Instant replay is a technology that allows broadcast of a previously occurring event using recorded video. This is most commonly used in sports; by on television to replay previous plays for the viewer, often from other angles than shown in the main broadcast, and also on video screens at live events. The footage is often played at a
slow motionSlow motion or slowmo is an effect in film-making whereby time appears to be slowed down. It was invented by Austrian August Musger. Typically this style is achieved when each film frame is captured at a rate much faster than it will be played back. When replayed at normal speed, time appears to be...
frame rate to allow more detailed analysis by the viewer and commentators. More advanced technology has allowed for more complex replays, such as pausing, and viewing the replay frame by frame.
Several sports leagues have taken advantage of the long-utilized tool by introducing a rule which allows the use of instant replay by officials. This allows them to review plays and ensure the correct call has been made. Leagues using instant replay include the
National Hockey LeagueThe National Hockey League is an unincorporated not-for-profit association which operates a major professional ice hockey league as a joint venture for its self perpetuating membership of 30 franchised member clubs located in the United States and Canada...
,
National Football LeagueThe National Football League is the largest professional American football league in the world. It was formed by eleven teams in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association, with the league changing its name to the National Football League in 1922. The league currently consists of...
,
Canadian Football LeagueThe Canadian Football League or CFL is a professional sports league located entirely in Canada.Its eight teams, which are located in eight cities, are divided into two divisions of four teams each . The league's nineteen-week regular season runs from mid-June to early November. Each team plays...
,
National Basketball AssociationThe National Basketball Association is a professional basketball league, composed of thirty teams in North America . It is an active member of USA Basketball , which is recognized by the International Basketball Federation as the National Governing Body for basketball in the United States...
, and
Major League BaseballMajor League Baseball is the highest level of play in North American professional baseball. Specifically, Major League Baseball refers to the organization that operates the National League and the American League, by means of a joint organizational structure that has developed gradually between...
.
History
The
Canadian Broadcasting CorporationThe Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , a Canadian crown corporation, is the country’s national public radio and television broadcaster. In French, it is called la Société Radio-Canada...
invented the first form of instant replay in 1955, when director George Retzlaff used a "hot processor" to develop
kinescopeKinescope – kine for short, also known as telerecording, is a recording of a television program made by filming the picture from a video monitor....
footage of goals within 30 seconds to replay on
Hockey Night in CanadaHockey Night in Canada is a television broadcast of National Hockey League games in Canada, produced by CBC Sports. Hockey Night has consistently been among the highest-rated programs on Canadian television, and is the world's oldest sports-related television program still on the air...
.
Instant replay using videotape technology was still being developed by Ampex in the mid-1950s. The company would eventually come up with one of the first devices dedicated for this purpose.
Another early instant replay occurred December 7, 1963 during the Army-Navy Game played in Philadelphia and telecast by CBS-TV. It was invented by CBS Sports' top director, Tony Verna. Verna's account of how he was able to combine the limited abilities of the videotape machines can be found in two of his early books,
Live TV and
Global Television (both Focal Press) and the 2008 book release:
Instant Replay, the day that changed sports forever from Creative Publishers International. A personal account of the telecast can be found in the autobiography of the game announcer
Lindsey NelsonLindsey Nelson was an American sportscaster best known for his broadcasts of college football and New York Mets baseball.-Early life and career:...
(
Hello Everybody, I'm Lindsey Nelson).
Gridiron football
American football
Canadian football
Basketball
In
NBAThe National Basketball Association is a professional basketball league, composed of thirty teams in North America . It is an active member of USA Basketball , which is recognized by the International Basketball Federation as the National Governing Body for basketball in the United States...
basketball, the officials must watch an instant replay of a
buzzer beaterIn basketball, a buzzer beater is a shot taken just before the game clock of a period expires, when the buzzer sounds. The term is normally reserved for baskets that win or tie the game, but also refers to shots that beat an end of quarter or halftime buzzer...
to determine if the shot was released before time expired. Since 2002, the NBA also has mandated installation of light strips on both the backboard and the scorer's table that illuminate when time expires, in order to assist with any potential review.
