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Industrial process
 
 
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Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical
Chemistry

Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions....
 or mechanical
Mechanization

Mechanization or mechanisation is providing human operators with machinery to assist them with the physical requirements of work. It can also refer to the use of machines to replace manual labor or animals....
 steps to aid in the manufacture of an item or items, usually carried out on a very large scale.

Industrial processes are the key components of heavy industry
Industry

An industry is the manufacturing of a Good or Service within a category. Although industry is a broad term for any kind of economic production, in economics and urban planning industry is a synonym for the secondary sector, which is a type of economic activity involved in the manufacturing of raw materials into goods and products....
.

Most processes make the production of an otherwise rare material vastly cheaper, thus changing it into a commodity
Commodity

A commodity is anything for which there is demand, but which is supplied without qualitative product differentiation across a market. It is a product that is the same no matter who produces it, such as petroleum, notebook paper, or milk....
; i.e. the process makes it economically feasible for society to use the material on a large scales, in machinery, or a substantial amount of raw materials, in comparison to batch or craft
Craft

A craft is a skill, especially involving practical The Arts. It may refer to a trade or particular art.The terms is often used as part of a longer word ....
 processes.






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Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical
Chemistry

Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions....
 or mechanical
Mechanization

Mechanization or mechanisation is providing human operators with machinery to assist them with the physical requirements of work. It can also refer to the use of machines to replace manual labor or animals....
 steps to aid in the manufacture of an item or items, usually carried out on a very large scale.

Industrial processes are the key components of heavy industry
Industry

An industry is the manufacturing of a Good or Service within a category. Although industry is a broad term for any kind of economic production, in economics and urban planning industry is a synonym for the secondary sector, which is a type of economic activity involved in the manufacturing of raw materials into goods and products....
.

Most processes make the production of an otherwise rare material vastly cheaper, thus changing it into a commodity
Commodity

A commodity is anything for which there is demand, but which is supplied without qualitative product differentiation across a market. It is a product that is the same no matter who produces it, such as petroleum, notebook paper, or milk....
; i.e. the process makes it economically feasible for society to use the material on a large scales, in machinery, or a substantial amount of raw materials, in comparison to batch or craft
Craft

A craft is a skill, especially involving practical The Arts. It may refer to a trade or particular art.The terms is often used as part of a longer word ....
 processes. Production of a specific material may involve more than one type of process. Mhost industrial processes result in both a desired product(s) and by-product
By-product

A by-product is a secondary or incidental product deriving from a manufacturing process, a chemical reaction or a biochemical pathway, and is not the primary product or service being produced....
s, many of which are toxic, hazardous, or hard to deal with. Very, very few processes are self-contained.

General processes

These may be applied on their own, or as part of a larger process.
  • Liquefaction of gases
    Liquefaction of gases

    Liquefaction of gases includes a number of phases used to convert a gas into a liquid state. The processes are used for scientific, industrial and commercial purposes....
     - for ease of transportation
  • Supercritical drying
    Supercritical drying

    Supercritical drying is a process to remove liquid in a precisely controlled way, similar to freeze drying. It is useful in the production of Microelectromechanical systems , in the drying of spices, is commonly used in the production of aerogel and in the preparation of biological specimens for scanning electron microscope....
    , Freeze drying
    Freeze drying

    Freeze-drying is a dehydration process typically used to Food preservation a perishable material or make the material more convenient for transport....
     - removal of excess liquid
  • Scrubber
    Scrubber

    Scrubber systems are a diverse group of air pollution control devices that can be used to remove some particulates and/or gases from industrial exhaust streams....
     - removing of pollution from exhaust gases


Chemical processes

  • Smelting
    Smelting

    Smelting is a form of extractive metallurgy; its main use is to produce a metal from its ore. This includes iron extraction from iron ore, and copper extraction and other base metals from their ores....
     - chemically enhancing metals
  • Disinfection
    Disinfection

    Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms, the process of which is known as disinfection....
     - chemical treatment to kill bacteria and viruses
  • Pyroprocessing
    Pyroprocessing

    Pyroprocessing is a process in which materials are subjected to high temperatures in order to bring about a chemical or physical change. Pyroprocessing includes such terms as roasting , calcination and sintering....
     - using heat to chemically combine materials, such as in cement
    Cement kiln

    Cement kilns are used for the pyroprocessing stage of manufacture of Portland cement and other types of hydraulic cement, in which calcium carbonate reacts with silicon dioxide-bearing minerals to form a mixture of calcium silicates....
    .


