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The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European
Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a Language family of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major languages of Europe, the Iranian plateau , Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent ....
 family of languages. It consists of three language groups: the Indo-Aryan
Indo-Aryan languages

The Indo-Aryan languages are a branch of the Indo-European languages family.SIL International in a 2005 estimate counted a total of 209 varieties, the largest in terms of native speakers being Hindustani language , Bangla language , Punjabi language , Marathi , Gujarati language , Nepali language , Oriya language , Sindhi language , Sinhal...
 (including Dardic
Dardic languages

The Dardic languages is a sub-group of the Indo-Aryan languages spoken in eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and in the Indian region of Jammu and Kashmir....
), Iranian
Iranian languages

The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European languages and its subfamily, Indo-Iranian languages. These languages are mainly spoken by the Iranian Peoples....
 and Nuristani
Nuristani languages

The Nuristani languages are a third separate group of the Indo-Iranian languages, and they are spoken primarily in eastern Afghanistan....
. The term Aryan languages is occasionally still used to refer to the Indo-Iranian languages . The speakers of the Proto-Indo-Iranian language
Proto-Indo-Iranian language

Proto-Indo-Iranian, is the Linguistic reconstruction proto-language of the Indo-Iranian languages branch of Indo-European language. Its speakers, the hypothetical Proto-Indo-Iranians, are assumed to have lived in the late 3rd millennium BC, and are usually connected with the early Andronovo archaeological horizon....
, the hypothetical Proto-Indo-Iranians, are usually associated with the late 3rd millennium BC Sintashta-Petrovka culture of Central Asia
Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
.






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The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European
Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a Language family of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major languages of Europe, the Iranian plateau , Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent ....
 family of languages. It consists of three language groups: the Indo-Aryan
Indo-Aryan languages

The Indo-Aryan languages are a branch of the Indo-European languages family.SIL International in a 2005 estimate counted a total of 209 varieties, the largest in terms of native speakers being Hindustani language , Bangla language , Punjabi language , Marathi , Gujarati language , Nepali language , Oriya language , Sindhi language , Sinhal...
 (including Dardic
Dardic languages

The Dardic languages is a sub-group of the Indo-Aryan languages spoken in eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and in the Indian region of Jammu and Kashmir....
), Iranian
Iranian languages

The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European languages and its subfamily, Indo-Iranian languages. These languages are mainly spoken by the Iranian Peoples....
 and Nuristani
Nuristani languages

The Nuristani languages are a third separate group of the Indo-Iranian languages, and they are spoken primarily in eastern Afghanistan....
. The term Aryan languages is occasionally still used to refer to the Indo-Iranian languages . The speakers of the Proto-Indo-Iranian language
Proto-Indo-Iranian language

Proto-Indo-Iranian, is the Linguistic reconstruction proto-language of the Indo-Iranian languages branch of Indo-European language. Its speakers, the hypothetical Proto-Indo-Iranians, are assumed to have lived in the late 3rd millennium BC, and are usually connected with the early Andronovo archaeological horizon....
, the hypothetical Proto-Indo-Iranians, are usually associated with the late 3rd millennium BC Sintashta-Petrovka culture of Central Asia
Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
. Their expansion is believed to have been connected with the invention of the chariot
Chariot

The chariot is the earliest and simplest type of carriage, used in both peace and war as the chief vehicle of many ancient peoples. Chariots were built in Mesopotamia by the Mesopotamians as early as 3000 BC and in China during the 2nd millennium BC....
.

The contemporary Indo-Iranian languages form the largest sub-branch of Indo-European, with more than one billion speakers in total, stretching from Europe
Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
 (Romani
Romani language

Romani or Romany, Gypsy or Gipsy is the language of the Romani people. It is an Indo-Aryan language, sometimes included in either the "Central Indo-Aryan" or the "Northwest Indo-Aryan languages" group, sometimes treated as a branch of its own....
) and the Caucasus
Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucas is a geopolitical region located between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. It is home to Europe's highest mountain ....
 (Ossetian
Ossetic language

Ossetian , also sometimes called Ossete, is an Eastern Iranian languages language spoken in Ossetia, a region on the slopes of the Caucasus Caucasus Mountains....
) to Xinjiang
Xinjiang

