International sanctions

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International sanctions

International sanctions are actions taken by countries against others for political reasons, either unilaterally or multilaterally.

There are three types of sanctions.

Economic sanctions are distinguished from trade sanctions, which are applied for purely economic reasons, and typically take the form of tariff

Tariff

A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary. They are usually associated with protectionism, the economic policy of restraining trade between nations....
s or similar measures, rather than bans on trade.

n example, the European Union

European Union

The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 European Union member state, located primarily in Europe. It was established by the Treaty of Maastricht on 1 November 1993 upon the foundations of the pre-existing European Economic Community....
imposed diplomatic sanctions on Cuba

Cuba

The Republic of Cuba is a country in the Caribbean. It consists of the island of Cuba , the island of Isla de la Juventud, and several adjacent small islands....
after the latter broke a moratorium

Moratorium

Moratorium may refer to:*Debt moratorium*Moratorium *Moratorium *Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam*UN moratorium on the death penalty*A song by Alanis Morissette on her album Flavors of Entanglement...
on capital punishment

Capital punishment

Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the killing of a person by procedural law for Punishment#Retribution and Punishment#Incapacitation....
in 2003.

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Encyclopedia

International sanctions are actions taken by countries against others for political reasons, either unilaterally or multilaterally.

There are three types of sanctions.

Diplomatic sanctions - the reduction or removal of diplomatic ties, such as embassies.
Economic sanctions - typically a ban on trade
Trade

Tradeis the willing exchange of goods, Service , or both. Trade is also called commerce. A mechanism that allows trade is called a market. The original form of trade was barter , the direct exchange of goods and services....
, possibly limited to certain sectors such as armaments, or with certain exceptions (such as food
Food

Food is any substance, usually composed of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and water, that can be Eating or Drinking by an animal or human for nutrition or pleasure....
and medicine
Medicine

Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
)
Military sanctions - military intervention

Economic sanctions are distinguished from trade sanctions, which are applied for purely economic reasons, and typically take the form of tariff

Tariff

Diplomatic sanctions

As an example, the European Union

European Union

Cuba

Moratorium

Capital punishment

Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the killing of a person by procedural law for Punishment#Retribution and Punishment#Incapacitation....
in 2003. Measures included limitations on high-level government visits.

Economic sanctions

Economic sanctions can vary from imposing import duties on goods from, or blocking the export of certain goods to the target country, to a full naval blockade

Blockade

A blockade is an effort to cut off the communications of a particular area, by force. It is distinct from a siege in that a blockade is usually directed at an entire country or region, not a fortress or city....
of its ports in an effort to verify, and curb or block specified imported goods.

Well known examples of economic sanctions include the United Nations sanctions against South Africa

1961 in South Africa

See also:1960 in South Africa,1961,1962 in South Africa and theTimeline of South African history.----...
, United Nations sanctions against Iraq

Iraq sanctions

The Iraq sanctions were a near-total financial and trade embargo imposed by the United Nations Security Council against the nation of Iraq. They began August 6 1990, four days after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait , and continued until May 22 2003, after the fall of the Saddam Hussein government in the US-led 2003 invasion of Iraq earlier that year...
(1990-2003) and the United States embargo against Cuba

United States embargo against Cuba

The United States Embargo against Cuba is a commercial, economic, and financial embargo imposed on the Fidel Castro on February 7, 1962. The embargo was enacted after the Castro government Expropriation the properties of United States citizens and corporations ....
(1962-present). South Africa

South Africa

The Republic of South Africa, also known by Official names of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa....
is the typical case study for giving sanctions credibility, though that is a contentious claim itself.

On May 13, 1998, the United States and Japan

Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
imposed economic sanctions on India

India

India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
, following its second round of nuclear tests.

In 2001/2002, the United States imposed economic sanctions against the state of Zimbabwe, through the Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001 or ZDERA, Senate bill 494 of the 107th US Congress, restricting access to financing, debt relief and rescheduling, forcing the government to operate on a cash only basis.

Military sanctions

Similarly, military sanctions can range from carefully-targeted airborne assaults by bombers and military forces (such as Israel

Israel

Israel officially the State of Israel , is a country in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan in the east, and Egypt on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area....
's 1981 bombing of Iraq's Osirak

Osirak

Osirak, also spelled Osiraq, , was a 40 megawatt light water nuclear reactor in Iraq. It was constructed by the Iraqi government at the Al Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center, 18 km south-east of Baghdad in 1977....
nuclear reactor) to invasion

Invasion

An invasion is a Offensive consisting of all, or large parts of the armed forces of one geopolitics entity aggressively entering territory controlled by another such entity, generally with the objective of either conquering, liberating or re-establishing control or authority over a territory, altering the established government or gaining c...
and occupation

Military occupation

Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory passes to a belligerent....
. A less aggressive form of military sanctions could be the 15 year embargo

Embargo

In international commerce and International relations, an embargo is the prohibition of commerce and trade with a certain country, in order to isolate it and to put its government into a difficult internal situation, given that the effects of the embargo are often able to make its economy suffer from the initiative....
on sales of F-16 fighter/bomber aircraft by the United States

United States

The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
to Pakistan

Pakistan

Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia and borders Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046 kilometre coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and People's Republic of China in th...
which ran from 1990 to 2005 in response to Pakistan's development of nuclear weapons. (The latter is considered a military sanction, not an economic one.)