Electrolysis

The availability of electricity and its effect on materials gave rise to several processes for plating or separating metals.
  • Gilding
    Gilding

    Gilding is the technique of applying a thin layer of gold to a surface. Gilding is performed through a mechanical process, known as leafing, or using one of many chemical processes....
    , Electroplating
    Electroplating

    Electroplating is a plating process that uses electrical direct current to redox cations of a desired material from a solution and coat a electrical conductivity object with a thin layer of the material, such as a metal....
    , Anodization, Electrowinning
    Electrowinning

    File:Electrorefining technology anl gov.jpgElectrowinning, also called electroextraction, is the electrodeposition of metals from their ores that have been put in solution or liquefied....
     - depositing a material on an electrode
  • Electropolishing
    Electropolishing

    Electropolishing, also referred to as electrochemical polishing, is an electrochemical process that removes material from a metallic workpiece....
     - the reverse of electroplating
  • Electrofocusing - similar to electroplating, but separating molecules
  • Electrolytic process
    Electrolytic process

    An electrolytic process is the use of electrolysis industrially to refine metals or compounds at a high purity and low cost. Some examples are the Hall-H?roult process used for aluminium, or the production of hydrogen from water....
     - the generic process of using electrolysis
  • Electrophoretic deposition
    Electrophoretic deposition

    Electrophoretic deposition , is a term for a broad range of industrial processes which includes electrocoating, cathodic electrodeposition, and electrophoretic coating, or electrophoretic painting....
     - electrolytic deposition of colloidal particals in a liquid medium
  • Electrotyping
    Electrotyping

    Electrotyping is an application of the art of electroplating to typography, used for making duplicate plates for relief printing . In copying engraved plates for printing purposes, copper may be deposited upon the original plate, the surface of which is first rendered slightly dirty, by means of a weak solution of wax in turpentine or otherw...
     - using electroplating to produce printing plates
  • Metallizing
    Metallizing

    Metallizing is the general name for the technique of coating metal on the surface of non-metallic objects. Because a non-metallic object tends to be a poor electrical Conductor , the object's surface must be made conductive before plating can be performed....
    , Plating
    Plating

    Plating describes surface-covering where a metal is deposited on a conductive surface. Plating has been done for hundreds of years, but it is also critical for modern technology....
    , Spin coating
    Spin coating

    Spin coating is a procedure used to apply uniform thin films to flat Substrate s. In short, an excess amount of a solution is placed on the substrate, which is then rotated at high speed in order to spread the fluid by centrifugal force....
     - the generic term for giving non-metals a metallic coating

Physical processes

There are several physical processes
Physical change

Physical change is a concept introduced to contrast with the concept of chemical change. A physical change is any change not involving a change in the substance's chemical identity....
 for reshaping a material by cutting, folding, joining or polishing, developed on a large scale from workshop techniques.
  • Forge
    Forge

    A forge is the workplace of a smith or a blacksmith. A forge is sometimes referred to as a smithy.The basic smithy contains a forge, also known as a hearth, for heating metals....
     - the shaping of metal by use of heat and hammer
  • Casting
    Casting

    In metalworking, casting involves pouring a liquid metal into a Mold_, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then is allowed to solidify....
     - shaping of metal by melting, pouring into moulds and solidifying
  • Machining
    Machining

    Conventional machining, one of the most important material removal methods, is a collection of material-working processes in which power-driven machine tools, such as Lathe s, milling machines, and drill presses are used with a sharp cutting tool to mechanically cut the material to achieve the desired geometry....
     - the mechanical cutting and shaping of metal
  • Progressive stamping
    Progressive stamping

    Progressive stamping is a metalworking method that can encompass punching, coining , bending and several other ways of modifying metal raw material, combined with an automatic feeding system....
     - the production of components from a strip or roll
  • Hydroforming
    Hydroforming

    Hydroforming is a cost-effective way of shaping malleable metals such as aluminum or brass into lightweight, structurally stiff and strong pieces....
     - a tube of metal is expanded into a mould under pressure
  • Sandblasting
    Sandblasting

    Sandblasting or bead blasting is a generic term for the process of smoothing, shaping and cleaning a hard surface by forcing solid particles across that surface at high speeds; the effect is similar to that of using sandpaper, but provides a more even finish with no problems at corners or crannies....
     - cleaning of a surface using sand or other particles
  • Soldering
    Soldering

    Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a relatively low melting point....
    , Brazing
    Brazing

    Brazing is a joining process whereby a filler metal or alloy is heated to melting temperature above ?or, by the traditional definition in the United States, above ?and distributed between two or more close-fitting parts by capillary action....
    , Welding
    Welding

