Infrastructure asset management
Encyclopedia
Infrastructure asset management is the integrated, multi-disciplinary set of strategies in sustaining public infrastructure
assets such as water treatment
facilities, sewer lines
, roads, utility grids, bridges
, and railways. Generally, the process focuses on the later stages of a facility’s life cycle
specifically maintenance
, rehabilitation, and replacement. Asset management specifically uses software tools to organize and implement these strategies with the fundamental goal to preserve and extend the service life
of long-term infrastructure assets which are vital underlying components in maintaining the quality of life
in society and efficiency in the economy.
The first published use of the term asset management to refer to physical assets is not known for sure. The earliest adopter known for certain is Dr Penny Burns in 1984 (see the Asset Management History Project https://www.amqi.com/). The New Zealand Infrastructure Asset Management Manual published in 1996 is an early use of the specific term infrastructure asset management http://www.nams.org.nz/.
, local water treatment
facilities, electric transmission and utility lines, the need to sustain such infrastructure experiences mounting challenges. The current duress includes tight state and local budgets
, deferral of needed maintenance funding, and political pressures to cut public spending
. Today, shrinking federal appropriations
, progressively aging capital stock, and parochial statuses and interest groups have inhibited flexible procurement
strategies. And with the rise of design firm
s, professional societies, licensure
s, construction and industry associations
, and related specialties the management of the infrastructure system has dramatically altered. As a result the life cycle
of a facility, including Planning, Design, Construction, Operations, Maintenance, Upgrading, and Replacement, has become bifurcated between agencies and firms where Design and Construction becomes contracted separately from Operations and Maintenance. The push for more dual-track strategies and not segmented ones such as Design-Build
and Build-Operate-Transfer
helps in maintaining public facilities. Yet, over time, the government apparatus focused more on start-up capital expenses for constructing public assets without focused monies on maintenance.
After WWII, with the policies of the Roosevelt Administration
, economic boom of the 1950s, and rise in Federalism
, public projects became financed through direct government funding. Additionally, the federal government began setting criteria and procedures for architects and engineers to comply on federal construction and related projects. State and local statutes soon followed suit. Over the years, a large bureaucratic machine
began administering infrastructure projects through Design-Bid-Build
and debt financing
methods. This led to hyper-competition of federal, states, and localities over scant federal resources and overall fostered a limited approach in life-cycle attention (namely, no account of operation and maintenance). Asset management attempts to fill in the gaps of such fragmentation for better performance in infrastructure assets.
, and thereby maintain its performance. Typically, a long life cycle asset requires multiple intervention points including a combination of repair and maintenance activities and even overall rehabilitation. Costs decrease with planned maintenance rather than unplanned maintenance. Yet, excessive planned maintenance increases costs. Thus, a balance between the two must be recognized. While each improvement raises an asset’s condition curve, each rehabilitation resets an asset’s condition curve, and complete replacement returns condition curve to new level or upgraded level. Therefore, strategically timing these interventions will aid in extending an asset’s life cycle. A simple working definition of asset management would be: first, assess what you have; then, assess what condition it is in; and lastly, assess the financial burden to maintain it at a targeted condition.
Essential processes and activities for infrastructure asset management include the following: 1) Maintaining a systematic record of individual assets (an inventory) (e.g., acquisition cost, original service life, remaining useful life, physical condition, repair and maintenance consistency); 2) Developing a defined program for sustaining the aggregate body of assets through planned maintenance, repair, and replacement; 3) Implementing and managing information systems in support of these systems (e.g., Geographic Information Systems).
These processes and activities are interrelated and interdependent aspects that usually cross organizational boundaries including finance, engineering, and operations. Hence, asset management is a comprehensive approach in handling an immense portfolio of public and private capital stock. As example, in 2009, the IBM Maximo
software was adopted to manage the maintenance of rolling stock and facilities for three railway systems: the Long Island Railroad, San Francisco BART system
, Washington metrorail
. Also, recently, wireless sensors, totaling 663, have been installed on South Korea's Jindo Bridge
to detect structural cracks and corrosion. Though in a testing phase among three universities (in South Korea, U.S., and Japan), the use of wireless technology to may lend itself to future, cost-efficient asset management.