Instant Replay came to the NBA in 2002-2003 season. In Game 4 2002 Western Conference Finals end of the 2nd quater, Lakers Reserve Power Forward Samaki Walker threw up a half court heave that went in. Replays show that Walker shot was late. The clock at 0.0 seconds in Walkers hand and the red flashing behing the backboard. The Start of Instant Replay was instituted after this game. Costing the Kings the Game which losing by 1 (Robert Horry game winning shot game. Beginning with the
2007-08 seasonThe 2007–08 NBA season was the 62nd season of the National Basketball Association. The 1,230-game regular season began on Tuesday, October 30, 2007, and ended on Wednesday, April 16, 2008...
, replay also can be used in determining players being ejected from contests involving brawls or flagrant fouls. In the 2008-09 season, replay may also be used to correctly determine whether a scored field goal is worth two or three points. It may also be used to determine the correct amount of free throws awarded for a missed field goal. It may also be used in cases where the game clock malfunctions and play continues to decide how much time to take off the clock
In college basketball, the same procedure may also be used to determine if a shot was released before time expired in either half or an overtime period. In addition, NCAA rules allow the officials to use instant replay to determine if a field goal is worth two or three points, who is to take a free throw, whether a fight occurred and who participated in a fight. The officials may also check if the shot was made before the expiration of the shot clock, but only when such a situation occurs at the end of a half or an overtime period. Such rules have also required the NCAA to write new rules stating that, when looking at instant replay video, the zeros on the clock, not the horn or red light, now determine the end of the game.
In Italy, host broadcaster Sky agreed with
LEGA AIn Italian professional basketball, the Lega Basket Serie A is the highest level club competition where play determines the national champion. The season consists of a home-and-away schedule of 30 games, followed by an eight-team playoff round. Quarterfinals and semifinals series are best-of-five,...
for the adoption of instant replay for special tournaments and playoff games, and in 2005, for the entire season. Instant replay would be used automatically on situations similar to the NCAA, but coaches may, like the NFL, have one coach's challenge to challenge a two or three point shot, officials may determine who last touched the ball in an out-of-bounds situation, or back-court violations.
The adoption of instant replay would be crucial in the 2005 LEGA A championship between
Armani Jeans MilanoOlimpia Milano is a Lega Basket Italian professional basketball team, based in Milan, Italy, founded in 1936 by Milan businessman Adolfo Bogoncelli. Its colors are red and white, and the team is sometimes referred as "Scarpette Rosse" because team officials imported from the United States red...
and
Climamio BolognaFortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna is a prominent Italian league professional basketball club that is based in Bologna. It began the current 2008-09 season as the only club in the top Italian League that did not include a sponsor's name , but in November 2008 signed a sponsorship deal with the...
. Bologna led the best-of-five series, 2-1, with Game 4 in Milan, and the home team leading 65-64, as Climamio's Ruben Douglas connected on a three-point basket at the end of the game to apparently win the LEGA A championship.
Officials, knowing the 12,000 fans on both sides would learn the fate of the series on their call, watched replays of the shot before determining it was valid.
The ULEB will adopt instant replay for the 2006 Euroleague Final Four and made a rule change determining the lights on the backboard, not the horn, will end a period, thus assisting with instant replay.
On April 6, 2006,
FIBAThe International Basketball Federation , more commonly known by the French acronym FIBA , is an association of national organizations which governs international competition in basketball...
announced instant replay for last-second shots would be legal for their competitions.
"The referee may use technical equipment to determine on a last shot made at the end of each period or extra period, whether the ball has or has not left the player's hand(s) within the playing time."
Ice hockey
In the
National Hockey LeagueThe National Hockey League is an unincorporated not-for-profit association which operates a major professional ice hockey league as a joint venture for its self perpetuating membership of 30 franchised member clubs located in the United States and Canada...
