Income effect
Encyclopedia
In economics
, the consumer's preferences, money income and prices play an important role in solving the consumer's optimization problem (maximization of the utility
subject to a budget constraint). The income effect in economics
can be defined as the change in consumption resulting from a change in real income.
The comparative statics
of consumer behavior investigates the effects of changes in the exogenous or independent variables i.e. prices and money incomes of the consumers on the equilibrium values of the endogenous or dependent variables i.e. the consumer's demand for goods. When the income of the consumer rises with the prices held constant, the optimal bundle chosen by the consumer changes as the feasible set available to him changes. The income–consumption curve is the set of optimal points of intersection of the points of tangency of the sets of budget constraint lines and indifference curves as income varies, with prices held constant.
). The figure 1 on the left, shows the consumption patterns of the consumer of two goods X1 and X2, the prices of which are p1 and p2 respectively. The initial bundle X*, is the bundle which is chosen by the consumer on the budget line B1. An increase in the money income of the consumer, with p1 and p2 constant, will shift the budget line outward parallel to itself.
In the figure, this means that the change in the money income of the consumer will shift the budget line B1 outward parallel to itself to B2 where the bundle X' bundle will be chosen. Again, an increase in the money income of the consumer will push the budget line B2 outward parallel to itself to B3 where the bundle X" will be the bundle which will be chosen. Thus, it can be said that, with variations in income of the consumers and with the prices held constant the income–consumption curve can be traced out as the set of optimal points.
good i.e. demand for good X1 decreases with a rise in income of the consumer. Thus, a rise in income of the consumer may lead his demand for a good to rise, fall or not change at all. It is important to note here that, the knowledge of preferences of the consumer is essential to predict whether a particular good is inferior or normal.
The upward sloping income-consumption curve implies that there will be an increase in the demand for both X1 and X2 as the income of the consumer rises and will cause the demand curves of the goods to shift to the right.
When the income-consumption curve has a positive slope
then the income elasticity of demand will be positive. The greater the shifts of the demand curve to the right, the greater the income-elasticity of demand. In such a case, the goods will be normal goods.
In contrast, it is to be noted from the figure, that the demand for X1 has fallen from X11 to X12 with an outward shift of the budget line from B1 to B2 (caused due to rise in the income of the consumer). This implies that, good X1 is an inferior good as the demand for X1 fell with an increase in the income of the consumer.
The consumer maximizes his utility at points X* and X' and by joining these points, the income–consumption curve can be obtained. In figure 3, the income–consumption curve bends back on itself as with an increase income, the consumer demands more of X2 and less of X1.
The income–consumption curve in this case is negatively sloped and the income elasticity of demand will be negative. Also the price effect for X2 is positive, while it is negative for X1.
is the change in the demand for good 1 when we change income from 
to 
, holding the price of good 1 fixed at 
:
In the figure on the right, B1 is the initial budget line and the consumer chooses X* as his optimal bundle and as the money income of the consumer rises, his budget line will shift outward and parallel to itself to B2. At the budget line B2 and indifference curve I4, the consumer will choose X'. Subsequently, as the income rises further, the budget line will again shift outward and parallel to itself to B3, where, the consumer will choose the optimal bundle X".
Thus, it can be said that, the amount of good X1 that the consumer consumes will increase, with an increase in the income of the consumer. . Thus, the income–consumption curve for the perfect substitutes X1 and X2 will be the horizontal axis.
In the figure on the left, X*, X' and X" are the utility maximization points where the budget constraint lines B1, B2 and B3 touch the kinks of the L-shaped indifference curves I1, I2 and I3 respectively. And by joining these points of utility maximization, the income–consumption curve for perfect substitutes is obtained.
If
Then, the demand for good X1 will have the form
If p1 is kept as a fixed value, then this will be a linear function of m. By doubling m, the demand will double. In fact, if m is multiplied by any positive number say, t, the demand will be multiplied with the same amount.
For good X2, the demand is given by
. This too is clearly linear and thus making the income-consumption curves for both the goods X1 and X2 straight lines passing through the origin.
Where,
p1 is the price of good X1, p2 is the price of good X2 and m is the income of the consumer.
If the prices of the goods X1 and X2 are held constant and the changes in demand are observed in relation to changes in income, the Engel curve
can be generated. With all prices held constant, the Engel curve
can be defined as a graph depicting the demand for one good as a function of income.
