In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)

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In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)

In Our Time is a discussion programme hosted since 2002 by Melvyn Bragg

Melvyn Bragg

Melvyn Bragg, Baron Bragg, Royal Society of Literature, Royal Television Society is a United Kingdom author and broadcaster....
on BBC Radio 4

BBC Radio 4

BBC Radio 4 is a domestic UK radio station that broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes, including news, drama, comedy, science and history....
in the United Kingdom

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
, described as a series investigating the "history of ideas". The series covers many different subjects from history, religion, philosophy, the arts or science, one of which is explored in each programme with the help of three experts on the subject. It is produced by James Cook.

It is usually broadcast on Thursday mornings at 9am with a shortened repeat at 9.30pm the same day; since 2005 the programme has also been made available as a podcast from the BBC website and iTunes

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In Our Time is a discussion programme hosted since 2002 by Melvyn Bragg

Melvyn Bragg

Melvyn Bragg, Baron Bragg, Royal Society of Literature, Royal Television Society is a United Kingdom author and broadcaster....
on BBC Radio 4

BBC Radio 4

BBC Radio 4 is a domestic UK radio station that broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes, including news, drama, comedy, science and history....
in the United Kingdom

United Kingdom

ITunes

iTunes is a Proprietary software digital media media player application, used for playing and organizing digital music and video files. The program is also an interface to manage the contents on Apple's popular iPod digital media players as well as the iPhone....
for one week after broadcast. The series runs throughout the year except for a summer break of approximately six weeks between July and September.

The BBC website for the programme includes an archive of previous programmes, each available as streaming audio. The archive is divided into sections for the categories of science, religion, philosophy, history and culture, with another section for the programmes of the current series.

Format

The essential part of the programme lasts 42 minutes. Melvyn Bragg starts with a summary, in about 200 words, of the week's topic. He then introduces three specialists, usually either two men and a woman or two women and a man, who are with him in the studio. Bragg appears familiar with their work - he may have read their books, and during the programme he will often refer to material which they have submitted in advance.

One of the specialists is invited to begin the proceedings, and then Bragg advances the discussion by inviting another of the guests to answer a question. This continues along a preplanned route until the forty-two minute mark is in sight. Bragg then either winds the programme up himself or allows a remark from one of the specialists to be the concluding statement.

Sometimes, in concluding, he mentions regretfully that there was no time for a particular aspect of the subject. Clearly there had been a plan to include it, but dwelling for too long on an earlier aspect had led to its omission. The programme is usually live and unedited in the morning edition. This is demonstrated during the 26 April 2007 episode where one of the participants joins late but has been 'listening in the taxi on the way in'. To the listener at least, it is Bragg, as knowledgeable amateur, introducing and chairing a planned discussion about the topic. He usually succeeds in guiding it to a satisfactory conclusion. This simple structure and lack of editing allows every programme to develop in a unique way while the format remains the same.

List of programmes

2009-2008

The Library of Alexandria
Library of Alexandria

The Royal Library of Alexandria or Ancient Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was once the largest Great libraries of the ancient world....
- next programme