, goals may only be reviewed in the following situations:
- puck crossing the goal line completely
- puck in the net prior to end of period
- puck in the net prior to goal frame being dislodged
- puck being directed into the net by hand or foot
- puck in the net after deflecting directly off an official
- puck deflected into the goal by the high stick by an attacking player
The review may only be initiated by the on-ice referees or by the video replay judge; neither team can initiate a review. Such a review must take place immediately (if play is stopped) or at the next stoppage in play (if play continues). In the Winter Olympics ice hockey tournament, all goals scored are automatically reviewed to ensure they were legitimate. The NHL also reviews all goals. In addition to goals scored, many plays in the NHL are monitored in "the war room" at the NHL league office in
TorontoToronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. With over 2.5 million residents, it is the fifth most populous municipality in North America...
by head replay official (and former
Winnipeg JetThe Winnipeg Jets were a professional hockey team based in Winnipeg, Manitoba. They played in both the World Hockey Association and the National Hockey League from 1972 to 1996...
)
Kris KingKris King is a former Canadian NHL hockey player. He played 14 seasons in the NHL for the Detroit Red Wings, New York Rangers, Winnipeg Jets, Phoenix Coyotes, Toronto Maple Leafs, and the Chicago Blackhawks...
and his assistants, who can contact replay judges at games (usually high-level local referees) and ask them to review the plays, or to mete out punishments to players for illegal on-ice actions that were not noticed by the on-ice officials.
Major League Baseball
Major League BaseballMajor League Baseball is the highest level of play in North American professional baseball. Specifically, Major League Baseball refers to the organization that operates the National League and the American League, by means of a joint organizational structure that has developed gradually between...
implemented a system similar to that in the NHL for the last month of the season and beyond. Instant replay may only be used to review boundary
home runIn baseball, a home run is scored when the ball is hit in such a way that the batter is able to circle all the bases, ending at home plate and scoring runs for himself and each runner who was already on base, with no errors by the defensive team on the play...
calls to determine:
- fair
In baseball, a fair ball is a batted ball that has not yet become a foul ball, and that...* settles on fair ground between home and first base, or between home and third base; or* is on or over fair territory when bounding past first or third base; or...
(home run) or foulIn baseball, a foul ball is a batted ball that:* Settles on foul territory between home and first base or between home and third base, or* Bounds past first or third base on or over foul territory, or...
- whether the ball actually left the playing field
- whether the ball was subject to spectator interference
A technician and an official (either an umpire supervisor or former umpire) monitor all games occurring at any given time from
MLB.comMLB.com is the official site of Major League Baseball. MLB.com is a source of baseball-related information, including baseball news, statistics, and sports columns...
's office in
New York CityNew York is the most populous city in the United States, and the center of the New York metropolitan area, which is among the most populous urban areas in the world. A leading global city, New York exerts a powerful influence over worldwide commerce, finance, culture, fashion and entertainment...
(similar to the NHL system). Though a player or coach may argue for a review, final determination of whether a review will occur lies solely with the
umpireIn baseball, the umpire is the person charged with officiating the game, including beginning and ending the game, enforcing the rules of the game and the grounds, making judgment calls on plays, and handling the disciplinary actions. The term is often shortened to the colloquial form ump...
crew chief, usually after consultation with the rest of the umpiring crew. If a crew chief believes a replay is warranted, he will go to a special console installed at every ballpark – accompanied by one or more members of the umpiring crew – and call the technician using the phone attached to the console. The technician in turn will feed the appropriate footage to the television screen. Upon reviewing the footage, the umpire must see "clear and convincing evidence" that the call on the field was incorrect in order to reverse it. Additionally, in the case of a home run call that is reversed (e.g., to a
doubleIn baseball, a double is the act of a batter striking the pitched ball and safely reaching second base without being called out by the umpire, without the benefit of a fielder's misplay or another runner being put out on a fielder's choice....
