International Bahá'í Council
Encyclopedia
The International Bahá'í Council (IBC) was an administrative institution of the Bahá'í Faith
, first created in 1951 as a precursor to the Universal House of Justice
, which replaced it in 1963.
world from Shoghi Effendi announcing the Council:
In this telex Shoghi Effendi described the significance of the International Bahá'í Council:
Shoghi Effendi also laid out several steps for the IBC's evolvement into the Universal House of Justice:
Between 1951 and 1957 Shoghi Effendi directed the members and used the Council to create an image of an international body handling the Bahá'í affairs in Haifa. According to Shoghi Effendi, the Council's responsibilities were to:
. The Court was to come about as a result of its recognition as a legal non-Jewish religious court inside of the state of Israel and was to be composed of the appointed members from the IBC.(p. 152) Despite his efforts, the Court had not yet come into existence at the time of Shoghi Effendi’s death in 1957.
From this point forward the IBC operated under the direction of the Custodial Hands of the Cause and they agreed to carry out Shoghi Effendi's plans for its evolvement.(Ministry of the Custodians, p. 37) In November 1959 the Hands announced to the Bahá'í world that the International Bahá'í Council would go from an appointed body to an elected body. They said: "this goal [of a Bahá'í court], due to the strong trend towards the secularization of Religious Courts in this part of the world, might not be achieved." (Ministry of the Custodians, p. 169) The IBC's recognition as a Bahá'í court was never achieved.
In 1960 one of the members of the IBC, Charles Mason Remey
, was declared as a Covenant-breaker
by the Hands for claiming to be the Guardian and was expelled from the Bahá'í Faith.
The elected IBC was under the direction and supervision of the Hands of the Cause of God. The Council’s responsibilities included two of the original functions assigned by Shoghi Effendi:
In addition to these, the Hands instructed the Council to assist them with:
took place on Ridvan 1963. With this election, the International Bahá'í Council ceased to exist although five male members of the Council were elected.
Bahá'í Faith
The Bahá'í Faith is a monotheistic religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in 19th-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind. There are an estimated five to six million Bahá'ís around the world in more than 200 countries and territories....
, first created in 1951 as a precursor to the Universal House of Justice
Universal House of Justice
The Universal House of Justice is the supreme governing institution of the Bahá'í Faith. It is a legislative institution with the authority to supplement and apply the laws of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, and exercises a judicial function as the highest appellate institution in the...
, which replaced it in 1963.
Formation
The following is a January 9, 1951 telex to the Bahá'íBahá'í Faith
The Bahá'í Faith is a monotheistic religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in 19th-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind. There are an estimated five to six million Bahá'ís around the world in more than 200 countries and territories....
world from Shoghi Effendi announcing the Council:
- Proclaim National Assemblies of East and West weighty epoch-making decision of formation of first International Bahá'í Council, forerunner of supreme administrative institution destined to emerge in fullness of time within precincts beneath shadow of World Spiritual Center of Faith already established in twin cities of 'Akká and Haifa....
In this telex Shoghi Effendi described the significance of the International Bahá'í Council:
- ...Hail with thankful, joyous heart at long last the constitution of International Council which history will acclaim as the greatest event shedding luster upon second epoch of Formative Age of Bahá’í Dispensation potentially unsurpassed by any enterprise undertaken since inception of Administrative Order of Faith on morrow of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s Ascension, ranking second only to glorious immortal events associated with Ministries of the Three Central Figures of Faith in course of First Age of most glorious Dispensation of the five thousand century Bahá’í Cycle.
Shoghi Effendi also laid out several steps for the IBC's evolvement into the Universal House of Justice:
- To these will be added further functions in course of evolution of this first embryonic International Institution, marking its development into officially recognized Bahá'í Court, its transformation into duly elected body, its efflorescence into Universal House of Justice, and its final fruition through erection of manifold auxiliary institutions constituting the World Administrative Center destined to arise and function and remain permanently established in close neighborhood of Twin Holy Shrines.
- (Shoghi Effendi, Messages to the Bahá'í World - 1950-1957, pp. 7,8)
Appointed International Bahá'í Council
In March 1951 Shoghi Effendi began appointing the membership of the IBC http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/MBW/mbw-6.html. During its first year, eight men and women were appointed. In 1952 two members had left due to reasons of health. In 1955 Shoghi Effendi appointed a ninth member. The members of the International Bahá'í Council, the dates of their appointment, their offices on the IBC and those that were Hands of the Cause were:- Rúhíyyih Khanum (1951-61) Liaison with Shoghi Effendi; Hand of the Cause of God
- Charles Mason RemeyMason RemeyCharles Mason Remey was a prominent and controversial American Bahá'í who was appointed in 1951 a Hand of the Cause, and president of the International Bahá'í Council...
(1951-61) President; Hand of the Cause - Amelia Collins (1951-61) Vice president; Hand of the Cause
- Leroy IoasLeroy IoasLeroy C Ioas was a Hand of the Cause of the Bahá'í Faith. His parents declared themselves Bahá'ís in 1898 and took Ioas to meet `Abdu'l-Bahá during the latter’s travels in the United States in 1912...