Xinjiang is an autonomous region of China of the People's Republic of China. It is a large, sparsely populated area, spanning over 1.6 million sq....
 (Sariqoli) and East India
East India

East India, or more properly Eastern India, is a List_of_regions_in_India of India consisting of the states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Orissa....
 or Bangladesh
Bangladesh

, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south....
. SIL
SIL International

SIL International is a United States, worldwide Evangelicalism non-profit organization, whose main purpose is to study, develop and document lesser-known languages, in order to expand linguistics knowledge, promote literacy and aid minority language development....
 in a 2005 estimate counts a total of 308 varieties, the largest in terms of native speakers being Hindustani
Hindustani language

Hindustani , also known as "Hindi-Urdu," is a term covering several closely related dialects in Pakistan and northern India, especially the vernacular form of the two national languages, Standard Hindi and Urdu language, also known as Khariboli, but also several nonstandard dialects of the Hindi languages....
 (Hindi and Urdu, ca. 540 million), Bengali
Bengali language

Bengali or Bangla is an Indo-European languages language of the eastern Indian subcontinent, evolved from the Magadhi Prakrit and Sanskrit languages....
 (ca. 200 million), Punjabi
Punjabi language

'Punjabi' , , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by inhabitants of the historical Punjab region and their diasporas. Speakers include adherents of the religions of Islam, Sikhism and Hinduism....
 (ca. 80 million), Marathi and Persian
Persian language

name=Persian|nativename=|pronunciation=[f??r'si]|image=|caption=Farsi in Perso-Arabic script |states= Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Bahrain....
 (ca. 70 million each), Gujarati
Gujarati language

Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan languages, and part of the greater Indo-European languages language family. It is native to the Indian state of Gujarat, and is its chief language, as well as of the adjacent union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli....
 (ca. 45 million), Pashto
Pashto language

Pashto , also known as Afghani, is an Indo-European language spoken primarily in Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. Pashto belongs to the East Iranian languages branch of the Indo-Iranian languages language family....
 (40 million), Oriya
Oriya language

Oriya is an Indian language, belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family. It is mainly spoken in the Indian States and territories of India of Orissa....
 (ca. 30 million), Kurdish
Kurdish language

The Kurdish language is a term used for the language spoken by Kurdish people. It is mainly concentrated in the parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey....
 (ca. 40 million) and Sindhi
Sindhi language

Sindhi is the language of the Sindh region of Pakistan. It is spoken by approximately 41 million people in Pakistan, and is also spoken by a minority 12 million in India; it is the third most spoken language of Pakistan, and the official language of Sindh in Pakistan....
 (ca. 20 million ).

Indo-Iranian languages were once spoken across a wider area still. The Scythians were described by Roman
Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC....
 writer Strabo
Strabo

Strabo was a Ancient Greeks history, geography and philosophy....
 as inhabiting the lands to the north of the Black Sea
Black Sea

The Black Sea is an inland sea sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolia and is ultimately connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the Mediterranean Sea and Aegean Seas and various straits....
 in present-day Ukraine
Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east; Belarus to the north; Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south....
, Moldova
Moldova

Moldova , officially the Republic of Moldova is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south....
 and Romania
Romania

Romania is a country located in Southeastern Europe Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian Mountains, bordering on the Black Sea....
. The river-names Don, Dnieper, Danube
Danube

The Danube is the longest river in the European Union and Europe's second longest river after the Volga.The river originates in the Black Forest in Germany as the much smaller Brigach and Breg River rivers which join at the eponymously named German town Donaueschingen, after which it is known as the Danube and flows eastwards for a distance...
 etc. are of Indo-Iranian origin. The so-called Migration Period
Migration Period

The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions or V?lkerwanderung , was a period of human migration which occurred within the period of roughly 300?700 Common Era in Europe, marking the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages....
 saw Indo-Iranian languages disappear from Eastern Europe with the arrival of the Turkic
Turkic languages

The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean Sea to Siberia and Western China, and are sometimes considered to be part of the proposed Altaic languages....
-speaking Pechenegs
Pechenegs

The Pechenegs or Patzinaks were a nomad Turkic peoples people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic languages....
 and others by the eighth century AD.