), the crew chief is responsible for the placement of baserunners where they should have ended up had the correct call been made.
General managersIn Major League Baseball, the general manager of a team typically controls player transactions and bears the primary responsibility on behalf of the ballclub during contract discussions with players....
voted 25-5 in November 2007 on this system.
Further to their advertising deal with MLB during the 2008 season, all monitors used for the instant replay will be
Sharpis a Japanese electronics manufacturer, founded in September 1912.It takes its name from one of its founder's first inventions, the Ever-Sharp mechanical pencil, which was invented by Tokuji Hayakawa in 1915. Since then it has developed into one of the leading electronics companies in the world...
AquosThe Sharp Aquos is a range of LCD televisions and component screens made by Sharp Corporation of Japan. It encompasses small, portable models up to large home-theater screens , as well as component screens for portable devices including mobile phones...
models.
Instant Replay in MLB actually had been used once before in the 1999 season during a
Florida MarlinsThe Florida Marlins are a professional baseball team based in Miami Gardens, Florida, United States. Established in 1993 as an expansion franchise, the Marlins are a member of the Eastern Division of Major League Baseball's National League...
home game at LandShark Stadium. This was the first instance in which instant replay was utilized in Major League Baseball. While playing the
St. Louis CardinalsThe St. Louis Cardinals are a professional baseball team based in St. Louis, Missouri. They are members of the Central Division in the National League of Major League Baseball...
,
Cliff FloydCornelius Clifford Floyd Jr. is a Major League Baseball outfielder who is currently in the san diego padres.-Early years:...
hit a ball off of the top of the left field scoreboard. Originally ruled a home run, NL Umpire
Frank PulliFrank Victor Pulli is a retired baseball umpire. His career started in 1972 and ended in 1999. During his career, he officiated in four World Series and two All-Star games....
reversed the call to a double, after consulting a TV monitor in the Marlins
dugoutDugout may refer to:*Dugout - underground shelter, see, e.g., ambush*Dugout - a synonym to logboat*Dugout - a marijuana container with smoking utensil *Dugout - location of the players' benches in baseball...
. The Cardinals would win the game, 5-2, and after the game, the Naional League Office declared the umpires erred in using Instant Replay. MLB would not use Instant Replay again for almost a decade.
Replay made its official, sanctioned MLB debut at
Tropicana FieldTropicana Field is a domed stadium in St. Petersburg, Florida, which has been the home of Major League Baseball's Tampa Bay Rays since 1998. It has also served as the host stadium for the St. Petersburg Bowl, an NCAA-sanctioned college football bowl game since December 2008.-1980s:After Tampa was...
on September 3,
2008The 2008 Major League Baseball season began on March 25, 2008 in Tokyo, Japan with the 2007 World Series champion Boston Red Sox defeating the Oakland Athletics at the Tokyo Dome 6-5 in the first game of a two-game series, and ended on September 30 with the host Chicago White Sox defeating the...
after
Alex RodriguezAlexander Emmanuel Rodriguez is a Dominican and American professional baseball player. Nicknamed "Alex" or "A-Rod," he currently plays third base for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball. He previously played shortstop for the Seattle Mariners and the Texas Rangers.Rodriguez is considered...
of the
New York YankeesThe New York Yankees are a professional baseball team based in the borough of the Bronx, in New York City, New York and are a member of Major League Baseball's American League East Division...
hit a ball near the left-field foul pole that was initially ruled a home run by third base umpire
Brian RungeBrian Edward Runge is an umpire in Major League Baseball who has worked in the National League in 1999 and throughout both major leagues since 2000. He wears uniform number 71. He has worked in the 2004 and 2007 American League Division Series...
.