Broadcast date	Title	Contributors
	The Measurement Problem Measurement problem The measurement problem in quantum mechanics is the unresolved problem of how wavefunction collapse occurs. The inability to observe this process directly has given rise to different interpretations of quantum mechanics, and poses a key set of questions that each interpretation must answer.... in Physics - Man is not the measure of all things	Basil Hiley, Simon Saunders, Roger Penrose Roger Penrose Sir Roger Penrose, Order of Merit , Royal Society is an English mathematical physicist and Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of Wadham College....
	The Waste Land The Waste Land *The Waste Land* is a revolutionary, highly influential 434-line Modernist poetry in English by T. S. Eliot. Despite the alleged obscurity of the poem ? its shifts between satire and prophecy, its abrupt and unannounced changes of Narrator, Setting , its elegiac but intimidating summoning up of a vast and dissonant range of cultures and li... and Modernity Modernity Modernity is a term that refers to the modern era. It is distinct from modernism, and, in different contexts, refers to cultural and intellectual movements of the period c.... - "I will show you fear in a handful of dust"	Steve Connor, Fran Brearton, Lawrence Rainey
	The Observatory at Jaipur Jantar Mantar (Jaipur) The Jantar Mantar is a collection of architectural astronomical instruments, built by Maharaja Jai Singh II at his then new capital of Jaipur between 1727 and 1734.... - Indian astronomy on the cusp of colonialism	Chandrika Kaul, David Arnold, Chris Minkowski
	The Destruction of Carthage - "Delenda Carthago!"	Mary Beard Mary Beard (classicist) Winifred Mary Beard is Professor of Classics at the University of Cambridge and is a fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge. She is Classics editor of the Times Literary Supplement, and author of the blog .... , Jo Quinn, Ellen O’Gorman
	The Brothers Grimm: fairy tales, Grimm Grimm's Fairy Tales *Children's and Household Tales* is a collection of Germany origin fairy tales first published in 1812 by Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm, the Brothers Grimm.... - but not as we know them	Juliette Wood, Marina Warner, Tony Phelan
	A Modest Proposal A Modest Proposal *A Modest Proposal: For Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland from Being a Burden to Their Parents or Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Public, commonly referred to as A Modest Proposal, is a Juvenalian satire satire essay written and published anonymously by Jonathan Swift in 1729.... by Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift* was an Anglo-Irish satire, essayist, political pamphleteer , poet and cleric who became Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, Dublin.... - 18th century satire gets close to the bone	John Mullan John Mullan John Mullan is a Professor of English at University College London. He specialises in 18th century in literature. He is currently working on the eighteenth-century section of the new Oxford English Literary History.... , Judith Hawley, Ian McBride
	A History of History HIStory *HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I* is a double album by Michael Jackson, released on June 20, 1995, and is Jackson's ninth. The first disc, named "HIStory Begins" consists of a selection of Jackson's greatest hits from the singer's past fifteen years, while the second, named "HIStory Continues" features new songs, with the... - how the writing of history has evolved	Paul Cartledge Paul Cartledge Paul Anthony Cartledge is the first A. G. Leventis Professor of Greek Culture at Cambridge University , having previously held a personal chair in Greek History at Cambridge.... , John Burrow, Miri Rubin Miri Rubin Miri Rubin is a medieval historian who is Professor of Early Modern History at Queen Mary, University of London. She was educated at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and University of Cambridge, where she took her doctorate....
	Thoreau Henry David Thoreau Henry David Thoreau was an United States author, poet, Natural history, tax resistance, development criticism, surveyor, historian, philosophy, and leading Transcendentalism.... and the American Idyll - America in the Wilderness Wilderness Wilderness or wildland is a natural environment on Earth that has not been significantly modified by human activity. It may also be defined as: "The most intact, undisturbed wild natural areas left on our planet - those last truly wild places that humans do not control and have not developed with roads, pipelines or other industrial i...	Kathleen Burk, Tim Morris, Stephen Fender
	Darwin Special Programme 1: On the Origins of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin Royal Society was an English people natural history who realised and presented compelling evidence that all species of life have evolution over time from common descent, through the process he called natural selection.... Programme 2: The Beagle HMS Beagle HMS Beagle was a Cherokee class brig-sloop 10-gun sloop-of-war#Rigging of the Royal Navy, named after the beagle, a breed of dog. She was ship naming and launching on 11 May 1820 from the Woolwich Dockyard on the River Thames, at a cost of ?7,803.... , the Mockingbird Mockingbird Mockingbirds are a group of New World passerine birds from the Mimidae family . They are best known for the habit of some species mimicking the songs of insect and amphibian sounds as well as other bird songs, often loudly and in rapid succession.... and the Megatherium Megatherium Megatherium was a genus of elephant-sized ground sloths that lived from two million to 8,000 years ago. A related genus was Nothrotheriops, which were primarily bear-sized ground sloths.... Programme 3: On the Origin of Species Programme 4: Life After the Origin	Special series of four daily programmes in documentary format
	The Consolation of Philosophy - a new year's message from Boethius	Anthony Grayling, Melissa Lane, Roger Scruton Roger Scruton Roger Vernon Scruton is an England conservative philosopher....
	The Physics Time in physics In physics, the treatment of time is a central issue. It has been treated as a question of geometry. One can Measurement time and treat it as a geometrical dimension, such as length, and perform mathematical operations on it.... of Time Time Time is a component of the measurement used to sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify the motions of objects.... - does time even exist?	Jim Al-Khalili Jim Al-Khalili Professor Jim Al-Khalili Order of the British Empire is a British theoretical nuclear physics, Academia, author and Broadcasting.... , Monica Grady Monica Grady Monica Grady is a leading British space scientist, primarily known for her work on meteorites. She is currently Professor of Planetary and Space Science at the Open University.... , Ian Stewart Ian Stewart (mathematician) Ian Nicholas Stewart Fellow of the Royal Society is a professor of mathematics at the University of Warwick, England, and a widely known popular-science and science-fiction writer....
	The Great Fire of London Great Fire of London The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of London, England, from Sunday, 2 September to Wednesday, 5 September 1666.... - London's burning, fetch the engines...	Lisa Jardine Lisa Jardine Lisa Anne Jardine Order of the British Empire , n?e Lisa Anne Bronowski, is a United Kingdom historian of the early modern period. She is professor of Renaissance Studies and Director of the Centre for Editing Lives and Letters at Queen Mary, University of London, and is Chairman of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority .... , Vanessa Harding, Jonathan Sawday
	Heat Heat In physics and thermodynamics, heat is any transfer of energy from one body or thermodynamic system to another due to a difference in temperature.... : A History -from fire to thermodynamics Thermodynamics In physics, thermodynamics is the study of the conversion of heat energy into different forms of energy ; different energy conversions into heat energy; and its relation to macroscopic variables such as temperature, pressure, and volume....	Simon Schaffer Simon Schaffer Simon Schaffer was born in Brighton and was educated at Varndean Grammar School for Boys . He is a professor of the history and philosophy of science at University of Cambridge and edits The British Journal for the History of Science.... , Hasok Chang, Joanna Haigh
	The Great Reform Act Reform Act 1832 The Representation of the People Act 1832, commonly known as the Reform Act 1832, was an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.... : reform - but was it great?	Dinah Birch, Michael Bentley, Catherine Hall
	The Baroque Baroque In the the arts, the Baroque was a Western cultural Epoch , starting roughly at the beginning of the 17th century in Rome, Italy. It was exemplified by drama and grandeur in Baroque sculpture, Baroque painting, literature, Baroque dance, and Baroque music.... - - the misshapen pearl of Europe	Tim Blanning,Nigel Aston, Helen Hills
	Neuroscience Neuroscience Neuroscience is a field devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system. The Society for Neuroscience was founded in 1969, but the study of the brain started a long time ago.... - does the brain rule the mind?	Martin Conway, Gemma Calvert, David Papineau
	Aristotle's Politics Politics (Aristotle) Aristotle *Politics* is a work of political philosophy. The Nicomachean_Ethics#Chapters_6-9:_Politics declared that the inquiry into ethics necessarily follows into politics, and the two works are frequently considered to be parts of a larger treatise, or perhaps connected lectures, dealing with the "philosophy of human affairs." The tit... - a perfect society?	Angie Hobbs, Paul Cartledge, Annabel Brett
	Simon Bolivar Simón Bolívar Sim?n Jos? Antonio de la Sant?sima Trinidad Bol?var Palacios y Blanco ? more commonly known as Sim?n Bol?var ? was, together with the Argentina general Jos? de San Mart?n, one of the most important leaders of Spanish America's successful struggle for independence.... - the liberator of Spanish America	Anthony McFarlane, John Fisher, Catherine Davies
	Dante's Inferno Dante's Inferno Dante's Inferno may refer to:* The Divine Comedy#Inferno, the epic poem by Dante Alighieri* Dante's Inferno , a game that will be realeased in 2009.... - to Hell Hell In many religious traditions, Hell is a place of suffering and punishment in the afterlife, often in the underworld. Religions with a linear Divinity history often depict Hell as endless .... and back	Margaret Kean, John Took, Claire Honess
	Vitalism Vitalism Vitalism, as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, is#a doctrine that the functions of a living organism are due to a vital principle distinct from biochemical reactions... - the spark of life	Patricia Fara, Andrew Mendelsohn, Pietro Corsi
	Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems Gödel's incompleteness theorems In mathematical logic, G?del's incompleteness theorems, proved by Kurt G?del in 1931, are two theorems stating inherent limitations of all but the most trivial formal systems for arithmetic of mathematical interest.... - the dirty secret of maths	Marcus du Sautoy Marcus du Sautoy Marcus Peter Francis du Sautoy is a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Oxford. Formerly a Fellow#Academic use of All Souls College, and Wadham College, he is now a Fellow of New College Oxford.... , John Barrow, Philip Welch
	The Translation Movement - the movement in Baghdad Baghdad Baghdad is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous. With a municipal population estimated at 6.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq, and the second largest city in the Arab World.... which translated Aristotle Aristotle Aristotle was a Greeks philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, Poetics , theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology.... and other Greek classics into Arabic	Peter Adamson, Amira Bennison, Peter Pormann
	Miracles - will they never cease?	Martin Palmer, Janet Soskice, Justin Champion