    Welding is a fabrication or sculpture process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence . This is often done by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material that cools to become a strong joint, with pressure sometimes used in conjunction with heat, or by itself,...
     - a process for joining metals
  • Tumble polishing
    Tumble polishing

    Tumble finishing, also known as tumbling, is a technique for smoothing and polishing a rough surface on relatively small parts. In the field of metalworking, a similar process called barreling, or barrel finishing, works upon the same principles....
     - for polishing
  • Precipitation hardening - heat treatment used to strengthen malleable materials
  • Work hardening
    Work hardening

    Work hardening, strain hardening, or cold work is the strength of materials by, macroscopically speaking, plastic deformation . As the material becomes increasingly saturated with new dislocations, more dislocations are prevented from nucleating ....
     - adding strength to metals, alloys, etc.
  • Case hardening
    Case hardening

    Case hardening or surface hardening is the process of Hardening the surface of a metal, often a low carbon steel, by infusing elements into the material's surface, forming a thin layer of a harder alloy....
    , Differential hardening
    Differential hardening

    Differential hardening is a method used in forging swords and knife to increase the hardness of the edge without making the whole blade brittle....
    , Shot peening
    Shot peening

    Shot peening is a process used to produce a compressive Stress #Residual_stress layer and modify mechanical properties of metals. It entails impacting a surface with shot with force sufficient to create plastic deformation....
     - creating a wear resistant surface
  • Die cutting
    Die (manufacturing)

    A die is a specialized tool used in manufacturing industries to cut, shape and form a wide variety of products and components. Like Molding and templates, dies are generally customized and uniquely matched to the product they are used to create....
     - A "forme" or "die" is pressed onto a flat material to cut, score, punch and otherwise shape the material.


Moulding

The physical shaping of materials by forming their liquid form using a mould.
  • Casting
    Casting

    In metalworking, casting involves pouring a liquid metal into a Mold_, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then is allowed to solidify....
    , Sand casting
    Sand casting

    A sand casting or a sand molded casting is a casting produced by forming a mold from a sand mixture and pouring molten liquid metal into the cavity in the Molding ....
     - the shaping of molten metal or plastics using a mould
  • Sintering
    Sintering

    Sintering is a method for making objects from Powder , by heating the material below its melting point until its particles adhesion to each other....
    , Powder metallurgy
    Powder metallurgy

    Powder metallurgy is a forming and fabrication technique consisting of three major processing stages. First, the primary material is physically Powder , divided into many small individual particles....
     - the making of objects from metal or ceramic powder
  • Blow moulding as in plastic containers or in the Glass Container Industry - making hollow objects by blowing them into a mould.


Separation

Many materials exist in an impure form, purification, or separation provides a usable product.
  • Froth flotation
    Froth flotation

    Froth flotation is a process for selectively separating hydrophobic materials from hydrophilic. This is used in several processing industries. Historically this was first used in the mining industry....
    , flotation process
    Flotation process

    Flotation process is a method of separation process widely used in the wastewater treatment and mineral processing industries.Various flotation processes include the following:...
     - separating minerals through floatation
  • Fractional distillation
    Fractional distillation

    Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, such as in separating chemical compound by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which several fractions of the compound will evaporate....
    , Vacuum distillation
    Vacuum distillation

    Vacuum distillation is a method of distillation whereby the pressure above the liquid mixture to be distilled is reduced to less than its vapor pressure causing evaporation of the most volatile liquid ....
     - separating materials by their boiling point
  • Solvent extraction - dissolving one substance in another
  • Frasch process
    Frasch process

    The Frasch process is a method to extract sulfur from underground deposits. Most of the world's sulfur is obtained this way.Holes are drilled down through the overlying rock into the sulfur deposits....
     - for extracting molten sulfur from the ground


Iron and Steel

Early production of iron
Iron

Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. Iron is a Group 8 element and period 4 element. Iron is lustrous and silvery in color....
 was from meteorites, or as a by-product of copper
Copper

Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29.It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity....
 refining. Heating iron ore and carbon in a crucible at 1000 K produces wrought iron
Wrought iron

Wrought iron is commercially pure iron. In contrast to steel, it has a very low carbon content. It is a fibrous material due to the slag Inclusion ....
. This process gained popularity during the Iron Age
Iron Age

In archaeology, the Iron Age was the stage in the development of any people in which tools and weapons whose main ingredient was iron were prominent....
. Temperatures of 1300 K were produced around the 8th century by blowing air through the heated mixture in a bloomery
Bloomery

A bloomery is a type of furnace once widely used for smelting iron from its iron oxides. The bloomery was the earliest form of smelter capable of smelting iron....
 or blast furnace
Blast furnace