Statement No. 34 that required state and local entities to report in their accounting all infrastructure assets not only the privately financed ones such as water supply and utilities paid by user fees. This helps to determine an agency’s overall infrastructure asset inventory, timely assessment of physical condition, and annual projection of financial requirements. Additionally, the U.S. EPA’s Capacity, Management, Operation, and Maintenance (CMOM) initiative works to move away from the compliance-mandate enforcement to proactive partnership with public managers to self-audit their infrastructure systems in assessing capacity, management, and operations/maintenance.
Still other proponents for proactive management include judicial consent decrees for facility managers to resolve noncompliance with environmental standards set by EPA or state environmental protection
departments (i.e., laws against sewer overflows); post 9/11 security vulnerability analyses; funding legislation that specifies asset management as qualifying condition to receive/keep award; and professional organizations that are moving the industry to asset management through education
, research
, and workshops.
Despite the current challenges of the time’s financial constraints, one advantage is the growing availability of methodology
and technology
to employ asset management. But while municipalities have made significant investments and use of software tools in the last 20 years, they are mostly stand-alone systems with limited to no capability for sharing or exchanging information with other tools. Consequently, they operate in isolated silos of information across municipal departments
. Data has to be re-interpreted, transformed, and re-entered into different software tools several times leading to time-consuming, prone-to-error inefficiencies. Many in academia and industry recognize the need for integrated, multi-disciplinary asset management that involves: 1) systemization and coordination of work processes, 2) development of centralized share data repositories, and 3) organization of distributed software tools into modular, extensive-wide software environments.
The IIAM approach to infrastructure asset management is based upon the definition of a Standard of Service
(SoS) that describes how an asset
will perform in objective and measurable terms. The SoS includes the definition of a "minimum condition grade", which is established by considering the consequences of a failure of the infrastructure asset.
The key components of 'Infrastructure Asset Management' are:
(EAM) by incorporating the management of all things which are of value to a municipal jurisdiction and its citizen’s expectations. Public Asset Management is the term that considers the importance that public assets affect other public assets and work activities which are important sources of revenue for municipal governments and has various points of citizen interaction. The versatility and functionality of a GIS system allow for the control and management of all assets and land-focused activities. All public assets are interconnected and share proximity, and this connectivity is possible through the use of GIS. GIS-centric public asset management standardizes data and allows interoperability, providing users the capability to reuse, coordinate, and share information in an efficient and effective manner.
In the United States the de-facto GIS standard is the ESRI
GIS for utilities and municipalities. An ESRI GIS platform combined with the overall public asset management umbrella of both physical hard assets and soft assets helps remove the traditional silos of structured municipal functions which serves the citizens. While the hard assets are the typical physical assets or infrastructure assets, the soft assets of a municipality includes permit
s, license
, code enforcement
, right-of-way
s and other land-focused work activities. This definition of public asset management was coined and defined by Brian L. Haslam, President and CEO of a leading International ESRI GIS-centric Computerized Maintenance Management System
(CMMS) company located in Utah
whose software is certified by the National Association of GIS-Centric Solutions (NAGCS) http://www.NAGCS.org. GIS-centric public asset management is a system design approach for managing public assets that leverages the investment local governments continue to make in GIS and provides a common framework for sharing useful data from disparate systems. Permits, licenses, code enforcement, right-of-way, and other land-focused work activities are examples of land-focused public assets managed by municipal governments. These public assets occupy location just as in-the-ground or above-ground public assets do. Land-use development and planning is another area which is interconnected to other local government assets and work activities.