Tampa Bay RaysThe Tampa Bay Rays are a Major League Baseball franchise based in St. Petersburg, Florida, and are the defending American League champions. The Rays are a member of the Eastern Division of MLB's American League...
managerIn baseball, the head coach of a team is called the manager ; this individual controls matters of team strategy on the field and team leadership. Managers are typically assisted by between one and six assistant coaches, whose responsibilities are specialized...
Joe MaddonJoseph John Maddon is the manager of the Tampa Bay Rays in Major League Baseball, having been appointed to that position on November 15, . He previously served as interim manager of the Anaheim Angels in both and , and was a long-time bench coach for the team.-Early life and career:Maddon...
and catcher
Dioner NavarroDioner Favian Navarro Vivas is a Major League Baseball catcher and switch-hitter who plays for the Tampa Bay Rays.Navarro is nicknamed "Little Pudge" due to his physical resemblance to catcher Iván Rodríguez...
argued that the ball was foul and asked for a review. After a conversation among the umpires, crew chief
Charlie RelifordCharles Harold Reliford is an umpire in American Major League Baseball. After working in the National League from 1989 to 1999, he has worked throughout both leagues since 2000. He wears uniform number 18.He began umpiring in the minor leagues in 1982, eventually reaching the American Association...
allowed the replay to take place and after review, upheld the home run call.
The first instance of an umpire's call being overturned by instant replay also occurred at
Tropicana FieldTropicana Field is a domed stadium in St. Petersburg, Florida, which has been the home of Major League Baseball's Tampa Bay Rays since 1998. It has also served as the host stadium for the St. Petersburg Bowl, an NCAA-sanctioned college football bowl game since December 2008.-1980s:After Tampa was...
. On September 19,
2008The 2008 Major League Baseball season began on March 25, 2008 in Tokyo, Japan with the 2007 World Series champion Boston Red Sox defeating the Oakland Athletics at the Tokyo Dome 6-5 in the first game of a two-game series, and ended on September 30 with the host Chicago White Sox defeating the...
, in the bottom of the 4th inning with two men on,
Carlos PeñaCarlos Felipe Peña is a left-handed first baseman for the Tampa Bay Rays.-Early life:Peña is the eldest of four children born to Felipe and Juana Peña...
of the Rays hit the ball just over the fence in right field. The umpires originally ruled that there was spectator interference, but after several minutes of viewing replays, the umpires returned to the field and signaled it a home run, extending the Rays' lead to 9-0 at that point.
Aside from the two aforementioned reviews at Tampa Bay, review was used four additional times during the 2008 regular season: twice at Houston, once at Seattle, and once at San Francisco.
On March 16, 2009, during the
2009 World Baseball ClassicThe 2009 World Baseball Classic was an international baseball competition. It is the only international baseball tournament to feature a large number of players from the major leagues of North America and Asia. It began on March 5, 2009, and finished March 23, 2009.Japan emerged victorious for the...
, instant replay appeared to have been used for the first time in the tournament's history at LandShark Stadium to give Venezuela a home run against Puerto Rico. The play in question involved the ball being hit into a space between the top of a left field wall and seats in the stadium only used for football games, with the ball coming back into the field of play. Initially ruled a base hit, the umpires went into the third-base side dugout where the replay would normally be reviewed. Crew chief
Ed RapuanoEdward Stephen Rapuano, Jr. is an umpire in Major League Baseball who has worked in the National League from 1990 to 1999 and throughout both major leagues since 2000. He has officiated in the World Series in 2001 and 2003, as well as the All-Star game in 1995 and 2008...
stated in a postgame press conference that there was never any replay, because the "war room" in New York City was unable to send him a replay of the play in question. The umpires, two from the United States and two from Japan, then worked with a translator to make a final ruling. Three of the four umpires said they believed it was a home run, and when third-base umpire Hitoshi Watarida was asked by Rapuano if he was "110 percent sure" that it was a home run, Watarida said yes. Nearly 10 minutes after first entering the dugout, the umpires returned to the field and awarded the Venezuelan team with a home run.