Economics
Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...
, the consumer's preferences, money income and prices play an important role in solving the consumer's optimization problem (maximization of the utility
Utility
In economics, utility is a measure of customer satisfaction, referring to the total satisfaction received by a consumer from consuming a good or service....
subject to a budget constraint). The income effect in economics
Economics
Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...
can be defined as the change in consumption resulting from a change in real income.
The comparative statics
Comparative statics
In economics, comparative statics is the comparison of two different economic outcomes, before and after a change in some underlying exogenous parameter....
of consumer behavior investigates the effects of changes in the exogenous or independent variables i.e. prices and money incomes of the consumers on the equilibrium values of the endogenous or dependent variables i.e. the consumer's demand for goods. When the income of the consumer rises with the prices held constant, the optimal bundle chosen by the consumer changes as the feasible set available to him changes. The income–consumption curve is the set of optimal points of intersection of the points of tangency of the sets of budget constraint lines and indifference curves as income varies, with prices held constant.
Consumer theory
The income effect is a phenomenon observed through changes in purchasing power. It reveals the change in quantity demanded brought by a change in real income (utilityUtility
In economics, utility is a measure of customer satisfaction, referring to the total satisfaction received by a consumer from consuming a good or service....
). The figure 1 on the left, shows the consumption patterns of the consumer of two goods X1 and X2, the prices of which are p1 and p2 respectively. The initial bundle X*, is the bundle which is chosen by the consumer on the budget line B1. An increase in the money income of the consumer, with p1 and p2 constant, will shift the budget line outward parallel to itself.
In the figure, this means that the change in the money income of the consumer will shift the budget line B1 outward parallel to itself to B2 where the bundle X' bundle will be chosen. Again, an increase in the money income of the consumer will push the budget line B2 outward parallel to itself to B3 where the bundle X" will be the bundle which will be chosen. Thus, it can be said that, with variations in income of the consumers and with the prices held constant the income–consumption curve can be traced out as the set of optimal points.
Income–consumption curve for different goods
In the case illustrated with the help of Figure 1 both X1 and X2 are normal goods in which case, the demand for the good increases as money income rises. However, if the consumer has different preferences, he has the option to choose X0 or X+ on budget line B2. As the income of the consumer rises,and the consumer chooses X0 instead of X' i.e. if the consumer's indifference curve is I4 and not I2, then the demand for X1 would fall . In that case, X1 would be called an inferiorInferior
Inferior means of lower station, rank, degree, or grade . It may also refer to:* Inferiority complex* An anatomical term of location* Inferior angle of the scapula, in the human skeleton...
good i.e. demand for good X1 decreases with a rise in income of the consumer. Thus, a rise in income of the consumer may lead his demand for a good to rise, fall or not change at all. It is important to note here that, the knowledge of preferences of the consumer is essential to predict whether a particular good is inferior or normal.
Normal goods
In the figure 2 to the left, B1, B2 and B3 are the different budget lines and I1, I2 and I3 are the indifference curves that are available to the consumer. As shown earlier, as the income of the consumer rises, the budget line moves outwards parallel to itself. In this case, from initial bundle X*, with an increase in the income of the consumer the budget line moves from B1 to B2 and the consumer would choose X* bundle and subsequently, with a further rise in consumer's income the budget line moves from B2 to B3 and the consumer would choose X" bundle and so on. And so the consumer would maximize his utility at the points X*, X' and X", and by joining these points, the income-consumption curve can be obtained.The upward sloping income-consumption curve implies that there will be an increase in the demand for both X1 and X2 as the income of the consumer rises and will cause the demand curves of the goods to shift to the right.
When the income-consumption curve has a positive slope
Slope
In mathematics, the slope or gradient of a line describes its steepness, incline, or grade. A higher slope value indicates a steeper incline....
then the income elasticity of demand will be positive. The greater the shifts of the demand curve to the right, the greater the income-elasticity of demand. In such a case, the goods will be normal goods.