A blast furnace is a type of metallurgy furnace used for smelting to produce metals, generally iron.In a blast furnace, fuel and ore are continuously supplied through the top of the furnace, while air is blown into the bottom of the chamber, so that the chemical reactions take place throughout the furnace as the material moves downward....
 (12th century); producing a strong but brittle cast iron
Cast iron

Cast iron usually refers to Gray iron, but also identifies a large group of ferrous alloys, which solidify with a eutectic. The color of a fractured surface can be used to identify an alloy....
. Furnaces were growing bigger, producing greater quantities; a factor contributing to the Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomics and cultural conditions in United Kingdom....
. In 1740 the temperature and carbon content could be controlled sufficiently to consistently produce steel
Steel

Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon content between 0.2% and 2.14% by weight , depending on grade. Carbon is the most cost-effective alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten....
; very strong and very workable. The 19th century saw the development of electric arc furnace
Electric arc furnace

An is a furnace that heats charged material by means of an electric arc.Arc furnaces range in size from small units of approximately one ton capacity up to about 400 ton units used for secondary steelmaking....
s that produced steel in very large quantities, and are more easily controlled.

  • Smelting
    Smelting

    Smelting is a form of extractive metallurgy; its main use is to produce a metal from its ore. This includes iron extraction from iron ore, and copper extraction and other base metals from their ores....
     - the generic process used in furnaces to produce steel, copper, etc.
  • Catalan forge, Open hearth furnace
    Open hearth furnace

    Open hearth furnaces are one of a number of kinds of furnace where excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of the pig iron to Steelmaking....
    , Bloomery
    Bloomery

    A bloomery is a type of furnace once widely used for smelting iron from its iron oxides. The bloomery was the earliest form of smelter capable of smelting iron....
    , Siemens regenerative furnace - produced wrought iron
  • Blast furnace
    Blast furnace

    A blast furnace is a type of metallurgy furnace used for smelting to produce metals, generally iron.In a blast furnace, fuel and ore are continuously supplied through the top of the furnace, while air is blown into the bottom of the chamber, so that the chemical reactions take place throughout the furnace as the material moves downward....
     - produced cast iron
  • Direct Reduction - produced direct reduced iron
    Direct reduced iron

    Direct-reduced iron , also called sponge iron , is produced from direct Reduction of iron ore by a reducing gas produced from natural gas or coal....
  • Crucible steel
    Crucible steel

    Crucible steel describes a number of different techniques for making steel alloy by slowly heating and cooling pure iron and carbon in a crucible....
  • Cementation process
    Cementation process

    The cementation process is an obsolete technique for making steel by carburization of iron. Unlike modern steelmaking it increased the amount of carbon in the iron....
  • Bessemer process
    Bessemer process

    The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. The process is named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the process in 1855....
  • Basic oxygen steelmaking
    Basic oxygen steelmaking

    is a method of primary steelmaking in which carbon-rich molten pig iron is made into steel. The LD-converter is named after the Austrian placenames Linz and Donawitz ....
    , Linz-Donawitz process
  • Electric arc furnace
    Electric arc furnace

    An is a furnace that heats charged material by means of an electric arc.Arc furnaces range in size from small units of approximately one ton capacity up to about 400 ton units used for secondary steelmaking....


Petroleum and organic compounds

The nature of an organic molecule means it can be transformed at the molecular level to create a range of products.
  • Cracking (chemistry)
    Cracking (chemistry)

    In petroleum geology and chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic compound molecules such as kerogens or heavy hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules by the breaking of carbon-carbon chemical bond in the precursors....
     - the generic term for breaking up the larger molecules.
  • Alkylation
    Alkylation

    Alkylation is the transfer of an alkyl group from one molecule to another. The alkyl group may be transferred as an alkyl carbocation, a free radical, a carbanion or a carbene ....
     - refining of crude oil
  • Burton process
    Burton process

    The Burton process is a Cracking process invented by William Merriam Burton and Robert Humphrey.The oil industry used it to double the production of gasoline in 1913....
     - cracking of hydrocarbons
  • Cumene process
    Cumene process

    Cumene process is an industrial process for developing phenol and acetone from benzene and propylene. The term stems from cumene , the intermediate material during the process....
     - making phenol and acetone from benzene
  • Friedel-Crafts reaction
    Friedel-Crafts reaction

    The Friedel-Crafts reactions are a set of organic reaction developed by Charles Friedel and James Crafts in 1877. There are two main types of Friedel-Crafts reactions: alkylation reactions and acylation reactions....
    , Kolbe-Schmitt reaction
    Kolbe-Schmitt reaction