The oldest attested Indo-Iranian languages are Vedic Sanskrit (ancient Indian), Avestan and Old Persian (two ancient Iranian languages). But there are written instances of a fourth language in Northern Mesopotamia which is considered to be Indo-Aryan. They are attested in documents from the ancient empire of Mitanni and the Hittites of Anatolia.

Subdivisions

Iranian Group
Iranian languages

The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European languages and its subfamily, Indo-Iranian languages. These languages are mainly spoken by the Iranian Peoples....
:
  • Eastern Iranian
    • Northeastern
      • Avestan
        Avestan language

        Avestan is a Eastern Iranian language that was used to compose the sacred hymns and canon of the Zoroastrianism Avesta. Iranian languages are part of the hypothetical Indo-Iranian languages Language group....
         (extinct)
      • Scythian
        Scythian languages

        The Scythian languages form a North Eastern branch of the Iranian languages and comprise the distinctive languagesspoken by the Scythian tribes of nomadic pastoralists in Scythia between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD....
         (extinct)
        • Saka
          Saka language

          Sakan is a name of two extinct Iranian languages which were spoken in Xinjiang, China. They are identified with the cities of Khotan and Tumxuk, namely Khotanese language and Tumshuqese language....
           (extinct)
        • Ossetian
        • Sarikoli
          Sarikoli

          The Sarikoli language is a member of the Pamir languages subgroup of the Southeastern Iranian languages spoken by Pamiris in China. It is officially referred to in China as the "Tajik language" although it is different from the Persian dialect which is official in Tajikistan....
      • Sogdian
        Sogdian language

        The Sogdian language is a Middle Iranian language that was spoken in Sogdiana , located in modern day Uzbekistan and Tajikistan .Sogdian is one of the most important Middle Iranian languages, along with Middle Persian and Parthian....
         (extinct)
        • Yaghnobi
          Yaghnobi language

          The Yaghnobi language is a living Eastern Iranian languages language . Yaghnobi is spoken in the upper valley of the Yaghnob River in the Zarafshan area of Tajikistan by the Yaghnobi people....
      • Bactrian
        Bactrian language

        The Bactrian language is an extinct Eastern Iranian language which was spoken in the Central Asian region of Bactria. Linguistically, it is classified as belonging to the Middle Iranian languages of the Northeastern Iranian languages branch....
         (extinct)
    • Southeastern
      • Pashto
        Pashto language

        Pashto , also known as Afghani, is an Indo-European language spoken primarily in Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. Pashto belongs to the East Iranian languages branch of the Indo-Iranian languages language family....
      • Pamiri
      • Ormurri-Parachi
  • Western Iranian
    • Northwestern
      • Dari language of Zoroastrians
        Dari (Zoroastrian)

        Dari is a Northwestern Iranian languages ethnolect spoken as a first language by estimated 8,000 to 15,000 Zoroastrianism in and around the cities of Yazd and Kerman in central Iran....
      • Balochi
        Balochi language

        Balochi is a Northwestern Iranian language. It is the principal language of the Baloch of Balochistan , Pakistan, eastern Iran and southern Afghanistan....
      • Gilaki
      • Kurdish
        Kurdish language

        The Kurdish language is a term used for the language spoken by Kurdish people. It is mainly concentrated in the parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey....
      • Mazanadarani (Tapurian)
        Mazandarani language

        Mazandarani or Tabari is an Iranian languages of the northwestern branch. Spoken mainly in Iran's Mazandaran and Golestan provinces, it is partially, but not fully, intelligible with respect to Persian language....
      • Parthian
        Parthian

        Parthian may be:A demonym "of Parthia", a region of north-eastern Iran* Parthian language, a now-extinct Middle Iranian language* Parthian shot, an archery skill famously employed by Parthian horsemen...
         (extinct)
      • Talysh
        Talysh language

        The Talyshi language is a Northwestern Iranian languages spoken in the northern regions of the Iranian provinces of Gilan Province and Ardabil Province and the southern regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan....
      • Deilami
        Deilami language

        The Deilami language is local is language belonging to a member of northwestern Iranian languages branch, of Iranian Languages. It is spoken in northern Iran, specifically in Gilan, Mazandaran, and Ghazvin Provinces....
      • Zazaki
        Zazaki