Public works
Public works are a broad category of projects, financed and constructed by the government, for recreational, employment, and health and safety uses in the greater community...
assets such as water treatment
Water treatment
Water treatment describes those processes used to make water more acceptable for a desired end-use. These can include use as drinking water, industrial processes, medical and many other uses. The goal of all water treatment process is to remove existing contaminants in the water, or reduce the...
facilities, sewer lines
Sewage
Sewage is water-carried waste, in solution or suspension, that is intended to be removed from a community. Also known as wastewater, it is more than 99% water and is characterized by volume or rate of flow, physical condition, chemical constituents and the bacteriological organisms that it contains...
, roads, utility grids, bridges
Bridge
A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle...
, and railways. Generally, the process focuses on the later stages of a facility’s life cycle
Life cycle
Life cycle or lifecycle may refer to: * Biological life cycle* Enterprise life cycle* Life cycle assessment* New product development* Product lifecycle , various meanings* Project life cycle...
specifically maintenance
Maintenance, Repair and Operations
Maintenance, repair, and operations or maintenance, repair, and overhaul involves fixing any sort of mechanical or electrical device should it become out of order or broken...
, rehabilitation, and replacement. Asset management specifically uses software tools to organize and implement these strategies with the fundamental goal to preserve and extend the service life
Service life
A product's service life is its expected lifetime, or the acceptable period of use in service. It is the time that any manufactured item can be expected to be 'serviceable' or supported by its manufacturer....
of long-term infrastructure assets which are vital underlying components in maintaining the quality of life
Quality of life
The term quality of life is used to evaluate the general well-being of individuals and societies. The term is used in a wide range of contexts, including the fields of international development, healthcare, and politics. Quality of life should not be confused with the concept of standard of...
in society and efficiency in the economy.
Term
Infrastructure asset management is a specific term of asset management focusing on physical, rather than financial assets. Sometimes the term infrastructure management is used to mean the same thing, most notably in title of The International Infrastructure Management Manual (2000, first edition). Where there is no problem of confusion, the term asset management is more widely used, as in the professional societies: the Asset Management Council in Australia, and the Institute of Asset Management in the UK. In this context, infrastructure is a wide term denoting road and rail, water, power, etc. assets.The first published use of the term asset management to refer to physical assets is not known for sure. The earliest adopter known for certain is Dr Penny Burns in 1984 (see the Asset Management History Project https://www.amqi.com/). The New Zealand Infrastructure Asset Management Manual published in 1996 is an early use of the specific term infrastructure asset management http://www.nams.org.nz/.
Current Situation
After decades of capital investment in U.S.'s infrastructure such as the Interstate Highway SystemInterstate Highway System
The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, , is a network of limited-access roads including freeways, highways, and expressways forming part of the National Highway System of the United States of America...
, local water treatment
Water treatment
Water treatment describes those processes used to make water more acceptable for a desired end-use. These can include use as drinking water, industrial processes, medical and many other uses. The goal of all water treatment process is to remove existing contaminants in the water, or reduce the...
facilities, electric transmission and utility lines, the need to sustain such infrastructure experiences mounting challenges. The current duress includes tight state and local budgets
Government budget
A government budget is a legal document that is often passed by the legislature, and approved by the chief executive-or president. For example, only certain types of revenue may be imposed and collected...
, deferral of needed maintenance funding, and political pressures to cut public spending
Government spending
Government spending includes all government consumption, investment but excludes transfer payments made by a state. Government acquisition of goods and services for current use to directly satisfy individual or collective needs of the members of the community is classed as government final...
. Today, shrinking federal appropriations
Appropriation (law)
In law and government, appropriation is the act of setting apart something for its application to a particular usage, to the exclusion of all other uses....