2008-2007

Broadcast date	Title	Contributors
	Tacitus Tacitus Publius Cornelius Tacitus was a Roman Senate and a historian of the Roman Empire. The surviving portions of his two major works—the Annals and the Histories —examine the reigns of the Roman Emperors Tiberius, Claudius, Nero and those that reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors.... - The Decadence of Rome Ancient Rome Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC....	Catharine Edwards, Ellen O’Gorman, Maria Wyke
	The Metaphysical Poets Metaphysical poets The metaphysical poets were a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, who shared an interest in Metaphysics concerns and a common way of investigating them.... - sex and death in the 17th century	Tom Healy, Julie Sanders, Tom Cain
	The Arab Conquests Muslim conquests Arab Muslim conquests , also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab conquests, began after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.... - the 7th century new world order	Hugh Kennedy, Amira Bennison, Robert Hoyland
	The Music of the Spheres Musica universalis Musica universalis is an ancient philosophy concept that regards proportions in the movements of celestial bodies ? the Sun, Moon, and planets ? as a form of musica .... - a dose of heavenly harmonies	Peter Forshaw, Jim Bennett, Angela Voss
	The Riddle of the Sands The Riddle of the Sands *The Riddle of the Sands: A Record of Secret Service* is a 1903 in literature by Irish nationalism Robert Erskine Childers.It is a novel that "owes a lot to the wonderful adventure novels of writers like Henry Rider Haggard, that were a staple of Victorian era"; perhaps more significantly, it was a spy novel that "established a formula th... - how Britain learned to fear the Germans	Richard Evans Richard J. Evans Professor Richard Evans is a United Kingdom historian of Germany.... , Rosemary Ashton, Tim Blanning
	Trofim Lysenko Trofim Lysenko Trofim Denisovich Lysenko was an agronomy who was director of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics biology under Joseph Stalin. Lysenko rejected Mendelian inheritance genetics in favor of the Hybrid ization theories of Russian horticulture Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin, and adopted them into a powerful political scientific movement termed Lys... - Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953.... 's chief geneticist	Robert Service Robert Service (historian) Professor Robert John Service is a United Kingdom historian of Russia. He is a Fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford.Service spent his undergraduate years at University of Cambridge, where he studied Russian language and classical Greek.... , Steve Jones Steve Jones (biologist) Steve Jones, is a professor of genetics and head of the biology department at University College London. His studies are conducted in the Francis Galton laboratory.... , Catherine Merridale
	Probability Probability Probability, or wikt:chance, is a way of expressing knowledge or belief that an Event will occur or has occurred. In mathematics the concept has been given an exact meaning in probability theory, that is used extensively in such areas of study as mathematics, statistics, finance, gambling, science, and philosophy to draw conclusions about t... - heads or tails?	Marcus du Sautoy Marcus du Sautoy Marcus Peter Francis du Sautoy is a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Oxford. Formerly a Fellow#Academic use of All Souls College, and Wadham College, he is now a Fellow of New College Oxford.... , Colva Roney-Dougal, Ian Stewart Ian Stewart (mathematician) Ian Nicholas Stewart Fellow of the Royal Society is a professor of mathematics at the University of Warwick, England, and a widely known popular-science and science-fiction writer....
	The Black Death Black Death The Black Death, was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history, widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia pestis , but recently attributed by some factors to other diseases.... - a plague on all our houses	Miri Rubin Miri Rubin Miri Rubin is a medieval historian who is Professor of Early Modern History at Queen Mary, University of London. She was educated at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and University of Cambridge, where she took her doctorate.... , Samuel Cohn, Paul Binski
	The Library at Nineveh Nineveh Nineveh , an "exceeding great city", as it is called in the Book of Jonah, lay on the eastern bank of the Tigris in ancient Assyria, across the river from the modern-day major city of Mosul, Iraq.... -	Eleanor Robson Eleanor Robson Eleanor Robson is a lecturer in the History and Philosophy of Science at Cambridge University, vice-chair of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq and a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.... , Karen Radner, Andrew George
	The Brain: A History History of the brain The history of the brain details the development of thoughts, speculations, and ideas as to the function of the central nervous system, over the last five thousand years.... - food for thought	Vivian Nutton, Jonathan Sawday, Marina Wallace
	The Enclosure Enclosure Enclosure or inclosure is the process by which common land is taken into fully private ownership and use. Common land is land which is owned by one person, but over which other people have certain traditional rights, such as arable farming, mowing meadows for hay, or grazing livestock.... s - dividing the country	Rosemary Sweet, Murray Pittock, Mark Overton
	Materialism Materialism The philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to existence is matter, and is considered a form of physicalism.... - are we living in a material world?	Anthony Grayling, Caroline Warman, Anthony O'Hear Anthony O'Hear Anthony O'Hear is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Buckingham and Head of the Department of Education.He is the editor of the journal Philosophy and Honorary Director of the Royal Institute of Philosophy....
	Yeats William Butler Yeats File:William Butler Yeat by George Charles Beresford.jpgWilliam Butler Yeats was an Irish people poet and dramatist and one of the foremost figures of 20th century in literature.... and Irish Politics - "a terrible beauty is born"	Roy Foster R. F. Foster (historian) Robert Fitzroy Foster - generally known as Roy Foster - is the Carroll Professor of History of Ireland at Hertford College, Oxford in the United Kingdom.... , Fran Brearton, Warwick Gould
	The Norman Yoke Norman yoke The *Norman yoke* is a term that emerged in England Nationalist discourse in the mid-17th century. It was a shorthand phrase, useful for attributing the oppressive aspects of feudalism in England to the impositions of William I of England, his retainers and their descendants.... - 1067 and all that 1066 and All That *1066 and All That: A Memorable History of England, comprising all the parts you can remember, including 103 Good Things, 5 Bad Kings and 2 Genuine Dates* is a tongue-in-cheek reworking of the history of England....	Sarah Foot Sarah Foot Sarah Foot is a United Kingdom Early Middle Ages historian and currently holds the Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History at the University of Oxford.... , Richard Gameson, Matthew Strickland