        Zazaki is a language spoken by Zaza people in eastern Anatolia . According to Ethnologue, the Zazaki language is a part of the northwestern group of the Iranian languages section of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages family.....
    • Southwestern ("Persid")
      • Old Persian (extinct)
        • Middle Persian
          Middle Persian

          Middle Persian is the Iranian languages language/ethnolect of Southwestern Iran that during Sassanid times became a prestige dialect and so came to be spoken in other regions as well....
           (extinct)
          • New Persian
            Persian language

            name=Persian|nativename=|pronunciation=[f??r'si]|image=|caption=Farsi in Perso-Arabic script |states= Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Bahrain....
             (eastern & western dialects)
            • Tajik
              Tajik language

              The Tajik language, or Tajik Persian, or Tajiki, is a modern variety of the Persian language spoken in Central Asia. An Indo-European languages language of the Iranian languages language group, most speakers of Tajik live in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan....
        • Luri
          Luri language

          Lori or Luri is a collection of southwestern Iranian dialects which are mainly spoken by the Lur s and Bakhtiari people in the Iran provinces of Lorestan, Chahar Mahaal and Bakhtiari, Kohkiluyeh and Buyer Ahmad and parts of Khuzestan, Fars province, Markazi, Kermanshah, Isfahan, and Hamadan province....
           / Bakhtiari
        • Tat
          Tat language

          The Tat language or Tati is a Western Iranian languages spoken by the Tats in Azerbaijan and Russia. Its written form is related to Middle Persian Pahlavi....


Indo-Aryan Group
Indo-Aryan languages

The Indo-Aryan languages are a branch of the Indo-European languages family.SIL International in a 2005 estimate counted a total of 209 varieties, the largest in terms of native speakers being Hindustani language , Bangla language , Punjabi language , Marathi , Gujarati language , Nepali language , Oriya language , Sindhi language , Sinhal...
:
  • Vedic Sanskrit
    Vedic Sanskrit

    Vedic Sanskrit is an Old Indic language. It is the language of the Vedas, the oldest shruti texts of Hinduism, compiled over the period of the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BC....
  • Sanskrit
    Sanskrit

    Sanskrit is a historical Indo-Aryan language, one of the liturgical languages of Hinduism and Buddhism, and one of the 22 official languages of India....
  • Pali
    Páli

    P?li is a village in Gyor-Moson-Sopron county, Hungary.External links...
  • Central Zone
    • Hindustani
      Hindustani language

      Hindustani , also known as "Hindi-Urdu," is a term covering several closely related dialects in Pakistan and northern India, especially the vernacular form of the two national languages, Standard Hindi and Urdu language, also known as Khariboli, but also several nonstandard dialects of the Hindi languages....
      • Hindi
        Hindi

        Standard Hindi, also known as High Hindi, Nagari Hindi or Literary Hindi is a Standard language register of Hindi. It is one of the 22 official languages of India, and is used, along with English language, for administration of the central government....
      • Urdu
        Urdu

        Urdu is a Central_Indo-Aryan_languages#Central_Zone_.28Madhya_or_Hindi.29 Indo-Aryan languages of the Indo-Iranian languages, belonging to the Indo-European languages family of languages....
    • Romani/Romany
  • Eastern Zone (Magadha
    Magadha

    Magadha formed one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas or Kingdoms of Ancient India. The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges; its first capital was Rajagaha then Pataliputra ....
    n Prakrit
    Prakrit

    Prakrit refers to the broad family of the Indic languages and dialects spoken in ancient India. The Prakrits became literary languages, generally patronized by kings identified with the Kshatriya caste, but were regarded as illegitimate by the Brahmin orthodoxy....
     languages)
    • Angika
      Angika language

      name=Angika|nativename=???????, ??????|familycolor=Indo-European|states=India, Nepal|region=Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal|speakers=740,892 |familycolor=Indo-European...
    • Assamese
      Assamese language

      Assamese is the easternmost Indo-Aryan language that is spoken mainly in the States and territories of India of Assam in North-East India. It is also the official language of Assam....
    • Bengali
      Bengali language

      Bengali or Bangla is an Indo-European languages language of the eastern Indian subcontinent, evolved from the Magadhi Prakrit and Sanskrit languages....
    • Bhojpuri
      Bhojpuri language

