Article (grammar)
An article is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the types of reference being made by the noun, and to specify the volume or numerical scope of that reference....
, the genitive is said to be in inclusio with the noun.
iterature, inclusio is a literary device based on a concentric principle, also known as bracketing or an envelope structure, which consists of creating a frame by placing similar material at the beginning and end of a section, although whether this material should consist of a word or a phrase, or whether greater amounts of text also qualify, and of what length the frames section should be, are matters of some debate.
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Encyclopedia
Inclusio is a term with two distinct but analogous
Analogy
Analogy is both the cognition process of transferring information from a particular subject to another particular subject , and a language expression corresponding to such a process....
meanings in grammar
Grammar
Grammar is the field of linguistics that covers the conventions governing the use of any given natural language. It includes morphology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics....
and literature
Literature
Literature is the art of written works. Literally translated, the word means "acquaintance with letters" . In Western culture the most basic written literary types include fiction and non-fiction....
. This article discusses both.
Grammar
In linguisticsLinguistics
Linguistics is the science study of natural language. Linguistics encompasses a number of sub-fields. An important topical division is between the study of language structure and the study of Meaning ....
, inclusio is syntax
Syntax
In linguistics, syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing Sentence s in natural languages. In addition to referring to the discipline, the term syntax is also used to refer directly to the rules and principles that govern the sentence structure of any individual language, as in "the Irish syntax"....
for the relationship between a noun
Noun
In linguistics, a noun is a member of a large, open class lexical category whose members can occur as the main word in the subject of a clause, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition....
in genitive case
Genitive case
In grammar, the genitive case or possessive case is the grammatical case that marks a noun as modifying another noun. It often marks a noun as being the possessor of another noun but it can also indicate various relationships other than possession; certain verbs may take argument in the genitive case; and it may have adverbial uses ....
and head noun of the phrase. The syntax is "
Article (grammar)
An article is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the types of reference being made by the noun, and to specify the volume or numerical scope of that reference....
, the genitive is said to be in inclusio with the noun.
Literature
In literature, inclusio is a literary device based on a concentric principle, also known as bracketing or an envelope structure, which consists of creating a frame by placing similar material at the beginning and end of a section, although whether this material should consist of a word or a phrase, or whether greater amounts of text also qualify, and of what length the frames section should be, are matters of some debate. Inclusio is found in various sources, both antique and new.Inclusio in the Hebrew Bible
While this may not be evident to many of the Bible's modern lay readers, the Hebrew BibleHebrew Bible
The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written mostly in Biblical Hebrew with some Biblical Aramaic....
is actually full of literary devices, some of which, having fallen out of favor over the years, are lost on most modern readers. Inclusio, of which many instances can be found in the Bible, is one of these, although it should be noted that many instances of Inclusio are lost on those reading translation of the Bible rather than the Hebrew
Hebrew language
Hebrew is a Semitic languages of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Modern Hebrew is spoken by more than seven million people in Israel and Classical Hebrew is used for prayer or study in Jews communities around the world....
source.
Particularly noteworthy are the many instances of inclusio in the Book of Jeremiah
Book of Jeremiah
The Book of Jeremiah, or Jeremiah , is part of the Hebrew Bible, Judaism's Tanakh, and later became a part of Christianity's Old Testament....
. A rather far-flung example of inclusion in the Book of Jeremiah can be found in its first section, chapters 1-24, which are enveloped both by a similar question in the first and last episode (1:11, 24:3), and by similar imagery - that of almond rods and baskets of figs. Inclusio may also be found between chapters 36 and 45, both of which mention Baruch ben Nerya, to whom Jeremiah's prophecies were entrusted. Bracketing can also be seen in The Lord's sayings in 1:10 and 24:6. Indeed, the whole book save for its last (52nd) chapter - which some claim was appended to it - can be thought of as inside the inclusio formed by 1:1 and 51:64, both of which mention the preaching of Jeremiah (???? ?????), thus implying the lateness of chapter 52; although analyzing the whether so trivial a measure has any meaning but that which appeases the eye is best left to the astute reader. None of this is to say that the shorter forms of inclusio - those in which the section enframed is quite shorter - are not found in the Book of Jeremiah. An example is found in Jeremiah 4:22, which reads:
| ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????. |
The phrase "?? ????" (did not know) is found at the beginning and the end of The Lord's analysis of his people. English translations do not preserve this structure.
Inclusio also abounds in other books of the Bible. An obvious example of inclusio is found in the first and last (29th) verses of Psalm 118 "???? ??' ??-??? ?? ????? ????.". Another, more disputed, example may be found in the Book of Ruth
Book of Ruth
The Book of Ruth is one of the books of the Ketuvim of the Tanakh and of the Historical Books of the Old Testament. It is a rather short book, in both Judaism and Christianity scripture, consisting of only four chapters....
, where one finds a certain resemblance, if somewhat chiastic, between 1:1 and 1:22 - in the former Elimelekh leaves Bethlehem
Bethlehem
Bethlehem is a Palestine city in the central West Bank, approximately south of Jerusalem, with a population of about 30,000 people. It is the capital of the Bethlehem Governorate of the Palestinian National Authority and a hub of Palestinian culture and tourism....
in favor of Moab
Moab
Moab is the historical name for a mountainous strip of land in modern-day Jordan running along the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. In ancient times, it was home to the kingdom of the Moabites, a people often in conflict with their Israelite neighbors to the west....
, and in the latter Ruth and Naomi
Naomi (Bible)
Naomi is Book_of_Ruth's mother-in-law in the Old Testament Book of Ruth. Later, she called herself Mara, or "bitter" :"She said to them, 'Do not call me Naomi call me "Mara" , for the Almighty has dealt very bitterly with me.'" referring to the death of her husband and her two sons ....
leave Moab
Moab
Moab is the historical name for a mountainous strip of land in modern-day Jordan running along the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. In ancient times, it was home to the kingdom of the Moabites, a people often in conflict with their Israelite neighbors to the west....
in favor of Bethlehem. Finally, it has been suggested that Genesis
Genesis
Genesis or Breishit is the first book of the Bible used by Judaism and Christianity, and the first of five books of the Pentateuch or Torah....
2 contains inclusio, for the male is created at the start of the passage and the female at the end, providing textual evidence for the parallels between the two.