(1952-61) Secretary General; Hand of the Cause - Jessie Revell (1951-61) Treasurer
- Loftullah Hakim (1951-61) Eastern Assistant Secretary
- Ethel Revell (1951-61) Western Assistant Secretary
- Ugo GiacheryUgo GiacheryUgo Giachery was a prominent Italian Bahá'í from an aristocratic family from Palermo. At an anniversary of the founding of the spiritual assembly of Perugia Giachery told the story of how, as a young wounded soldier, still ignorant of the Bahá'í Faith, he was in Perugia in 1916...
(1952-61) Member-at-large; Hand of the Cause - Ben Weeden (1951-52)
- Gladys Weeden (1951-52)
- Sylvia Ioas (1955-61)
Between 1951 and 1957 Shoghi Effendi directed the members and used the Council to create an image of an international body handling the Bahá'í affairs in Haifa. According to Shoghi Effendi, the Council's responsibilities were to:
- establish links with the IsraeliIsraelThe State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
authorities, and - negotiate with them concerning an establishing of a Bahá'í court to deal with personal matters,
- assist Shoghi Effendi to complete the superstructure of the Shrine of the BábShrine of the BábThe Shrine of the Báb is a structure in Haifa, Israel where the remains of the Báb, founder of Bábism and forerunner of Bahá'u'lláh in the Bahá'í Faith, have been laid to rest; it is considered to be the second holiest place on Earth for Bahá'ís, after the Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh in Acre...
- serve as an international Bahá'í secretariat.
Bahá'í Court
In Messages to the Bahá'í World - 1950-1957, Shoghi Effendi described the Bahá'í Court as an “essential prelude to the institution of the Universal House of Justice” (p. 13) and that the IBC “must pave the way for the formation of the Bahá'í Court.” (p. 149) It was also cited as one of Shoghi Effendi's goals for the Ten Year CrusadeTen Year Crusade
The Ten Year World Crusade was launched by Shoghi Effendi in an effort to facilitate an organized expansion of the Bahá'í Faith....
. The Court was to come about as a result of its recognition as a legal non-Jewish religious court inside of the state of Israel and was to be composed of the appointed members from the IBC.(p. 152) Despite his efforts, the Court had not yet come into existence at the time of Shoghi Effendi’s death in 1957.
From this point forward the IBC operated under the direction of the Custodial Hands of the Cause and they agreed to carry out Shoghi Effendi's plans for its evolvement.(Ministry of the Custodians, p. 37) In November 1959 the Hands announced to the Bahá'í world that the International Bahá'í Council would go from an appointed body to an elected body. They said: "this goal [of a Bahá'í court], due to the strong trend towards the secularization of Religious Courts in this part of the world, might not be achieved." (Ministry of the Custodians, p. 169) The IBC's recognition as a Bahá'í court was never achieved.
In 1960 one of the members of the IBC, Charles Mason Remey
Mason Remey
Charles Mason Remey was a prominent and controversial American Bahá'í who was appointed in 1951 a Hand of the Cause, and president of the International Bahá'í Council...
, was declared as a Covenant-breaker
Covenant-breaker
A Covenant-breaker or the act of Covenant-breaking is a term used by Bahá'ís to refer to a particular form of heresy. Being declared a Covenant-breaker by the head of the Faith — which since 1963 refers to the elected nine-member Universal House of Justice, the governing body of the Bahá'ís....
by the Hands for claiming to be the Guardian and was expelled from the Bahá'í Faith.
Duly Elected Body
The election for the new International Bahá'í Council was scheduled for Ridvan 1961. The Hands of the Cause declared themselves ineligible for election and requested the Bahá'ís not vote for them since the appointed institutions of the Bahá'í Faith were different in both nature and function from the elected administrative bodies. The election was concluded via postal ballot by all members of National Spiritual Assemblies and regional spiritual assemblies of 1960-61. All adult Bahá'ís were eligible for election except for the Hands of the Cause. The members of the elected Council were:- Ali NakhjavaniAli NakhjavaniAlí-Yulláh Nakhjavání served as a member of the Universal House of Justice, the supreme governing body of the Bahá'í Faith, between 1963 and 2003....
(1961-63) President - Charles WolcottCharles WolcottCharles Wolcott served as a member of the Universal House of Justice, the supreme governing body of the Bahá'í Faith, between 1963 and 1987.Wolcott was born in Flint, Michigan, USA...
(1961-63) Secretary General - Jessie Revel (1961-63) Treasurer
- Ian Semple (1961-63) Assistant Secretary
- Loftullah Hakim (1961-63) Eastern Assistant Secretary
- Ethel Revel (1961-63) Western Assistant Secretary
- Borrah Kavelin (1961-63) Member-at-large
- Mildred Mottahedeh (1961-63)
The elected IBC was under the direction and supervision of the Hands of the Cause of God. The Council’s responsibilities included two of the original functions assigned by Shoghi Effendi:
- to forge links with the IsraeliIsraelThe State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
authorities, and - to negotiate with them related to matters of personal status.
In addition to these, the Hands instructed the Council to assist them with:
- the care of the properties at the World Centre,
- the establishment of the Universal House of Justice,
- any other functions they assigned.
Universal House of Justice
The election of the Universal House of JusticeUniversal House of Justice
The Universal House of Justice is the supreme governing institution of the Bahá'í Faith. It is a legislative institution with the authority to supplement and apply the laws of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, and exercises a judicial function as the highest appellate institution in the...
took place on Ridvan 1963. With this election, the International Bahá'í Council ceased to exist although five male members of the Council were elected.