- Non-determinism redirects here. For similar articles, see Indeterminacy
Indeterminism is a philosophical position that maintains that some form of determinism is incorrect: that there are events which do not correspond with determinism (and therefore are either uncaused, or caused in a manner that the corresponding form of determinism does not allow).
es are often distinguished into two types: Necessary and sufficient.
Necessary causes:
If x is a necessary cause of y; then the presence of y necessarily implies that x preceded it.
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Encyclopedia
- Non-determinism redirects here. For similar articles, see Indeterminacy
Indeterminism is a philosophical position that maintains that some form of determinism is incorrect: that there are events which do not correspond with determinism (and therefore are either uncaused, or caused in a manner that the corresponding form of determinism does not allow).
Types of cause
Causes are often distinguished into two types: Necessary and sufficient.
Necessary causes:
If x is a necessary cause of y; then the presence of y necessarily implies that x preceded it. The presence of x, however, does not imply that y will occur.
Sufficient causes:
If x is a sufficient cause of y, then the presence of x necessarily implies the presence of y. However, another cause z may alternatively cause y. Thus the presence of y does not imply the presence of x.
As Daniel Dennett points out in Freedom Evolves, it is possible for everything to have a necessary cause, even while indeterminism holds and the future is open, because a necessary cause does not lead to a single inevitable effect. Thus "everything (does not) have a cause" is not a clear statement of (in)determinism.
Science
At one time, it was assumed in the physical sciences that if the behavior observed in a system cannot be predicted, the problem is due to lack of fine-grained information, so that a sufficiently detailed investigation would eventually result in a deterministic theory ("If you knew exactly all the forces acting on the dice, you would be able to predict which number comes up"). However, the advent of quantum mechanics removed the underpinning from that approach, with the claim that (at least according to the Copenhagen interpretation) the most basic constituents of matter behave indeterministically, in accordance with such properties as the uncertainty principle.
Quantum indeterminism was controversial on its introduction, with Einstein among the opposition, but gradually gained ground. Experiments confirmed the correctness of quantum mechanics, with a test of the Bell's theorem by Alain Aspect being particularly important because it showed that determinism and locality cannot both be true. Bohmian quantum mechanics remains the main attempt to preserve determinism (albeit at the expense of locality).
Free will
One of the important philosophical implications of determinism is that, according to incompatibilists, it undermines many versions of free will. Correspondingly, believers in free will
often appeal to physical indeterminism. (See compatibilism for a third option.)
Example
Indeterminism has been described in terms of the following argument:
- No event is necessarily caused at all
- Some events are not necessarily caused
- Some events are partially caused by case
- All events can be caused by necessity or by chance
- Necessity and chance are alternatively aging in what happens
- The preservation is due to necessity, the new to the chance
See also
External links
- from the Stanfor Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
- from the Philosophy Professor
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