On June 19, instant replay was used twice in a game, during the game of the
Detroit TigersThe Detroit Tigers are a Major League Baseball team based in Detroit, Michigan. One of the American League's eight charter franchises, the club was founded in Detroit in . The Tigers have won four World Series championships and have won the American League pennant 10 times...
vs the
Milwaukee BrewersThe Milwaukee Brewers are a professional baseball team based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, currently playing in the Central Division of Major League Baseball's National League...
, the first time in league history.
Tennis
In
tennisTennis is a sport played between two players or between two teams of two players each . Each player uses a strung racquet to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over a net into the opponent's court....
, systems such as
MacCAMMacCAM is a system of slow-motion cameras developed by FastCAM Replay LLC and DEL Imaging Systems LLC used during Tennis matches to replay close or controversial line calls. The system named after "Johnny Mac" , who was famous for contesting referee calls...
Auto-Ref and
Hawk-EyeHawk-Eye is a computer system used in cricket, tennis and other sports to visually track the path of the ball and display a record of its most statistically likely path as a moving image . In some sports, like tennis, it is now part of the adjudication process. It is also used in some instances to...
are used to replay close or controversial line calls during network broadcasts of the game, although Hawk-Eye replays are 3D renderings and not actual footage. Starting in 2006, the
USTAThe United States Tennis Association is the national governing body for the sport of tennis in the United States. A not-for-profit organization with more than 700,000 members, it invests 100% of its proceeds to promote and develop the growth of tennis, from the grass-roots to the professional levels...
began using Hawk-Eye to allow players to challenge close calls in some professional matches, starting with the
NASDAQ-100 OpenThe Sony Ericsson Open is an annual tennis tournament for men and women held in Key Biscayne, Florida. The event is an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 event on the men's tour and a Premier Mandatory event on the women's tour. The tournament is played on hard courts at the Tennis Center at Crandon Park...
. Players are allowed two incorrect challenges per set, and one extra for a
tiebreakIn games and sports, a tiebreaker or tiebreak is used to determine a winner from among players or teams that are tied at the end of a contest, or a set of contests.-In matches:In some situations, the tiebreaker may consist of another round of play...
. This technology made its
Grand SlamThe four Grand Slam tournaments, also called the Majors, are the most important tennis events of the year in terms of world ranking points, tradition, prize-money awarded, and public attention. They are: Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open...
debut in the 2006 US Open. In 2007
WimbledonThe Championships, Wimbledon, or simply Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and is generally considered the most prestigious. It has been held at the All England Club in the London suburb of Wimbledon since 1877...
installed
Hawk-EyeHawk-Eye is a computer system used in cricket, tennis and other sports to visually track the path of the ball and display a record of its most statistically likely path as a moving image . In some sports, like tennis, it is now part of the adjudication process. It is also used in some instances to...
on centre court and court 1, leaving the older
CyclopsCyclops is a computer system conceived by British inventor Bill Carlton of Malta, which is used on the ATP and WTA professional tennis tours to help determine whether a serve is in or out....
on the remaining courts.
Rugby league
Instant replayA video referee A video referee A video referee (also known as the video umpire, instant replay official, television match official or third umpire, is a sports official called upon to help adjudicate a sports match using television footage. Video referees are used in many sports, including...
has been used for many years in
rugby leagueRugby league football is a full-contact form of football, played with a prolate spheroid ball by two teams of thirteen players on a rectangular grass field. Rugby league is one of the two codes of rugby football, the other being rugby union...
where it is known as the "video referee". Replay calls, from the referee, can vary from the correct grounding of a ball at a try or to decide whether a player is onside before they caught the ball, when they score. Decisions are usually relayed by a big screen and the referee communicating with the video referee through earpiece and microphone.
Rugby union
In
rugby unionRugby union is a full contact team sport, a form of football which originated in England in the early 19th century. One of the codes of rugby football, it is based on running with the ball in hand. It is played with an oval-shaped ball, outdoors on a level field, usually with a grass surface, 100 m...