    The Kolbe-Schmitt reaction/Kolbe process is a carboxylation chemical reaction that proceeds by heating sodium phenolate with carbon dioxide under pressure , then treating the product with sulfuric acid....
  • Olefin metathesis
    Olefin metathesis

    Olefin metathesis or transalkylidenation is an organic reaction that entails redistribution of alkylene fragments by the scission of carbon - carbon chemical bond in olefins....
    , Thermal depolymerization
    Thermal depolymerization

    Thermal depolymerization is a process using hydrous pyrolysis for the reduction of complex organic materials into light crude oil. It mimics the natural geology processes thought to be involved in the production of fossil fuels....
  • Transesterification
    Transesterification

    In organic chemistry, transesterification is the process of exchanging the alcohol group of an ester compound with another alcohol. These reactions are often catalyst by the addition of an acid or base ....
     - organic chemicals
  • Raschig process
    Raschig process

    The Raschig process is a chemical process for producing hydroxylamine . The process converts ammonium carbonate to ammonium nitrite, and this is converted to hydroxylamine disulfonate and thence to hydroxylamine sulfate....
    , Ketazine process
    Ketazine process

    The Ketazine process is used commercially to produce hydrazine. It is a variation of the Raschig process, in which ammonia is oxidized by chlorine or chloramine in the presence of aliphatic ketones, usually acetone....
    , Peroxide process
    Peroxide process

    The peroxide process produces hydrazine, it is a variant of the Raschig process in which hydrogen peroxide is used to oxidize ammonia in the presence of a ketone....
     - part of the process to produce nylon
  • Formox process
    Formox process

    The Formox process produces formaldehyde. FORMOX is a worldwide registered trademark owned by Perstorp Specialty Chemicals AB, Sweden .Industrially, formaldehyde is produced by Catalysis oxidation of methanol....
     - the oxidation of methanol to produce formaldehyde.


Others

Organized by product:
  • Aluminium
    Aluminium

    Aluminium or aluminum is a silvery white and ductile member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al; its atomic number is 13....
     - (Deville process
    Deville process

    The Deville process was the first industrial process used to produce alumina from bauxite.The Frenchman Henri Sainte-Claire Deville invented the process in 1859....
    , Bayer process
    Bayer process

    The Bayer process is the principal industrial means of refining bauxite to produce alumina.Bauxite, the most important ore of aluminium, contains only 30-54% alumina, Al2O3, the rest being a mixture of silica, various iron oxides, and titanium dioxide....
    , Hall-Héroult process
    Hall-Héroult process

    The Hall-H?roult process is the major industrial process for the production of aluminium. It involves dissolving alumina in molten cryolite, and electrolysing the solution to obtain pure aluminium metal....
    , Wöhler process
    Wöhler process

    W?hler process was used in the production of aluminium. It involved the reduction of anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium, and produced powdered aluminium....
    )
  • Ammonia
    Ammonia

    Ammonia is a chemical compound with the chemical formula nitrogenhydrogen. It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor....
    , used in fertilizer & explosives - (Haber process
    Haber process

    The Haber process, also called the Haber?Bosch process, is the nitrogen fixation reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen, over an enriched iron Catalysis, to produce ammonia....
    )
  • Bromine
    Bromine

    Bromine , , meaning "stench " ), is a chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. A halogen element, bromine is a reddish-brown Volatility liquid at Standard conditions for temperature and pressure that is intermediate in reactivity between chlorine and iodine....
     - (Dow process
    Dow process

    The Dow process is the electrolysis method of bromine extraction from brine, and was Herbert Henry Dow's second revolutionary process for generating bromine commercially....
    )
  • Chlorine
    Chlorine

    Chlorine...
    , used in chemicals - (Chloralkali process
    Chloralkali process

    A chloralkali process always implies the electrolysis of common salt or sodium chloride. Depending on the method several products beside hydrogen can be produced....
    , Weldon process
    Weldon process

    The Weldon process is a process developed in 1870 by Walter Weldon for recovering manganese dioxide for re-use in chlorine manufacture.After reacting hydrochloric acid with manganese dioxide , the waste manganese chloride solution is treated with lime, steam and oxygen, producing calcium manganite :...
    )
  • Fat
    Fat

    Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water. Chemistry, fats are generally ester of glycerol and fatty acids....
     - (Rendering
    Rendering (industrial)

    Rendering is a process that converts waste animal biological tissue into stable, value-added materials. Rendering can refer to any processing of animal byproducts into more useful materials, or more narrowly to the rendering of whole animal fatty tissue into purified fats like lard or tallow....
    )
  • Fertilizer
    Fertilizer