, progressively aging capital stock, and parochial statuses and interest groups have inhibited flexible procurement
Procurement
Procurement is the acquisition of goods or services. It is favourable that the goods/services are appropriate and that they are procured at the best possible cost to meet the needs of the purchaser in terms of quality and quantity, time, and location...
strategies. And with the rise of design firm
Design firm
A design firm is an organization that designs any of a variety of things, in one or more of the design fields, such as graphic design, web design, architecture, engineering, interior design, or industrial design....
s, professional societies, licensure
Licensure
Licensure refers to the granting of a license, which gives a "permission to practice." Such licenses are usually issued in order to regulate some activity that is deemed to be dangerous or a threat to the person or the public or which involves a high level of specialized skill...
s, construction and industry associations
Trade association
A trade association, also known as an industry trade group, business association or sector association, is an organization founded and funded by businesses that operate in a specific industry...
, and related specialties the management of the infrastructure system has dramatically altered. As a result the life cycle
Life cycle assessment
A life-cycle assessment is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life from-cradle-to-grave A life-cycle assessment (LCA, also known as life-cycle analysis, ecobalance, and cradle-to-grave analysis) is a technique to assess environmental impacts...
of a facility, including Planning, Design, Construction, Operations, Maintenance, Upgrading, and Replacement, has become bifurcated between agencies and firms where Design and Construction becomes contracted separately from Operations and Maintenance. The push for more dual-track strategies and not segmented ones such as Design-Build
Design-Build
Design-build is a project delivery system used in the construction industry. It is a method to deliver a project in which the design and construction services are contracted by a single entity known as the design–builder or design–build contractor...
and Build-Operate-Transfer
Build-Operate-Transfer
Build-own-operate-transfer or build-operate-transfer is a form of project financing, wherein a private entity receives a concession from the private or public sector to finance, design, construct, and operate a facility stated in the concession contract...
helps in maintaining public facilities. Yet, over time, the government apparatus focused more on start-up capital expenses for constructing public assets without focused monies on maintenance.
After WWII, with the policies of the Roosevelt Administration
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt , also known by his initials, FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war...
, economic boom of the 1950s, and rise in Federalism
Federalism
Federalism is a political concept in which a group of members are bound together by covenant with a governing representative head. The term "federalism" is also used to describe a system of the government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and...
, public projects became financed through direct government funding. Additionally, the federal government began setting criteria and procedures for architects and engineers to comply on federal construction and related projects. State and local statutes soon followed suit. Over the years, a large bureaucratic machine
Bureaucracy
A bureaucracy is an organization of non-elected officials of a governmental or organization who implement the rules, laws, and functions of their institution, and are occasionally characterized by officialism and red tape.-Weberian bureaucracy:...
began administering infrastructure projects through Design-Bid-Build
Design-Bid-Build
Design–bid–build , also known as Design–tender and traditional method, is a project delivery method in which the agency or owner contracts with separate entities for each the design and construction of a project.Design–bid–build is the traditional method for project...
and debt financing
Debt
A debt is an obligation owed by one party to a second party, the creditor; usually this refers to assets granted by the creditor to the debtor, but the term can also be used metaphorically to cover moral obligations and other interactions not based on economic value.A debt is created when a...
methods. This led to hyper-competition of federal, states, and localities over scant federal resources and overall fostered a limited approach in life-cycle attention (namely, no account of operation and maintenance). Asset management attempts to fill in the gaps of such fragmentation for better performance in infrastructure assets.
Processes and Activities
The basic premise of infrastructure asset management is to intervene at strategic points in an asset’s normal life cycle to extend the expected service lifeService life
A product's service life is its expected lifetime, or the acceptable period of use in service. It is the time that any manufactured item can be expected to be 'serviceable' or supported by its manufacturer....
, and thereby maintain its performance. Typically, a long life cycle asset requires multiple intervention points including a combination of repair and maintenance activities and even overall rehabilitation. Costs decrease with planned maintenance rather than unplanned maintenance. Yet, excessive planned maintenance increases costs. Thus, a balance between the two must be recognized. While each improvement raises an asset’s condition curve, each rehabilitation resets an asset’s condition curve, and complete replacement returns condition curve to new level or upgraded level. Therefore, strategically timing these interventions will aid in extending an asset’s life cycle. A simple working definition of asset management would be: first, assess what you have; then, assess what condition it is in; and lastly, assess the financial burden to maintain it at a targeted condition.