Inferior goods
The figure 3 on the right, shows the consumption patterns of the consumer of two goods X1 and X2, the prices of which are p1 and p2 respectively, where B1 and B2 are the budget lines and I1 and I2 are the indifference curves. Figure 3 clearly shows that, with a rise in the income of the consumer, the initial budget line B1 moves outward parallel to itself to B2 and the consumer now chooses X' bundle to the initial bundle X*. The figure shows that, the demand for X2 has risen from X21 to X22 with an outward shift of the budget line from B1 to B2 (caused due to rise in the income of the consumer). This essentially means that, good X2 is a normal good as the demand for X2 rose with an increase in the income of the consumer.In contrast, it is to be noted from the figure, that the demand for X1 has fallen from X11 to X12 with an outward shift of the budget line from B1 to B2 (caused due to rise in the income of the consumer). This implies that, good X1 is an inferior good as the demand for X1 fell with an increase in the income of the consumer.
The consumer maximizes his utility at points X* and X' and by joining these points, the income–consumption curve can be obtained. In figure 3, the income–consumption curve bends back on itself as with an increase income, the consumer demands more of X2 and less of X1.
The income–consumption curve in this case is negatively sloped and the income elasticity of demand will be negative. Also the price effect for X2 is positive, while it is negative for X1.
is the change in the demand for good 1 when we change income from to , holding the price of good 1 fixed at :Perfect Substitutes
The figure on the right depicts the case of two goods X1 and X2 which are perfect substitutes, prices of which are p1 and p2 respectively. Here, I1, I2, I3, I4 and I5 are the straight line indifference curves, B1, B2 and B3 are the budget constraints and X*, X' and X" are the bundles chosen by the consumer. If it is assumed that, p1 < p2 then the consumer would consume only X1 as this would maximize his utility.In the figure on the right, B1 is the initial budget line and the consumer chooses X* as his optimal bundle and as the money income of the consumer rises, his budget line will shift outward and parallel to itself to B2. At the budget line B2 and indifference curve I4, the consumer will choose X'. Subsequently, as the income rises further, the budget line will again shift outward and parallel to itself to B3, where, the consumer will choose the optimal bundle X".
Thus, it can be said that, the amount of good X1 that the consumer consumes will increase, with an increase in the income of the consumer. . Thus, the income–consumption curve for the perfect substitutes X1 and X2 will be the horizontal axis.
Perfect complements
In case of perfect complements, the same amount of goods will be consumed by the consumer irrespective of say income, prices etc. As the level of consumption remains the same, the income–consumption curve for perfect complements is the diagonal line passing through the origin as shown in Figure 5 on the left.In the figure on the left, X*, X' and X" are the utility maximization points where the budget constraint lines B1, B2 and B3 touch the kinks of the L-shaped indifference curves I1, I2 and I3 respectively. And by joining these points of utility maximization, the income–consumption curve for perfect substitutes is obtained.
Cobb–Douglas preferences
The demand functions for both good X1 and X2 are linear functions of income and thus, the income-consumption curve will be straight lines through the origin.If
Then, the demand for good X1 will have the form
If p1 is kept as a fixed value, then this will be a linear function of m. By doubling m, the demand will double. In fact, if m is multiplied by any positive number say, t, the demand will be multiplied with the same amount.
For good X2, the demand is given by
. This too is clearly linear and thus making the income-consumption curves for both the goods X1 and X2 straight lines passing through the origin.Income–consumption curve and Engel curves
At each level of income level, say m, there would an optimal choice for each of the goods. If suppose only the case of a good say, good X1 is taken, then the optimal choice at each set of prices and income or in other words, the demand function for good X1 can be written as: Where,
p1 is the price of good X1, p2 is the price of good X2 and m is the income of the consumer.
If the prices of the goods X1 and X2 are held constant and the changes in demand are observed in relation to changes in income, the Engel curve
Engel curve
An Engel curve describes how household expenditure on a particular good orservice varies with household income. There are two varieties of Engel Curves. Budget share Engel Curves describe how the proportion of household income spent on a good varies with income. Alternatively, Engel curves can also...
can be generated. With all prices held constant, the Engel curve
Engel curve
An Engel curve describes how household expenditure on a particular good orservice varies with household income. There are two varieties of Engel Curves. Budget share Engel Curves describe how the proportion of household income spent on a good varies with income. Alternatively, Engel curves can also...
can be defined as a graph depicting the demand for one good as a function of income.
See also
- Consumer theory#Income effect
- Price–consumption curve
- Engel CurveEngel curveAn Engel curve describes how household expenditure on a particular good orservice varies with household income. There are two varieties of Engel Curves. Budget share Engel Curves describe how the proportion of household income spent on a good varies with income. Alternatively, Engel curves can also...