    Fertilizers are chemical compounds given to plants to promote growth; they are usually applied either through the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar feeding, for uptake through leaves....
     - (Nitrophosphate process
    Nitrophosphate process

    The nitrophosphate process was a method for the industrial production of nitrogen fertilizers invented by Erling Johnson in the city of Odda, Norway around 1927....
    )
  • Gold
    Gold

    Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and atomic number 79. It is a highly sought-after precious metal, having been used as money, as a store of value, in jewelry, in sculpture, and for ornamentation since the beginning of recorded history....
     - (Bacterial oxidation
    Bacterial oxidation

    Bacterial oxidation is a biohydrometallurgy process developed for pre-cyanidation treatment of refractory gold ores or concentrates. The bacterial culture is a mixed culture of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Thiobacillus thiooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans....
    )
  • Heavy Water
    Heavy water

    Heavy water is water that contains a higher proportion than normal of the isotope deuterium, as deuterium oxide, D2O or ?H2O, or as deuterium protium oxide, HDO or ?H?HO....
    , used to refine radioactive products - (Girdler sulfide process
    Girdler sulfide process

    The Girdler sulfide process, also known as the Geib-Spevack process, is an industrial production method for making heavy water , an important component of many nuclear reactors because it acts as a neutron moderator....
    )
  • Hydrogen
    Hydrogen

    Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the chemical symbol H. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highly combustion and explosive Diatomic molecule gas with the molecular formula H2....
     - (Steam reforming
    Steam reforming

    Steam reforming , hydrogen reforming or catalytic oxidation, is a method of producing hydrogen from hydrocarbons. On an industrial scale, it is the dominant method for producing hydrogen....
    , Water Gas Shift Reaction
    Water gas shift reaction

    The water-gas shift reaction is a chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide reacts with water to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen:The water-gas shift reaction is an important industrial reaction....
    )
  • Lead
    Lead

    Lead is a main-group Chemical element with symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal, also considered to be one of the heavy metal ....
     (and Bismuth
    Bismuth

    Bismuth is a chemical element that has the symbol Bi and atomic number 83. This heavy, brittle, white crystalline trivalent poor metal has a pink tinge and chemically resembles arsenic and antimony....
    ) - (Betts electrolytic process
    Betts electrolytic process

    The Betts electrolytic process is an industrial process for separating lead and bismuth. It is named for its inventor Anson Gardner Betts....
    , Betterton-Kroll process
    Betterton-Kroll process

    The Betterton-Kroll process is an industrial process for removing bismuth from lead.Calcium and magnesium are added to a molten lead-bismuth bath....
    )
  • Nickel
    Nickel

    Nickel is a chemical element, with the chemical symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge....
     - Mond process
    Mond process

    The Mond Process, sometimes known as the Carbonyl Process is a technique created by Ludwig Mond in 1899 to extract and purify nickel. It is done by converting nickel oxides into pure nickel....
  • Nitric acid
    Nitric acid

    Nitric acid , also known as aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosion and toxic strong acid that can cause severe burns....
     - (Ostwald process
    Ostwald process

    The Ostwald process is a chemistry process for producing nitric acid, which was developed by Wilhelm Ostwald . It is a mainstay of the modern chemical industry....
    )
  • Paper
    Paper

    Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon, printing upon or packaging. It is produced by pressing together moist fibers, typically cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets....
     - (Pulping
    Pulping

    Pulping is the process of converting wood or lignocellulosic nonwood material to separated pulp fibers for papermaking. Processes range from purely mechanical, in which the wood is ground into fibers by disk refiners or grindstones, to chemical, in which the fibers are separated by chemically degrading and dissolving the lignin that binds the...
    , Kraft process
    Kraft process

    The kraft process describes a technology for conversion of wood into wood pulp consisting of almost pure cellulose fibers. The process entails treatment of wood chips with a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide that break the bonds that link lignin to the cellulose....
    , Fourdrinier machine
    Fourdrinier machine

    The Fourdrinier Machine is the basis for most modern papermaking, and it has been used in some variation since its conception. The Fourdrinier accomplishes all the steps needed to transform a source of wood pulp into a final paper product....
    )
  • Rubber
    Rubber

    Natural rubber is an elastomer?an Elasticity_ hydrocarbon polymer?that was originally derived from a milky colloidal suspension, or latex , found in the sap of some plants....
     - (Vulcanization
    Vulcanization