	Newton's Laws of Motion Newton's laws of motion Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that form the basis for classical mechanics, Direct relationship the forces acting on a Physical body to the motion of the body.... - they put a man on the Moon Moon The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite and the List of natural satellites by diameter satellite in the Solar System. The average centre-to-centre distance from the Earth to the Moon is km, about thirty times the diameter of the Earth....	Simon Schaffer Simon Schaffer Simon Schaffer was born in Brighton and was educated at Varndean Grammar School for Boys . He is a professor of the history and philosophy of science at University of Cambridge and edits The British Journal for the History of Science.... , Raymond Flood, Rob Iliffe
	The Dissolution of the Monasteries Dissolution of the Monasteries The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, denotes the administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII of England disbanded all monastery, nunnery and friary in England, Wales and Ireland; appropriated their income, disposed of their assets and provided f... - religion in ruins	Diarmaid MacCulloch Diarmaid MacCulloch Diarmaid Ninian John MacCulloch is Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford and Fellow of St Cross College, Oxford .... , Diane Purkiss, George Bernard
	Soren Kierkegaard - fear and trembling in Copenhagen	Jonathan Rée Jonathan Rée Jonathan R?e is a British freelance historian and philosopher from Bradford. Educated at Oxford University, R?e was previously a Professor of Philosophy at Middlesex University, but gave up a teaching career in order to "have more time to think".... , Clare Carlisle, John Lippitt
	The Greek Myths Greek mythology Greek mythology is the body of myths and legends belonging to the Ancient Greece concerning their List of Greek mythological figures#Immortals and Greek hero cult, Cosmology#Metaphysical cosmology, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices.... - soap opera of the gods	Nick Lowe, Richard Buxton, Mary Beard Mary Beard (classicist) Winifred Mary Beard is Professor of Classics at the University of Cambridge and is a fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge. She is Classics editor of the Times Literary Supplement, and author of the blog ....
	Ada Lovelace Ada Lovelace Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace , born Augusta Ada Byron, was the only legitimate child of George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron. She is widely known in modern times simply as Ada Lovelace.... - prophet of the computer age	Patricia Fara, Doron Swade, John Fuegi
	King Lear King Lear *King Lear* is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1603 and 1606, and is considered one of his greatest works.... - Shakespeare's finest fairy tale	Jonathan Bate Jonathan Bate Jonathan Bate Order of the British Empire Royal Society of Arts Royal Society of Literature is a British academic, biographer, critic, broadcaster, novelist and scholar of Shakespeare, Romanticism and Ecocriticism.... , Katherine Duncan-Jones, Catherine Belsey
	The Multiverse Multiverse The multiverse is the hypothetical set of multiple possible universes that together comprise all of reality.Multiverse may also refer to:... - the universe Universe The universe is defined as everything that physically exists: the entirety of space and time, all forms of matter, energy and momentum, and the physical laws and physical constants that govern them.... is not enough	Martin Rees Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow Martin John Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow, Order of Merit, President of the Royal Society is an England Physical cosmology and astrophysicist. He has been Astronomer Royal since 1995, and Master of Trinity College, Cambridge since 2004.... , Fay Dowker Fay Dowker Helen Fay Dowker is a United Kingdom Theoretical Physics and progressive activism born in Manchester, England. She studied at the University of Cambridge where she completed her Doctor of Philosophy under the supervision of Stephen Hawking.... , Bernard Carr
	The Statue of Liberty Statue of Liberty The Statue of Liberty , or, more formally, Liberty Enlightening the World , was presented to the United States by the people of France in 1886.... - From France with love...	Robert Gildea Robert Gildea Robert Nigel Gildea is professor of Modern History at the University of Oxford and is the author of several influential books on 20th century French history.... , Kathleen Burk, John Keane John Keane (British Political Theorist) John Keane was educated at the Universities of Adelaide, Toronto and Cambridge, is Professor of Politics at the University of Westminster and at the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin ....
	The Social Contract Social contract Social contract describes a broad class of theories that try to explain the ways in which people form nations and maintain social order. The notion of the social contract implies that the people give up some rights to a government or other authority in order to receive or maintain social order.... - Hobbes Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes was an English philosophy, remembered today for his work on political philosophy. His 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy from the perspective of social contract theory.... , Locke John Locke John Locke was an English philosopher. Locke is considered the first of the British Empiricism, but is equally important to social contract theory.... , Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean Jacques Rousseau was a major philosopher, writer, and composer of the eighteenth century The Age of Enlightenment, whose political philosophy influenced the French Revolution and the development of modern political and educational thought.... and the Origins of Society Society A society is a group of humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive culture and/or institutions....	Melissa Lane, Susan James, Karen O’Brien
	The Court of Rudolf II - the lost powerhouse of Renaissance ideas	Peter Forshaw, Howard Hotson, Adam Mosley,
	Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics Plate tectonics describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere. The theory encompasses the older concepts of continental drift, developed during the first decades of the 20th century by Alfred Wegener, and seafloor spreading, understood during the 1960s.... - the day the Earth moved	Richard Corfield, Joe Cann, Lynne Frostick
	The Fisher King Fisher King The Fisher King or the Wounded King figures in Arthurian legend as the latest in a line charged with keeping the Holy Grail. Versions of his story vary widely, but he is always wounded in the legs or groin, and incapable of moving on his own.... - the wound that does not heal	Carolyne Larrington, Stephen Knight, Juliette Wood
	The Charge of the Light Brigade Charge of the Light Brigade The Charge of the Light Brigade was a disastrous charge of British cavalry led by James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854 in the Crimean War.... - "All in the valley of Death rode the six hundred"	Mike Broers, Trudi Tate, Saul David