      Bhojpuri is a regional language spoken in parts of north-central and eastern India. It is spoken in the western part of state of Bihar, the northwestern part of Jharkhand, and the Purvanchal region of Uttar Pradesh, as well as an adjoining area of southern plains of Nepal....
    • Magadhi
      Magadhi language

      The Magahi language is a language spoken by 17,449,446 people in India. The ancestor of Magadhi, from which its name derives, Magadhi Prakrit, is believed to be the language spoken by the Gautama Buddha, and the language of the ancient kingdom of Magadha....
    • Maithili
      Maithili language

      Maithili is a language spoken in the eastern part of India, mainly in the Indian States and territories of India of Bihar and in the eastern Terai region of Nepal....
    • Oriya
      Oriya language

      Oriya is an Indian language, belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family. It is mainly spoken in the Indian States and territories of India of Orissa....
  • Northern Zone
    Pahari languages

    The Pahari languages, also known as Northern Zone languages, are a group of related Indo-Aryan languages or dialects spoken in the lower ranges of the Himalayas from Nepal in the east to the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh in the west....
     (Pahari
    Pahari

    Pahari is a general terms for a range of dialects spoken across the Himalayan range, not limited to a single country in the subcontinent. The word is derived from 'pahar' meaning mountain....
     languages)
    • Nepali
      Nepali language

      Nepali is a language in the Indo-Aryan languages of the Indo-European languages.It is the lingua-franca of Nepal and is also spoken in Bhutan, parts of India and parts of Myanmar ....
  • Northwestern Zone
    • Dardic languages
      Dardic languages

      The Dardic languages is a sub-group of the Indo-Aryan languages spoken in eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and in the Indian region of Jammu and Kashmir....
       (sometimes still classified separately):
      • Dameli
      • Domaaki
        Domaaki language

        Domaak? - also known as Dumaki or Doma? - is a language spoken by a few hundred people living in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.It belongs to the the Indo-European languages language family, and can be affiliated to the Dardic languages group of the Indo-Iranian languages branch....
      • Gawar-Bati
        Gawar-Bati language

        Gawar-Bati is known in Chitral as Aranduyiwar, because it is spoken in Village Arandu, which is the last village in the bottom of Chitral and is across the Kunar River from Berkot in Afghanistan....
      • Kalsha-mun
        Kalasha-mun language

        Kalash or Kalasha is an Indo-European languages in the Indo-Iranian languages branch, further classified as a Dardic languages language in the Chitral Group....
      • Kashmiri
        Kashmiri language

        Kashmiri belongs to the Dardic languages and is spoken primarily in the Kashmir Valley, in the indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It had about 5,554,496 speakers in India according to the Census of 2001....
      • Khowar
        Khowar language

        For the ethnic group, see Kho people.Khowar,also known as Chitrali, is a Dardic languages language spoken by 250,000 people in Chitral District in Northwest Frontier Province, in Yasin Valley and Gupis in neighboring Gilgit Valley, and in parts of Upper Swat ....
      • Kohistani
        Kohistani language

        Kohistani is a Dardic languages language spoken in Kohistan District , North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Dardic languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages language group, which in turn is branch of the Indo-European languages....
      • Ningalami
      • Pashayi
        Pashayi language

        Pashayi - also known as Pashai - is a language spoken in parts of Kapisa, Laghman province, Nuristan, Kunar province, and Nangarhar Provinces in Northeastern Afghanistan....
      • Palula
        Palula

        Palula , Ashreti, or Dangarikwar , is a language spoken by approximately 10,000 people in the valleys of Ashret and Biori, as well as in the village Puri in the Shishi valley, and at least by a portion of the population in the village Kalkatak, in the Chitral District of the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan....
      • Shina
        Shina language

        Shina is a Dardic languages and is spoken by a plurality of people in Northern Areas of Pakistan. The Valleys include Astore, Chilas, Dareil, Tangeer, Gilgit, Ghizer, and a few parts of Baltistan and Kohistan....
      • Shumashti
        Shumashti language

        Shumashti - also known as Shumasht - is a language spoken in parts of western Afghanistan.It belongs to the Indo-European languages language family, and is on the Dardic languages group of the Indo-Iranian languages branch....
    • Punjabi
      Punjabi language