    Vulcanization refers to a specific curing process of rubber involving high heat and the addition of sulfur or other equivalent curatives. It is a chemical process in which polymer molecules are linked to other polymer molecules by atomic bridges composed of sulfur atoms or carbon to carbon bonds....
    )
  • Salt
    Salt

    A salt, in chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of acids and base . Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions so that the product is electrically electric charge ....
     - (Alberger process
    Alberger process

    The Alberger process is a method of producing salt.It involves mechanical evaporation, and uses an open evaporating pan and steam energy. It results in a unique, three-dimensional flake salt of extremely light bulk density....
    , Grainer evaporation process
    Grainer evaporation process

    The Grainer evaporation process is a method of producing salt.This method uses shallow open pans with steam-heated immersion coils to evaporate the brine into salt....
    )
  • Semiconductor
    Semiconductor

    A semiconductor is a material that has electrical conductivity between those of a Electrical conductor and an electrical insulation; it can vary over that wide range either permanently or dynamically....
     crystals - (Bridgeman technique
    Bridgeman technique

    The Bridgman-Stockbarger technique is a method of growing single crystal ingots or boule .The method involves heating polycrystalline material in a container above its melting point and slowly cooling it from one end where a seed crystal is located....
    , Czochralski process
    Czochralski process

    The Czochralski process is a method of crystal growth used to obtain single crystals of semiconductors , metals , salts, and synthetic gemstones....
    )
  • Silver
    Silver

    Silver is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal....
     - (Patio process
    Patio process

    The patio process was a process used to extract silver from ore. It was developed by Bartolom? Medina in Pachuca, Hidalgo , Mexico in 1557 for the Pachuca-Real del Monte mines....
    , Parkes process
    Parkes process

    The Parkes process is a pyrometallurgical industrial process for removing silver from lead, during the production of bullion. It is an example of liquid-liquid extraction....
    )
  • Sodium carbonate
    Sodium carbonate

    Sodium carbonate , , is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. It most commonly occurs as a crystalline heptahydrate, which readily efflorescence to form a white powder, the monohydrate....
    , used for soap - (Leblanc process
    Leblanc process

    The Leblanc process was the industrial process for the production of soda ash used throughout the 19th century, named after its inventor, Nicolas Leblanc....
    , Solvay process
    Solvay process

    The Solvay process, also referred to as the ammonia-soda process, is the major industrial process for the production of soda ash . The ammonia-soda process was developed into its modern form by Ernest Solvay during the 1860s....
    , Leblanc-Deacon process)
  • Sulfuric acid
    Sulfuric acid

    Sulfuric acid, hydrogen2sulfuroxygen4, is a strong mineral acid. It is soluble in water at all concentrations. Sulfuric acid has many applications, and is one of the top products of the chemical industry....
     - (Lead chamber process
    Lead chamber process

    The lead chamber process was an industrial method used industrially to produce sulfuric acid in large quantities. It has been largely supplanted by the contact process....
    , Contact process
    Contact process

    The contact process is the current method of producing sulfuric acid in the high concentrations needed for industrial processes. Vanadium oxide is the catalyst employed....
    )
  • Titanium
    Titanium

    Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Sometimes called the ?space age metal?, it has a low density and is a strong, lustrous, corrosion-resistant transition metal with a silver colour....
     - (Hunter process
    Hunter process

    The Hunter process was the first industrial process to produce pure ductile metallic titanium. It was invented in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter, a chemist born in New Zealand and who worked in America....
    , Kroll process
    Kroll process

    The Kroll process is a pyrometallurgical industrial process used to produce metallic titanium. It was invented in 1940 by William J. Kroll in Luxembourg....
    )
  • Zirconium
    Zirconium

    Zirconium is a chemical element with the symbol Zr and atomic number 40. It is a lustrous, gray-white, strong transition metal that resembles titanium....
     - (Hunter process
    Hunter process

    The Hunter process was the first industrial process to produce pure ductile metallic titanium. It was invented in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter, a chemist born in New Zealand and who worked in America....
    , Kroll process
    Kroll process

    The Kroll process is a pyrometallurgical industrial process used to produce metallic titanium. It was invented in 1940 by William J. Kroll in Luxembourg....
    , Crystal bar process
    Crystal bar process

    The crystal bar process was discovered by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer in 1925. It is also known as the van Arkel - de Boer process....
    , Iodide process)


A list by process:
  • Alberger process
    Alberger process

    The Alberger process is a method of producing salt.It involves mechanical evaporation, and uses an open evaporating pan and steam energy. It results in a unique, three-dimensional flake salt of extremely light bulk density....
    , Grainer evaporation process
    Grainer evaporation process