	Albert Camus Albert Camus Albert Camus was an Algerian-born France author, Philosophy, and journalist who won the Nobel Prize in 1957. He is often associated with existentialism, but Camus refused this label.... - Rebel with a Cause	Peter Dunwoodie, David Walker, Christina Howells
	The Nicene Creed Nicene Creed The Nicene Creed is the creed or profession of faith that is most widely used in Christianity liturgy. It is called Nicene because, in its original form, it was adopted in the city of Iznik by the first ecumenical council, which met there in 325.... - when Christ became God	Martin Palmer, Caroline Humfress, Andrew Louth
	The Four Humours Humorism Humourism, or humouralism, was a theory of the makeup and workings of the human body adopted by Ancient Greek medicine and Medicine in ancient Rome and Greek philosophy.... - yellow bile Bile Bile or gall is a bitter yellow or green fluid secreted by hepatocytes from the liver of most vertebrates. In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where the bile aids the process of digestion of lipids.... , blood Blood Blood is a specialized bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's Cell s ? such as nutrients and oxygen ? and transports waste products away from those same cells.... , choler and phlegm Phlegm Phlegm is sticky fluid secreted by the mucous membranes of humans and other animals. Its definition is limited to the mucus produced by the respiratory system, excluding that from the nose passages, and particularly that which is expelled by coughing .... in the original theory of everything	David Wootton, Vivian Nutton, Noga Arikha
	The Sassanian Empire - - in the shadow of Ancient Persia	Hugh Kennedy, Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, James Howard-Johnston
	Genetic Mutation Mutation In biology, mutations are changes to the nucleotide sequence of the genetic material of an organism. Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division, by exposure to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation, chemical mutagens, or virus , or can be induced by the organism, itself, by cellular processes such as s... - the error-strewn secrets of life	Steve Jones Steve Jones (biologist) Steve Jones, is a professor of genetics and head of the biology department at University College London. His studies are conducted in the Francis Galton laboratory.... , Adrian Woolfson, Linda Partridge Linda Partridge Linda Partridge Commander of the Order of the British Empire Fellow of the Royal Society Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , is a British geneticist....
	The Fibonacci Sequence - - the numbers in nature	Marcus du Sautoy Marcus du Sautoy Marcus Peter Francis du Sautoy is a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Oxford. Formerly a Fellow#Academic use of All Souls College, and Wadham College, he is now a Fellow of New College Oxford.... , Jackie Stedall, , Ron Knott
	The Prelude The Prelude *The Prelude; or, Growth of a Poet's Mind* is an autobiographical, "philosophical" poem in blank verse by the England poet William Wordsworth.... *- the greatest poem in the English language?*	Rosemary Ashton, Stephen Gill, Emma Mason
	The Discovery of Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]... - feuds and revolutions at the birth of modern chemistry	Simon Schaffer Simon Schaffer Simon Schaffer was born in Brighton and was educated at Varndean Grammar School for Boys . He is a professor of the history and philosophy of science at University of Cambridge and edits The British Journal for the History of Science.... , Jenny Uglow Jenny Uglow Jennifer Sheila Uglow OBE is a British biographer, critic and publisher. The editorial director of Chatto and Windus, she has written critically acclaimed biographies of Elizabeth Gaskell, William Hogarth, Thomas Bewick and the Lunar Society, among others, and has also compiled a dictionary of women's biographies.... , Hasok Chang
	Avicenna Avicenna , known as Abu Ali Sina Balkhi or Ibn Sina and commonly known in English by his Latinized name Avicenna , was a Persian people polymath and the foremost Islamic medicine and Early Islamic philosophy of his time.... - wine, women and philosophy	Peter Adamson, Amira Bennison, Nader El-Bizri
	Guilt Guilt Guilt is a cognitive or an emotional experience that occurs when a person understanding or belief - whether justified or not - that he or she has violated a Morality standard, and is responsible for that violation.... - what is it good for?	Stephen Mulhall, Miranda Fricker Miranda Fricker Miranda Fricker is an England philosopher. She currently holds the position of Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London. She received her DPhil from the University of Oxford before taking up a Jacobsen Research Fellowship and later a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowship at the University of London.... , Oliver Davies
	Taste Taste (sociology) Taste in the general sense is the same as preference.Taste is also a sociology concept in that it is not just personal but subject to social pressures, and a particular taste can be judged "good" or "bad".... - the good, the bad and the ugly in 18th century	Amanda Vickery, John Mullan John Mullan John Mullan is a Professor of English at University College London. He specialises in 18th century in literature. He is currently working on the eighteenth-century section of the new Oxford English Literary History.... , Jeremy Black
	The Arabian Nights - The art of story-telling	Robert Irwin Robert Graham Irwin Robert Graham Irwin is a British historian, novelist, and writer on Arabic literature.He read modern history at the University of Oxford, and did graduate research at School of Oriental and African Studies.... , Marina Warner Marina Warner Marina Sarah Warner, Order of the British Empire, British Academy is a British novelist, short story writer, historian and mythography. She is known for her many non-fiction books relating in various ways to feminism and mythology.... , Gerard van Gelder, Laudian
	Divine Right of Kings Divine Right of Kings The Divine Right of Kings is a politics and religion doctrine of royal absolutism. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving his right to rule directly from the will of God.... - "there's such divinity doth hedge a king"	Justin Champion Justin Champion Justin Champion is a United Kingdom Academia who is currently head of the department of History at Royal Holloway, University of London .Professor Champion is a strong proponent of public history.... , Tom Healy, Clare Jackson
	Antimatter Antimatter In particle physics, antimatter is the extension of the concept of the antiparticle to matter, where antimatter is composed of antiparticles in the same way that normal matter is composed of particles.... - where has it all gone?	Val Gibson, Frank Close Frank Close Frank Close Order of the British Empire is a noted particle physicist who is currently Professor of Physics at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford.... , Ruth Gregory
	Socrates Socrates Socrates was a Classical Greece Philosophy. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known only through the classical accounts of his students.... - the man and the myth	Angie Hobbs Angie Hobbs Angela Hunter Hobbs is a British philosopher. Hobbs is a Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Warwick, and was previously a Research Fellow at Christ's College, Cambridge.... , David Sedley, Paul Millett