Essential processes and activities for infrastructure asset management include the following: 1) Maintaining a systematic record of individual assets (an inventory) (e.g., acquisition cost, original service life, remaining useful life, physical condition, repair and maintenance consistency); 2) Developing a defined program for sustaining the aggregate body of assets through planned maintenance, repair, and replacement; 3) Implementing and managing information systems in support of these systems (e.g., Geographic Information Systems).
These processes and activities are interrelated and interdependent aspects that usually cross organizational boundaries including finance, engineering, and operations. Hence, asset management is a comprehensive approach in handling an immense portfolio of public and private capital stock. As example, in 2009, the IBM Maximo
Maximo (MRO)
IBM Maximo Asset Management software provides asset lifecycle and maintenance management for all asset types on a single platform. It is used to help maximize the value of critical business and IT assets over their lifecycles with workflows by enforcing best practices that yield benefits for all...
software was adopted to manage the maintenance of rolling stock and facilities for three railway systems: the Long Island Railroad, San Francisco BART system
Bay Area Rapid Transit
Bay Area Rapid Transit is a rapid transit system serving the San Francisco Bay Area. The heavy-rail public transit and subway system connects San Francisco with cities in the East Bay and suburbs in northern San Mateo County. BART operates five lines on of track with 44 stations in four counties...
, Washington metrorail
Washington Metro
The Washington Metro, commonly called Metro, and unofficially Metrorail, is the rapid transit system in Washington, D.C., United States, and its surrounding suburbs. It is administered by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority , which also operates Metrobus service under the Metro name...
. Also, recently, wireless sensors, totaling 663, have been installed on South Korea's Jindo Bridge
Jindo Island
Jindo Island is the third largest island in South Korea. Together with a group of much smaller islands, it forms Jindo County.It is located in South Jeolla province, just off the southwest corner of the Korean peninsula...
to detect structural cracks and corrosion. Though in a testing phase among three universities (in South Korea, U.S., and Japan), the use of wireless technology to may lend itself to future, cost-efficient asset management.
Work Practices
Politically, many legal and governmental initiatives have emphasized proactive asset management given the current state of an aging infrastructure and fiscal challenges. Recent developments include the Governmental Accounting Standards BoardGovernmental Accounting Standards Board
The Governmental Accounting Standards Board is currently the source of generally accepted accounting principles used by State and Local governments in the United States of America...
Statement No. 34 that required state and local entities to report in their accounting all infrastructure assets not only the privately financed ones such as water supply and utilities paid by user fees. This helps to determine an agency’s overall infrastructure asset inventory, timely assessment of physical condition, and annual projection of financial requirements. Additionally, the U.S. EPA’s Capacity, Management, Operation, and Maintenance (CMOM) initiative works to move away from the compliance-mandate enforcement to proactive partnership with public managers to self-audit their infrastructure systems in assessing capacity, management, and operations/maintenance.
Still other proponents for proactive management include judicial consent decrees for facility managers to resolve noncompliance with environmental standards set by EPA or state environmental protection
Environmental protection
Environmental protection is a practice of protecting the environment, on individual, organizational or governmental level, for the benefit of the natural environment and humans. Due to the pressures of population and our technology the biophysical environment is being degraded, sometimes permanently...
departments (i.e., laws against sewer overflows); post 9/11 security vulnerability analyses; funding legislation that specifies asset management as qualifying condition to receive/keep award; and professional organizations that are moving the industry to asset management through education
Education
Education in its broadest, general sense is the means through which the aims and habits of a group of people lives on from one generation to the next. Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts...