, the video referee can only be called to adjudicate on a possible scoring play or events in the in-goal area. The decision to call on the video referee (now called "Television Match Official (TMO)" is made by the referee, then the call is made by the replay referee, who takes his place in the stand of the host team. He either tells the pitch referee by radio link-up or by the use of a big screen during televised matches. Unlike in the NFL, a coach cannot challenge a call made by the pitch referee.
Cricket
CricketCricket is a bat-and-ball team sport that is first documented as being played in southern England in the 16th century. By the end of the 18th century, cricket had developed to the point where it had become the national sport of England. The expansion of the British Empire led to cricket being...
also uses an
instant replayIn international cricket matches the third umpire is an off-field umpire who makes the final decision in questions referred to him by the two on-field umpires. Television replays are available to the third umpire to assist him in coming to a decision...
. It is used in the areas of run outs, stumpings, doubtful catches and whether the ball has crossed the boundary for a six or short of a four.
The
International Cricket CouncilThe International Cricket Council is the international governing body of cricket. It was founded as the Imperial Cricket Conference in 1909 by representatives from England, Australia and South Africa, renamed the International Cricket Conference in 1965, and took up its current name in 1989.The...
decided to trial a referral system during the Indian tour of Sri Lanka through late July and August 2008. This new referral system allows players to seek reviews, by the
third umpireIn international cricket matches the third umpire is an off-field umpire who makes the final decision in questions referred to him by the two on-field umpires. Television replays are available to the third umpire to assist him in coming to a decision...
, of decisions by the on-field umpires on whether or not a batsman has been
dismissedIn the sport of cricket, a dismissal occurs when the batsman is out . At this point a batsman must discontinue batting and leave the field permanently for the innings.-Role:Once dismissed, a batsman cannot score any more runs in that innings...
. Each team can make three unsuccessful requests per innings, which must be made within a few seconds of the ball becoming dead; once made, the requests cannot be withdrawn. Only the batsman involved in a dismissal can ask for a review of an "out" decision; in a "
not outIn cricket, not out is a term used on scorecards to signify that a batsman has not been dismissed when the innings is finished. At least one batsman will be not out at the end of an innings. In first class cricket, played over two innings per side, usually only one batsman is not out, as he will...
", only the captain or acting captain of the fielding team. In both cases players can consult on-field teammates but signals from off the field are not permitted.
A review request can be made by the player with a 'T' sign; the
umpireAn umpire in cricket is a person who has the authority to make decisions on the cricket field, according to the Laws of Cricket...
will consult the
TV umpireIn international cricket matches the third umpire is an off-field umpire who makes the final decision in questions referred to him by the two on-field umpires. Television replays are available to the third umpire to assist him in coming to a decision...
, who will review TV coverage of the incident before relaying back fact-based information. The field umpire can then either reverse his decision or stand by it; he indicates "out" with a raised finger and "not out" by crossing his hands in a horizontal position side to side in front and above his waist three times.
The TV umpire can use slow-motion, ultra-motion and super-slow replays, the mat, sound from the stump mics and approved ball tracking technology, which refers to
Hawk-EyeHawk-Eye is a computer system used in cricket, tennis and other sports to visually track the path of the ball and display a record of its most statistically likely path as a moving image . In some sports, like tennis, it is now part of the adjudication process. It is also used in some instances to...
technology that would only show the TV umpire where the ball pitched and where it hit the batsman's
legIn the sport of cricket, leg before wicket is one of the ways in which a batsman can be dismissed. An umpire will rule a batsman out LBW under a complex series of circumstances that primarily include the ball striking the batsman's body when it would otherwise have continued on to hit the...
and it is not to be used for predicting the height or the direction of the ball.