2007-2006

Broadcast date	Title	Contributors
	The Trial of Madame Bovary Madame Bovary *Madame Bovary* is a novel by Gustave Flaubert, often considered his masterpiece. The novel focuses on a doctor's wife, Emma Bovary, who has adultery and lives beyond her means in order to escape the banalities and emptiness of provincial life.... - "Madame Bovary, c'est moi!"	Andy Martin Andy Martin (author) Andy Martin is a British author and academic. Martin is the author of several books, including Stealing the Wave , Napoleon the Novelist , Waiting for Bardot and Walking on Water .... Mary Orr Robert Gildea Robert Gildea Robert Nigel Gildea is professor of Modern History at the University of Oxford and is the author of several influential books on 20th century French history....
	The Pilgrim Fathers - the original American dream	Kathleen Burk, Harry Bennett, Tim Lockley
	Permian-Triassic Boundary Permian-Triassic extinction event The Permian?Triassic extinction event, informally known as the Great Dying, was an extinction event that occurred , forming the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods.... - when 95% of life was killed off	Richard Corfield, Mike Benton, Jane Francis Jane Francis Jane Francis is a palaeobotanist, who in 2002 became the fourth woman to receive the Polar Medal ....
	Common Sense Common sense For the pamphlet by Thomas Paine see Common Sense . For use with Wikipedia see WP:COMMON SENSE.Common sense , based on a strict interpretation of the term, consists of what people in common would agree on: that which they "sense" as their common natural understanding.... Philosophy - "there is no statement so absurd that no philosopher will make it"	A. C. Grayling A. C. Grayling Anthony Clifford Grayling is a United Kingdom philosophy, atheist and author. He is Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London, University of London and a supernumerary fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford.... , Melissa Lane, Alexander Broadie
	Renaissance Astrology History of astrology The history of Astrology encompasses a great span of human history and many cultures. The belief in a connection between the cosmos and terrestrial matters has also played an important part in human history.... - "we are merely the stars' tennis balls, struck and bandied which way please them"	Peter Forshaw, Lauren Kassell, Jonathan Sawday
	Siegfried Sassoon Siegfried Sassoon Siegfried Loraine Sassoon, Commander of British Empire Military Cross was an English poetry and author. He became known as a writer of satire anti-war poetry during World War I.... - the poet who survived	Jean Moorcroft Wilson Jean Moorcroft Wilson Dr Jean Moorcroft Wilson is a British academic and writer, best known as a biographer and critic of First World War poets and poetry.Dr Wilson is a lecturer at the University of London.... , Fran Brearton, Max Egremont Max Wyndham, 2nd Baron Egremont John Max Henry Scawen Wyndham, 7th Baron Leconfield and 2nd Baron Egremont , generally known simply as Max Egremont, is a British biography and novelist....
	Occam's Razor Occam's razor Occam's razor, also Ockham's razor, is a principle attributed to the 14th-century English logician and Franciscan friar, William of Ockham.... - cutting medieval philosophy down to size	Sir Anthony Kenny Anthony Kenny Sir Anthony John Patrick Kenny Fellow of the British Academy is an English people philosopher whose interests lie in the philosophy of mind, ancient philosophy and Scholasticism philosophy, the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the philosophy of religion.... , Marilyn McCord Adams Marilyn McCord Adams The Revd Canon Prof. Marilyn McCord Adams is an United States of America philosopher of philosophy of religion, a theology and a writer on medieval philosophy.... , Richard Alan Cross
	The Siege of Orleans Siege of Orléans The Siege of Orl?ans marked a turning point in the Hundred Years' War between France and England. This was Joan of Arc's first major military victory and the first major French success to follow the crushing defeat at Battle_of_Agincourt in 1415.... - did Joan of Arc Joan of Arc Saint Joan of Arc also known as the Maid of Orleans, is a national heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint. A peasant girl born in eastern France, she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War, claiming divine guidance, and was indirectly responsible for the coronation of Charles VII of Franc... really rescue France France France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France.... ?	Anne Curry, Malcolm Vale, Matthew Bennett
	Gravitational Waves - a new window on the universe	Jim Al-Khalili Jim Al-Khalili Professor Jim Al-Khalili Order of the British Empire is a British theoretical nuclear physics, Academia, author and Broadcasting.... , Carolin Crawford, Sheila Rowan
	Victorian Pessimism Pessimism Pessimism, from the Latin pessimus , isa painful state of mind which negatively colours the perception of life, specially with regard to future events.... - fear and loathing in the late 19th century	Dinah Birch, Rosemary Ashton, Peter Mandler Peter Mandler Peter Mandler is a historian at the University of Cambridge. He focuses on 19th and 20th century British history, particularly cultural history and the history of the social sciences....
	Spinoza Baruch Spinoza Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza was a Netherlands Philosophy of Iberian Jews origin. Revealing considerable scientific aptitude, the breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until years after his death.... - believed that God and Nature were the same thing	Jonathan Rée Jonathan Rée Jonathan R?e is a British freelance historian and philosopher from Bradford. Educated at Oxford University, R?e was previously a Professor of Philosophy at Middlesex University, but gave up a teaching career in order to "have more time to think".... , Sarah Hutton, John Cottingham
	Greek and Roman Love Poetry - the pursuit of the Beloved from Sappho Sappho Sappho... to Catullus Catullus Gaius Valerius Catullus was a Roman poet of the 1st century BC. His work remains widely studied, and continues to influence poetry and other forms of art....	Nick Lowe, Edith Hall Edith Hall Professor Edith Hall is a British scholar of classics and cultural history, and holds a joint Research Chair in Classics and Drama at Royal Holloway, University of London, where she directs the Centre for the Reception of Greece and Rome.... , Maria Wyke
	Symmetry Symmetry Symmetry generally conveys two primary meanings. The first is an imprecise sense of harmonious or aesthetically-pleasing proportionality and balance; such that it reflects beauty or perfection.... - the pattern at the heart of our physical world	Fay Dowker Fay Dowker Helen Fay Dowker is a United Kingdom Theoretical Physics and progressive activism born in Manchester, England. She studied at the University of Cambridge where she completed her Doctor of Philosophy under the supervision of Stephen Hawking.... , Marcus du Sautoy Marcus du Sautoy Marcus Peter Francis du Sautoy is a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Oxford. Formerly a Fellow#Academic use of All Souls College, and Wadham College, he is now a Fellow of New College Oxford.... , Ian Stewart Ian Stewart (mathematician) Ian Nicholas Stewart Fellow of the Royal Society is a professor of mathematics at the University of Warwick, England, and a widely known popular-science and science-fiction writer....