, research
Research
Research can be defined as the scientific search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories, usually using a scientific method...
, and workshops.
Despite the current challenges of the time’s financial constraints, one advantage is the growing availability of methodology
Methodology
Methodology is generally a guideline for solving a problem, with specificcomponents such as phases, tasks, methods, techniques and tools . It can be defined also as follows:...
and technology
Technology
Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures. The word technology comes ;...
to employ asset management. But while municipalities have made significant investments and use of software tools in the last 20 years, they are mostly stand-alone systems with limited to no capability for sharing or exchanging information with other tools. Consequently, they operate in isolated silos of information across municipal departments
Municipality
A municipality is essentially an urban administrative division having corporate status and usually powers of self-government. It can also be used to mean the governing body of a municipality. A municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to a special-purpose district...
. Data has to be re-interpreted, transformed, and re-entered into different software tools several times leading to time-consuming, prone-to-error inefficiencies. Many in academia and industry recognize the need for integrated, multi-disciplinary asset management that involves: 1) systemization and coordination of work processes, 2) development of centralized share data repositories, and 3) organization of distributed software tools into modular, extensive-wide software environments.
IIAM Approach
The Institute of Infrastructure Asset Management (IIAM), a USA based transport consultancy, works to promote the same issues and collaborates with other organizations, such as in the INFRAASSETS2010 conference in Malaysia, in management of public assets.The IIAM approach to infrastructure asset management is based upon the definition of a Standard of Service
Standard of service
A Standard of Service is used in Infrastructure Asset Management to define the service that a customer is entitled to receive. Examples could be:...
(SoS) that describes how an asset
Asset
In financial accounting, assets are economic resources. Anything tangible or intangible that is capable of being owned or controlled to produce value and that is held to have positive economic value is considered an asset...
will perform in objective and measurable terms. The SoS includes the definition of a "minimum condition grade", which is established by considering the consequences of a failure of the infrastructure asset.
The key components of 'Infrastructure Asset Management' are:
- Definition of a Standard of ServiceStandard of serviceA Standard of Service is used in Infrastructure Asset Management to define the service that a customer is entitled to receive. Examples could be:...
- Establishment of measurable specifications of how the asset should perform
- Establishment of a minimum condition grade
- Establishment of a whole-life costWhole-life costWhole-life cost, or Life-cycle cost , refers to the total cost of ownership over the life of an asset . Also commonly referred to as "cradle to grave" or "womb to tomb" costs. Costs considered include the financial cost which is relatively simple to calculate and also the environmental and...
approach to managing the asset - Elaboration of an Asset Management PlanAsset Management PlanAn Asset Management Plan is a tactical plan for managing an organisation's infrastructure and other assets to deliver an agreed standard of service...
GIS System
Public asset management expands the definition of Enterprise Asset ManagementEnterprise Asset Management
Enterprise asset management means the whole life optimal management of the physical assets of an organization to maximize value. It covers such things as the design, construction, commissioning, operations, maintenance and decommissioning/replacement of plant, equipment and facilities...
(EAM) by incorporating the management of all things which are of value to a municipal jurisdiction and its citizen’s expectations. Public Asset Management is the term that considers the importance that public assets affect other public assets and work activities which are important sources of revenue for municipal governments and has various points of citizen interaction. The versatility and functionality of a GIS system allow for the control and management of all assets and land-focused activities. All public assets are interconnected and share proximity, and this connectivity is possible through the use of GIS. GIS-centric public asset management standardizes data and allows interoperability, providing users the capability to reuse, coordinate, and share information in an efficient and effective manner.
In the United States the de-facto GIS standard is the ESRI
ESRI
Esri is a software development and services company providing Geographic Information System software and geodatabase management applications. The headquarters of Esri is in Redlands, California....