SnickoA Snickometer, commonly known as Snicko, is used in televising cricket to graphically analyse sound and video, and show whether a fine noise, or snick, occurs as ball passes bat. It was invented by English computer scientist Allan Plaskett in the mid-1990s...
and
Hot SpotHot Spot is an infra-red imaging system used in cricket to determine whether the ball has struck the batsman, bat or pad. Hot Spot is new technology that requires two infrared cameras on opposite sides of the ground above the field of play that are continuously recording an image...
are not to be used.
Rodeo
The Professional Bull Riders organisation, beginning with the 2006-07 season, has instituted an instant replay system in cooperation with the Versus network.
A bull rider, a fellow competitor, or a judge may request a replay review by filing a protest to the replay official within 30 seconds of any decision.
Any competitor (it does not have to be the rider who is riding the bull in question, as fellow riders can observe the action and spot fouls by bull or rider) may file the complaint to the replay official by sounding a signal at the arena and pay a fee of $500 to PBR before explaining to the replay official why he is filing the request.
The replay official (usually a former bull rider) may request different angles and/or slow motion, as well as freeze particular frames. The replay judge will use all available technology to assess the call in question and supply his ruling. This includes using his own hand-held stopwatch to time bull rides, as the official eight-second clock used in PBR competition starts when the bull usually exits the bucking chute.
The replay will be used to evaluate timing issues, fouls against the rider for touching the bull or ground with his free hand or using the fence to stay on the bull, or fouls by the bull, such as dragging the rider across the fence.
If an appeal is successful, the $500 is returned to the competitor filing the request. If the appeal is unsuccessful, the $500 is forfeited and sent to PBR charities such as the Resistol Relief Fund to assist injured bull riders.
Motor sports
NASCARThe National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing is a family-owned and operated business venture that sanctions and governs multiple auto racing sports events. It was founded by Bill France Sr. in 1947-48. As of 2009, the CEO for the company is Brian France, grandson of the late Bill France Sr...
utilizes instant replay to supplement their electronic scoring system. Video replays are used to review rules infractions and scoring disputes.
- Video replay is used to determine if a car has cross the pit
In motorsports, a pit stop is where a racing vehicle stops in the pits during a race for refuelling, new tires, repairs, mechanical adjustments, a driver change, or any combination of the above....
entrance before the pit was closed for a yellow flag.
- Video is used to supplement electronic scoring to determine the positions in which cars exit the pits (during cautions).
- Video is used to supplement electronic scoring to determine the final race positions (particularly the race winner) when a race ends with a caution flag on the final lap or under a green-white-checker finish
The green-white-checker finish is a rule implemented into many levels of automobile racing in the United States. When the race would otherwise end during a yellow-flag caution condition , this rule gives the field an attempt to finish the race under a green-flag, racing condition...
.
The
Indy Racing LeagueThe Indy Racing League, better known as IRL, is an American based open-wheel racing series sanctioning body.The League sanctions two series, the premier IndyCar Series , whose centerpiece is the Indianapolis 500, and Firestone Indy Lights, the official developmental series of the Indy...
utilizes video replay to supplement electronic scoring, primarily to confirm final finishing positions. At the
2008 Peak 300The 2008 Peak Antifreeze & Motor Oil Indy 300 was the seventeenth round of the 2008 IndyCar Series season. It took place on September 7, 2008.- Race :...
, the video system was used to overturn the original scoring of the winner. At the finish line,
Scott DixonScott Ronald Dixon, MNZM is a New Zealand motor racer who became the most successful all-time driver in the Indy Racing League championship in the United States when he won the Honda Indy 200 at Mid-Ohio in August 2009. This took his total to 20 wins...
was scored the winner due to a faulty transponder. However, after reviewing high-speed video replay, it was determined that
Helio CastronevesHélio Castroneves is a Brazilian auto racing driver currently competing in the North American IndyCar Series. In IndyCar competition, Castroneves has 14 wins and 28 poles, and has never placed lower than sixth in the standings in a complete season of racing...
was the winner by 0.0033 seconds (approximately 12⅛ inches).
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