Tsakonian, Tzakonian or Tsakonic is a Varieties of Modern Greek spoken in the Tsakonia of the Peloponnese, Greece. It is named after its speakers, the 'Tsakonian people', which is held to be an alteration of 'Laconians' - although Tsakonians themselves did not traditionally use this ethnonym....
     ganos
  • eíde (Attic hýle forest) (Aeolic Greek
    Aeolic Greek

    Aeolic or Aeolian Greek is a Linguistics term used to describe a set of rather Archaic period in Greece Greek language sub-dialects, spoken mainly in Boeotia , in Lesbos Island and in other Greek colonies....
     eide also) (Greek Eidos
    Eidos (disambiguation)

    Eidos is a Greek language word meaning "image", "form", or "shape". It is the root word of the term eidetic memory. The term became significant in Greek philosophy when Plato used it to refer to the ideal Forms or Ideas in his Theory of forms....
    )
  • here (entoutha also) (Attic entaûtha) (Elean entaûta)
  • (Attic worker)
  • ionic epithet for Zeus ,related to Hestia
    Hestia

    In Greek mythology, virginal Hestia, daughter of Cronus and Rhea , is the goddess of the hearth, of the right ordering of domesticity and the family, who received the first offering at every sacrifice in the household....
     (oikourós, housekeeper, oikônax)
  • (Attic eudaímon happy) (Hesychius s.v. ) (t 114)
  • (Attic h?lios sun) (Cretan abelios)
  • Iastí, "the ionic way" ( , Iáones, Ionians; , Iás, old name of Attica, Strabo
    Strabo

    Strabo was a Ancient Greeks history, geography and philosophy....
     IX, 1.5 )
  • íde forested mountain (Attic drymôn óros) (Herodotus
    Herodotus

    Herodotus of Halicarnassus was a Greeks historian who lived in the 5th century BC and is regarded as the "Father of History" in Western culture....
     4,109,2) (Mount Ida
    Mount Ida

    In Greek mythology, two sacred mountains are called Mount Ida, the "Mountain of the Goddess": Mount Ida, Crete, and Mount Ida, Turkey, known as Mount Ida, Turkey in Classical times....
    )
  • (Attic iatrós,iater doctor)
  • (Attic híppos ,horse) (Mycenaean i-qo )
  • head (Common kara) (Poetic )
  • (Attic chit?n
    Chiton (costume)

    A chiton was a form of clothing worn by men and women in Ancient Greece, from the Archaic_period_in_Greece to the Hellenistic period . There are two forms of chiton, the Dorians chiton and the later Ionians chiton....
    )
  • (Attic noeîn to think) noesis
    Noesis

    Noesis is a Greek word meaning understanding as "the ability to sense or know something, immediately".In Phenomenology , it is an act of consciousness....
  • (Attic poîos who?)
  • (Attic chýtra cooking pot)
  • (Attic p?gon beard)
  • Xouthidai Ionians from Xuthus
    Xuthus

    In Greek mythology, Xuthus was a son of Hellen and Orseis and founder of the Achaeans and Ionians nations. He had two sons by Creusa: Ionas and Achaeus, son of Xuthus and a daughter named Diomede....
  • (Attic osm? scent, smell)
  • thick wine, lees
    Lees (fermentation)

    Lees refers to deposits of dead yeast or residual yeast and other particles that precipitate, or are carried by the action of "fining", to the bottom of a vat of wine after fermentation and aging ....
      (Attic p???? pelós mud, silt
    Silt

    Silt is soil or Rock derived granular material of a Particle size between sand and clay. Silt may occur as a soil or as suspended sediment in a surface water body....
    ) (proverbial phrase
    Proverbial phrase

    A proverbial phrase or a proverbial expression is type of a conventional saying similar to proverbs and transmitted by oral tradition. The difference is that a proverb is a fixed expression, while a proverbial phrase permits alterations to fit the grammar of the context....
     mê dein ton Oinea
    Oeneus

    In Greek mythology, Oeneus, or Oineus was a Calydonian king, son of Porthaon, husband of Althaea and father of Deianira, Meleager and Melanippe....
     Pêlea
    Peleus

    In Greek mythology, Pele?s was a Greek hero cult who was already known to Homer. Peleus was the son of Aeacus, king of the island of Aegina, and Ende?s, the oread of Mount Pelion in Thessaly; he became the father of Achilles....
     poiein     , don't make wine into lees, Ath.9.383c, cf. Demetr.Eloc.171)
  • flood-tide , loanword to Attic as rhachía (Homeric,Koine,Modern Greek plêmmurís -ída)
  • (Attic sathrís decayed) Chian
    Chios

    Chios is the fifth largest of the Greece list of islands of Greece, situated in the Aegean Sea seven kilometres off the Turkey coast. The island is noted for its strong merchant shipping community, its unique mastic gum and its medieval villages....
  • sármoi lupin
    Lupin

    Lupin, often spelled lupine in North America, is the common name for members of the genus Lupinus in the legume family . The genus comprises between 200-600 species, with major centers of diversity in South America and western North America - ) and - in the Mediterranean region and Africa....
    s (Attic } Carystian
    Carystus

    Carystus was a city-state that refused to join the Delian League. The Athenians wanted Carystus to join the Delian League, but seeming as though it had been under Persian control, they refused....
  • scatter, disperse (probably from skorpios scorpion
    Scorpion

    Scorpions are any arachnid of the order Scorpionida. They are members of the order Scorpiones within the class Arachnida. There are about 2,000 species of scorpions, found widely distributed south of about Latitude, except New Zealand and Antarctica....
     and an obsolete verb ,penetrate)
  • (Attic tauroi bulls) (Ephesian word, the youths who acted as cupbearers at the local festival of Poseidon
    Poseidon

    In Greek mythology, Poseidon was the god of the sea and, as "Earth-Shaker," of earthquakes. The name of the god Nethuns in Etruscan mythology was adopted in Latin for Neptune in Roman mythology: both were sea gods analogous to Poseidon....
    )
  • grámmata Lydians
    Lydians

    Lydians were the inhabitants of Lydia, a region in western Anatolia.Their capital was at Sardis.Their governmental system included kings,as their rulers....
     and Ionians called so the letters
    Letter (alphabet)

    A letter is an element in an alphabetic system of writing, such as the Greek alphabet and its descendants. Each letter in the written language is usually associated with one phoneme in the spoken form of the language....
  • (Attic ichthús fish)
  • ô oioî exclamation of discontent


See also

  • Ionians
    Ionians

    The Ionians were one of the three populations into which the ancient Greeks considered the population of Hellenes to have been divided."Ionian" with reference to populations had two senses in Classical Greece....
  • Ionic order
    Ionic order

    The Ionic order column forms one of the Classical order of classical architecture, the other two canonic orders being the Doric order and the Corinthian order....
  • Ionian