GIS for utilities and municipalities. An ESRI GIS platform combined with the overall public asset management umbrella of both physical hard assets and soft assets helps remove the traditional silos of structured municipal functions which serves the citizens. While the hard assets are the typical physical assets or infrastructure assets, the soft assets of a municipality includes permit
Permit
Permit may refer to:*Permit *Various legal licenses:*License*Work permit*Learner's permit*Permit to travel*Construction permit*Home Return Permit*One-way Permit*Permit is the common name for the Trachinotus falcatus, a type of Pompano....
s, license
License
The verb license or grant licence means to give permission. The noun license or licence refers to that permission as well as to the document recording that permission.A license may be granted by a party to another party as an element of an agreement...
, code enforcement
Code Enforcement
Code enforcement, sometimes encompassing law enforcement, is the act of enforcing a set of rules, principles, or laws and insuring observance of a system of norms or customs. An authority usually enforces a civil code, a set of rules, or a body of laws and compel those subject to their authority...
, right-of-way
Right-of-way
Right-of-way or right of way may refer to:*Right of way , legally granted access*Right-of-way , a strip of land granted for a transportation facility...
s and other land-focused work activities. This definition of public asset management was coined and defined by Brian L. Haslam, President and CEO of a leading International ESRI GIS-centric Computerized Maintenance Management System
Computerized Maintenance Management System
Computerized maintenance management system is also known as enterprise asset management and computerized maintenance management information system ....
(CMMS) company located in Utah
Utah
Utah is a state in the Western United States. It was the 45th state to join the Union, on January 4, 1896. Approximately 80% of Utah's 2,763,885 people live along the Wasatch Front, centering on Salt Lake City. This leaves vast expanses of the state nearly uninhabited, making the population the...
whose software is certified by the National Association of GIS-Centric Solutions (NAGCS) http://www.NAGCS.org. GIS-centric public asset management is a system design approach for managing public assets that leverages the investment local governments continue to make in GIS and provides a common framework for sharing useful data from disparate systems. Permits, licenses, code enforcement, right-of-way, and other land-focused work activities are examples of land-focused public assets managed by municipal governments. These public assets occupy location just as in-the-ground or above-ground public assets do. Land-use development and planning is another area which is interconnected to other local government assets and work activities.
See also
- Design-BuildDesign-BuildDesign-build is a project delivery system used in the construction industry. It is a method to deliver a project in which the design and construction services are contracted by a single entity known as the design–builder or design–build contractor...
- Government GovernmentGovernment refers to the legislators, administrators, and arbitrators in the administrative bureaucracy who control a state at a given time, and to the system of government by which they are organized...
- Life cycle assessmentLife cycle assessmentA life-cycle assessment is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life from-cradle-to-grave A life-cycle assessment (LCA, also known as life-cycle analysis, ecobalance, and cradle-to-grave analysis) is a technique to assess environmental impacts...
- InfrastructureInfrastructureInfrastructure is basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise, or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function...
- PAS 55PAS 55PAS 55 - Optimal management of physical assets is a Publicly Available Specification published by the British Standards Institution.This PAS gives guidance and a 28-point requirements checklist of good practices in physical asset management; typically this is relevant to gas, electricity and water...
- Public goodPublic goodIn economics, a public good is a good that is non-rival and non-excludable. Non-rivalry means that consumption of the good by one individual does not reduce availability of the good for consumption by others; and non-excludability means that no one can be effectively excluded from using the good...
- Enterprise Asset ManagementEnterprise Asset ManagementEnterprise asset management means the whole life optimal management of the physical assets of an organization to maximize value. It covers such things as the design, construction, commissioning, operations, maintenance and decommissioning/replacement of plant, equipment and facilities...
External links
- Institute of Asset Management (IAM): http://www.theiam.org
- Asset Management Council: http://www.amcouncil.com.au
- European Federation of National Maintenance Societies (EFNMS): http://www.efnms.org
- Institute for Infrastructure Asset Management (IIAM): http://www.infrastructureinstitute.org/gateway.php