Independent Sacramental Movement
Encyclopedia
The Independent Sacramental Movement (ISM) refers to the extremely loose collection of orders, churches, jurisdictions, and freelance clergy made up of sacramental Christians (and, depending on how one draws boundaries, some Christo-Pagans and Thelemites) who are not part of the historic sacramental denominations. Many in the ISM owe their origins to schisms from Roman Catholic, Old Catholic, Anglican, and Orthodox churches, and generally claim to preserve the historical episcopate
or apostolic succession
, though this claim would be seriously questioned, if not rejected, by the ecclesiastical authorities of Rome, Constantinople, Utrecht, and Canterbury. Utrecht and some jurisdictions within the Anglican Communion have engaged in ecumenical conversation with some groups which could be included in the ISM. Groups which are structurally similar but without claiming the apostolic succession may also be classed as part of the ISM.
Groups within the ISM (often known as Independent Catholic, Old Catholic, Liberal Catholic, Autocephalous Orthodox, Free Sacramental, etc) tend to share a number of characteristics: small groups and/or solitary clergy, centrality of the sacramental life (especially the Eucharist), a mediatory priesthood mostly composed of volunteers, ordination potentially available to a significant percentage of the membership, and experimentation in theology, liturgy, and/or church structure.
The term was popularized by John Plummer in his book "The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement", although it was earlier used by Richard Smoley in "Inner Christianity," and perhaps first used in the mid-1970s by a short-lived cooperative organization called the Synod of Independent Sacramental Churches. ISM groups range from the broadly inclusive (including marriage of same-sex couples and the ordination of women) to the socially conservative; also from the traditionally orthodox to the esoteric, although the term is most commonly employed to refer to the liberal end of the spectrum. While the term "Independent Sacramental" originated as an etic description, it has been used increasingly as an emic self-description by members of some of these churches and groups.
Historical episcopate
The episcopate is the collective body of all bishops of a church. In the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, Eastern Rite Catholic, Oriental Orthodox, Old-Catholic, Moravian Church, and Independent Catholic churches as well as in the Assyrian Church of the East, it is held that only a...
or apostolic succession
Apostolic Succession
Apostolic succession is a doctrine, held by some Christian denominations, which asserts that the chosen successors of the Twelve Apostles, from the first century to the present day, have inherited the spiritual, ecclesiastical and sacramental authority, power, and responsibility that were...
, though this claim would be seriously questioned, if not rejected, by the ecclesiastical authorities of Rome, Constantinople, Utrecht, and Canterbury. Utrecht and some jurisdictions within the Anglican Communion have engaged in ecumenical conversation with some groups which could be included in the ISM. Groups which are structurally similar but without claiming the apostolic succession may also be classed as part of the ISM.
Groups within the ISM (often known as Independent Catholic, Old Catholic, Liberal Catholic, Autocephalous Orthodox, Free Sacramental, etc) tend to share a number of characteristics: small groups and/or solitary clergy, centrality of the sacramental life (especially the Eucharist), a mediatory priesthood mostly composed of volunteers, ordination potentially available to a significant percentage of the membership, and experimentation in theology, liturgy, and/or church structure.
The term was popularized by John Plummer in his book "The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement", although it was earlier used by Richard Smoley in "Inner Christianity," and perhaps first used in the mid-1970s by a short-lived cooperative organization called the Synod of Independent Sacramental Churches. ISM groups range from the broadly inclusive (including marriage of same-sex couples and the ordination of women) to the socially conservative; also from the traditionally orthodox to the esoteric, although the term is most commonly employed to refer to the liberal end of the spectrum. While the term "Independent Sacramental" originated as an etic description, it has been used increasingly as an emic self-description by members of some of these churches and groups.
Literature
- Bate, Alistair. A Strange Vocation: Independent Bishops Tell Their Stories, Apocryphile, 2009.
- Houston, Siobhan. Priests, Gnostics and Magicians: European Roots of Esoteric Independent Catholicism, Apocryphile, 2009.
- Jones, Rob Angus. Independent Sacramental Bishops, Apocryphile, 2010.
- Mabry, John & John Plummer. Who Are the Independent Catholics? Apocryphile, 2006.
- Plummer, John P. Living Mysteries, 3rd ed., Apocryphile, 2010.
- Plummer, John P. The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement, 2nd ed., Apocryphile, 2006
- Smoley, Richard. Inner Christianity. Shambhala, 2002.
- Ward, Gary, Bertil Persson, and Alan Bain. Independent Bishops: An International Directory. Omnigraphics, 1990.