    The Grainer evaporation process is a method of producing salt.This method uses shallow open pans with steam-heated immersion coils to evaporate the brine into salt....
     - produces salt from brine
  • Bacterial oxidation
    Bacterial oxidation

    Bacterial oxidation is a biohydrometallurgy process developed for pre-cyanidation treatment of refractory gold ores or concentrates. The bacterial culture is a mixed culture of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Thiobacillus thiooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans....
     - used to produce gold
  • Bayer process
    Bayer process

    The Bayer process is the principal industrial means of refining bauxite to produce alumina.Bauxite, the most important ore of aluminium, contains only 30-54% alumina, Al2O3, the rest being a mixture of silica, various iron oxides, and titanium dioxide....
     - the extraction of aluminium from ore
  • Chloralkali process
    Chloralkali process

    A chloralkali process always implies the electrolysis of common salt or sodium chloride. Depending on the method several products beside hydrogen can be produced....
    , Weldon process
    Weldon process

    The Weldon process is a process developed in 1870 by Walter Weldon for recovering manganese dioxide for re-use in chlorine manufacture.After reacting hydrochloric acid with manganese dioxide , the waste manganese chloride solution is treated with lime, steam and oxygen, producing calcium manganite :...
     - for producing chlorine and sodium hydroxide
  • Crystal bar process
    Crystal bar process

    The crystal bar process was discovered by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer in 1925. It is also known as the van Arkel - de Boer process....
    , Iodide process - produces zirconium
  • Dow process
    Dow process

    The Dow process is the electrolysis method of bromine extraction from brine, and was Herbert Henry Dow's second revolutionary process for generating bromine commercially....
     - produces bromine from brine
  • FFC Cambridge Process
    FFC Cambridge Process

    The FFC Cambridge Process is an electrochemical method in which solid metal compounds, particularly oxides, are cathodically reduced to the respective metals or alloys in molten salts....
  • Girdler sulfide process
    Girdler sulfide process

    The Girdler sulfide process, also known as the Geib-Spevack process, is an industrial production method for making heavy water , an important component of many nuclear reactors because it acts as a neutron moderator....
     - for making heavy water
  • Hunter process
    Hunter process

    The Hunter process was the first industrial process to produce pure ductile metallic titanium. It was invented in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter, a chemist born in New Zealand and who worked in America....
    , Kroll process
    Kroll process

    The Kroll process is a pyrometallurgical industrial process used to produce metallic titanium. It was invented in 1940 by William J. Kroll in Luxembourg....
     - produces titanium and zirconium
  • Industrial rendering - the separation of fat from bone and protein
  • Lead chamber process
    Lead chamber process

    The lead chamber process was an industrial method used industrially to produce sulfuric acid in large quantities. It has been largely supplanted by the contact process....
    , Contact process
    Contact process

    The contact process is the current method of producing sulfuric acid in the high concentrations needed for industrial processes. Vanadium oxide is the catalyst employed....
     - production of sulfuric acid
  • Mond process
    Mond process

    The Mond Process, sometimes known as the Carbonyl Process is a technique created by Ludwig Mond in 1899 to extract and purify nickel. It is done by converting nickel oxides into pure nickel....
     - nickel
    Nickel

    Nickel is a chemical element, with the chemical symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge....
  • Nitrophosphate process
    Nitrophosphate process

    The nitrophosphate process was a method for the industrial production of nitrogen fertilizers invented by Erling Johnson in the city of Odda, Norway around 1927....
     - a number of similar process for producing fertilizer
  • Ostwald process
    Ostwald process

    The Ostwald process is a chemistry process for producing nitric acid, which was developed by Wilhelm Ostwald . It is a mainstay of the modern chemical industry....
     - produces nitric acid
  • Pidgeon process
    Pidgeon process

    The Pidgeon process is one of the methods of magnesium metal production, via a silicothermic reduction. Practical production requires roughly 35-40 MWh/ton of metal produced, which is on par with the molten salt electrolysis methods of production, though above the 7 MWh/ton theoretical minimum....
     - produces magnesium, reducing the oxide using silicon
  • Steam reforming
    Steam reforming

    Steam reforming , hydrogen reforming or catalytic oxidation, is a method of producing hydrogen from hydrocarbons. On an industrial scale, it is the dominant method for producing hydrogen....
    , Water Gas Shift Reaction
    Water gas shift reaction

    The water-gas shift reaction is a chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide reacts with water to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen:The water-gas shift reaction is an important industrial reaction....
     - produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide from methane or hydrogen and carbon dioxide from water and carbon monoxide
  • Vacuum metalising - a finishing process