	The Opium Wars Opium Wars The Opium Wars , also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, lasted from 1839 to 1842 and 1856 to 1860, the climax of a trade dispute between China under the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire.... - a conflict that was to affect British-Chinese relations for generations	Yangwen Zheng, Lars Laamann, Xun Zhou
	St Hilda Hilda of Whitby Hilda of Whitby is a Christianity saint. The source of information about Hilda is Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum by the Bede in 731, who was born c.... - the life and times of the Abbess Abbess An abbess is the female religious superior, or Mother Superior, of an abbey of nuns.In Roman Catholic and Anglican abbeys, the mode of election, position, rights, and authority of an abbess correspond generally with those of an abbot.... of Whitby Whitby Whitby is a town and civil parish in the Scarborough district of North Yorkshire on the north-east coast of England. Nowadays it is a fishing port and tourist destination....	John Blair, Rosemary Cramp, Sarah Foot Sarah Foot Sarah Foot is a United Kingdom Early Middle Ages historian and currently holds the Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History at the University of Oxford....
	Anaesthetics Anesthesia Anesthesia, or anaesthesia , has traditionally meant the condition of having sensation blocked or temporarily taken away. This allows patients to undergo surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience.... - from ether frolics to pain free surgery Surgery Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, or sometimes for some other reason....	David Wilkinson, Stephanie Snow, Dr Anne Hardy
	Bismarck Otto von Bismarck Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck, Count of Bismarck-Sch?nhausen, Duke of Lauenburg, Prince of Bismarck, , was a Kingdom of Prussia and Germany statesman and aristocrat of the 19th century.... - The Iron Chancellor	Richard J. Evans Richard J. Evans Professor Richard Evans is a United Kingdom historian of Germany.... , Christopher Clark Christopher Clark Christopher Clark is an Australian historian working in England. He was educated at Sydney Grammar School, the University of Sydney and the Freie Universit?t Berlin.... , Katharine Lerman
	Epistolary Literature Epistolary novel An epistolary novel is a novel written as a series of documents. The usual form is Letter s, although diary, newspaper clippings and other documents are sometimes used.... - great novels of fictional letters	John Mullan John Mullan John Mullan is a Professor of English at University College London. He specialises in 18th century in literature. He is currently working on the eighteenth-century section of the new Oxford English Literary History.... , Karen O'Brien, Brean Hammond
	Microbiology Microbiology Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms. This includes eukaryote such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes, which are bacteria and archaea.... - the story of the invisible masters of the universe	John Dupré John Dupré John Dupr? is a professor of the philosophy of science at the University of Exeter.Dupre was educated at the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge and taught at Oxford, Stanford University and Birkbeck, University of London of the University of London before moving to Exeter.... , Anne Glover, Andrew Mendelsohn
	The History of Optics Optics Optics is the study of the behavior and properties of light including its optical phenomena with matter and its imaging by optical instruments.... - from telescopes to microscopes, a new way of seeing the world	Simon Schaffer Simon Schaffer Simon Schaffer was born in Brighton and was educated at Varndean Grammar School for Boys . He is a professor of the history and philosophy of science at University of Cambridge and edits The British Journal for the History of Science.... , Jim Bennett Jim Bennett (historian) James A. Bennett PhD is a museum curator and history of science.Jim Bennett is Director of the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford at Oxford University.... , Emily Winterburn
	William Wilberforce William Wilberforce William Wilberforce was a United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland politician, a philanthropist and a leader of the movement to abolish the Atlantic slave trade.... - the man and his legacy	This broadcast was a documentary rather than a discussion
	Heart of Darkness Heart of Darkness *Heart of Darkness* is a novella written by Poland writer Joseph Conrad. Before its 1902 publication, it appeared as a three-part series in Blackwood's Magazine.... - one of the most influential novels of the 20th century	Susan Jones, Robert Hampson, Laurence Davies
	Karl Popper Karl Popper Knight Bachelor Karl Raimund Popper Order of the Companions of Honour, Fellow of the Royal Society, Fellow of the British Academy was an Austrian and British philosopher and a professor at the London School of Economics.... - his ideas challenged our approach to the philosophy of science	John Worrall John Worrall (philosopher) John Worrall is currently Professor of Philosophy of Science at the London School of Economics and Political Science. He is also associated with the CPNSS at the same institution.... , Anthony O'Hear Anthony O'Hear Anthony O'Hear is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Buckingham and Head of the Department of Education.He is the editor of the journal Philosophy and Honorary Director of the Royal Institute of Philosophy.... , Nancy Cartwright Nancy Cartwright (philosopher) Nancy Cartwright Fellow of the British Academy is a professor of philosophy at the London School of Economics and the University of California at San Diego, and a recipient of a MacArthur Fellowship....
	Genghis Khan Genghis Khan Genghis Khan , born , was the founder, Khan and Khagan of the Mongol Empire, the World's largest empires contiguous empire in history.... - founder of one of the world's largest ever land-based empires	Peter Jackson Peter Jackson (historian) Peter Jackson is a scholar and historian, specializing on the Crusades, particularly the contacts between the Europeans and the Mongols. He is a professor of Medieval History at Keele University and editor of The Cambridge History of Iran: The Timurid and Safavid Periods.... , Naomi Standen, George Lane
	Archimedes Archimedes Archimedes of Syracuse was a Greek mathematics, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity.... - the Greek mathematician and his Eureka moments	Jackie Stedall, Serafina Cuomo, George Phillips
	The Jesuits - the school masters of Europe	Nigel Aston, Simon Ditchfield, Dame Olwen Hufton Olwen Hufton Olwen Hufton DBE is one of the foremost historians of early modern Europe and a pioneer of social history and of women's history. She is an expert on Early Modern, western European comparative socio-cultural history with special emphasis on gender, poverty, social relations, religion and work....