      'Punjabi' , , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by inhabitants of the historical Punjab region and their diasporas. Speakers include adherents of the religions of Islam, Sikhism and Hinduism....
    • Sindhi
      Sindhi language

      Sindhi is the language of the Sindh region of Pakistan. It is spoken by approximately 41 million people in Pakistan, and is also spoken by a minority 12 million in India; it is the third most spoken language of Pakistan, and the official language of Sindh in Pakistan....
    • Khojki
      Khojki

      Khojki was a script used almost exclusively by the Khoja community of the Pakistan and other parts of South Asia. It was employed primarily to record Muslim Shia Ismaili religious literature, as well as a few secret Shia Muslim sects....
    • Kutchi
      Kutchi

      Kutchi may refer to:* Kutchi people, an ethnic group in Sindh, Pakistan and Gujarat, India* Kutchi language, language spoken in Sindh, Pakistan and Gujarat, India...
    • Rajasthani
      Rajasthani language

      Rajasthani is a language or language cluster of the Indo-Aryan languages family. It is spoken by 36 million people in Rajasthan and other States and territories of India of India and in some adjacent areas of Pakistan....
  • Southern Zone (also known as Insular Indo-Aryan)
    • Dhivehi
      Dhivehi language

      Dhivehi, Divehi or Mahl is an Indo-Aryan languages spoken by about 350,000 people in the Republic of Maldives and also in the island of Minicoy Island in neighbouring India, where it is known by another name, the Mahal language or Mahal language ....
       / Mahl
      Mahl language

      Mahal or Mahl, also known locally as Maliku Bas, is an Indo-Aryan languages spoken by the people of Minicoy Island , in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep, India....
    • Sinhala
  • Western Zone
    • Gujarati
      Gujarati language

      Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan languages, and part of the greater Indo-European languages language family. It is native to the Indian state of Gujarat, and is its chief language, as well as of the adjacent union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli....
    • Konkani
      Konkani language

      Konkani is an Indo-Aryan languages belonging to the Indo-European languages family of languages spoken in the Konkan coast of India. It has approximately 7.6 million speakers of its two individual languages, Konkani and Goan Konkani....
    • Marathi
      Marathi language

      Marathi is an Indo-Aryan languages spoken by the Marathi people of western India. It is the official language of the state of Maharashtra. There are 90 million fluent speakers worldwide....


Nuristani languages
Nuristani languages

The Nuristani languages are a third separate group of the Indo-Iranian languages, and they are spoken primarily in eastern Afghanistan....
:
  • Ashkunu
    Askunu language

    Askunu is a language of Afghanistan spoken by the Askunu, Sanu, and Gramsana people in the region of Pech Valley around Wama, northwest of Asadabad, Afghanistan in Kunar province....
     (Ashkun)
  • Kamkata-viri
    Kamkata-viri language

    Kamkata-viri, the largest Nuristani language, contains the main dialects Kata-vari, Kamviri and Mumviri. Kata-vari and Kamviri are often defined as two separate languages, but according to linguist they form one language....
     (Bashgali)
  • Vasi-vari
    Vasi-vari language

    Vasi-vari is a language spoken by the Vasi in a few villages in the Prasun Valley in Afghanistan. The most used alternative names are Prasuni or Prasun, which derive from Pashto language....
     (Prasuni)
  • Tregami
    Tregami language

    Tregami, Trigami or Gambiri is a language spoken by the Tregami people in the villages of Gambir and Katar in the Nurestan Province of Afghanistan....
  • Kalasha-ala
    Kalasha-ala language

    Waigali or Waigeli is a language spoken by the Kalasha of Nuristan in a few villages in the central part of the Kunar Province of Afghanistan....
     (Waigali)


Bibliography

  • Chakrabarti,Byomkes
    Byomkes Chakrabarti

    Dr. Byomkes Chakrabarti was a Bengali language research worker on ethnic languages. He was also a renowned educationist and a poet....
     (1994). A comparative study of Santali and Bengali. Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi & Co. ISBN 8170741289
  • abstract of the study of Minoan language and its link with Indo-Iranian (Hubert La Marle)

See also


  • Language families and languages