	Mars MARS In cryptography, MARS is a block cipher that was IBM's submission to the Advanced Encryption Standard process. MARS was selected as an AES finalist in August 1999, after the AES2 conference in March 1999, where it was voted as the fifth and last finalist algorithm.... - the search for life on the Red Planet	John Zarnecki John Zarnecki John C. Zarnecki is an England Sir Arthur Clarke Award winning professor and researcher in space science. Currently working at the Open University since 2000, he was previously a professor and researcher at the University of Kent.... , Colin Pillinger Colin Pillinger Colin Pillinger, Order of the British Empire, is a planetary scientist at the Open University in the UK.... , Monica Grady Monica Grady Monica Grady is a leading British space scientist, primarily known for her work on meteorites. She is currently Professor of Planetary and Space Science at the Open University....
	Borges - the life and work of Argentina Argentina Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic , is a country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city.... 's best loved short story writer	Edwin Williamson, Efraín Kristal, Evelyn Fishburn
	The Siege of Constantinople Fall of Constantinople The Fall of Constantinople was a siege in which the Ottoman Empire under the command of Sultan Mehmed II attempted to capture the capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople which was defended by the army of Emperor Constantine XI.... - the end of a thousand years of the Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire and Eastern Roman Empire are conventional names used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered on its capital of Constantinople....	Roger Crowley, Judith Herrin Judith Herrin Judith Herrin is Professor of Late Antique and Byzantine studies at King's College London. She studied history at the University of Cambridge and did her PhD at the University of Birmingham.... , Colin Imber
	Hell Hell In many religious traditions, Hell is a place of suffering and punishment in the afterlife, often in the underworld. Religions with a linear Divinity history often depict Hell as endless .... - its representation through the ages	Martin Palmer, Margaret Kean, Neil MacGregor Neil MacGregor Robert Neil MacGregor is an art historian and museum director. He was the Director of the National Gallery, London from 1987 to 2002, and then became Director of the British Museum....
	Indian Maths - laying the foundations for modern numerals and zero as a number	George Gheverghese Joseph, Colva Roney-Dougal, Dennis Almeida
	Anarchism Anarchism Anarchism is a political philosophy encompassing anarchist schools of thought which consider the state to be unnecessary, harmful, and/or undesirable.... - a question of authority?	John Keane John Keane (British Political Theorist) John Keane was educated at the Universities of Adelaide, Toronto and Cambridge, is Professor of Politics at the University of Westminster and at the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin .... , Ruth Kinna Ruth Kinna Dr Ruth Ellen Kinna is a politics lecturer at Loughborough University where she specialises in political philosophy. Since 2007 she has been the editor of the journal Anarchist Studies.... , Peter Marshall Peter Marshall (author) Peter Marshall is an England philosopher, historian, biographer, travel writer and poet. He has written fifteen books which are being translated into fourteen different languages....
	The Speed of Light Speed of light The speed of light in an free space is an important physical constant usually written as c, with a value of 299,792,458 metres per second.... - a cosmic speed limit?	John D. Barrow John D. Barrow John David Barrow Fellow of the Royal Society is an English physical cosmology, theoretical physics, and mathematician. He is currently Research Professor of Mathematical Sciences at the University of Cambridge.... , Iwan Morus, Jocelyn Bell Burnell Jocelyn Bell Burnell Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell, Dame of the British Empire, Fellow of the Royal Society, Royal Astronomical Society is a British astrophysics who, as a postgraduate student, discovered the first radio pulsars with her thesis advisor Antony Hewish, for which he won a Nobel Prize....
	Altruism Altruism Altruism is the deliberate pursuit of the interests or welfare of others or the public interest.... - how can evolutionary biology explain it?	Miranda Fricker Miranda Fricker Miranda Fricker is an England philosopher. She currently holds the position of Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London. She received her DPhil from the University of Oxford before taking up a Jacobsen Research Fellowship and later a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowship at the University of London.... , Richard Dawkins Richard Dawkins Clinton Richard Dawkins, Royal Society#Fellowship, Royal Society of Literature is a United Kingdom ethology, evolutionary biology and popular science author.... , John Dupré John Dupré John Dupr? is a professor of the philosophy of science at the University of Exeter.Dupre was educated at the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge and taught at Oxford, Stanford University and Birkbeck, University of London of the University of London before moving to Exeter....
	The Peasants' Revolt Peasants' Revolt The Peasants' Revolt, Tyler?s Rebellion, or the Great Rising of AD 1381 was one of a number of popular revolts in late medieval Europe and is a major event in the history of England.... - a lasting legacy for popular uprising?	Miri Rubin Miri Rubin Miri Rubin is a medieval historian who is Professor of Early Modern History at Queen Mary, University of London. She was educated at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and University of Cambridge, where she took her doctorate.... , Caroline Barron, Alastair Dunn
	Alexander Pope Alexander Pope Alexander Pope is generally regarded as the greatest England poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical verse and for his translation of Homer.... - "short is my date, but deathless my renown"	John Mullan John Mullan John Mullan is a Professor of English at University College London. He specialises in 18th century in literature. He is currently working on the eighteenth-century section of the new Oxford English Literary History.... , Jim McLaverty, Valerie Rumbold
	The Poincaré conjecture Poincaré conjecture In mathematics, the Poincar? conjecture is a theorem about the Characterization of the 3-sphere among 3-manifold. It began as a popular, important conjecture, but is now considered a theorem to the satisfaction of the awarders of the Fields medal.... - how a 19th century mathematician changed how we think about the shape of the universe	June Barrow-Green, Ian Stewart Ian Stewart (mathematician) Ian Nicholas Stewart Fellow of the Royal Society is a professor of mathematics at the University of Warwick, England, and a widely known popular-science and science-fiction writer.... , Marcus du Sautoy Marcus du Sautoy Marcus Peter Francis du Sautoy is a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Oxford. Formerly a Fellow#Academic use of All Souls College, and Wadham College, he is now a Fellow of New College Oxford....
	The Encyclopédie Encyclopédie *Encyclop?die, ou dictionnaire raisonn? des sciences, des arts et des m?tiers* was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements and revisions in 1772, 1777 and 1780 and numerous foreign editions and later derivatives.... - the great project of the Enlightenment Age of Enlightenment The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century, in which rationalism was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority....	Judith Hawley, Caroline Warman, David Wootton
	The Needham Question - did China lay the foundations of modern science?	Dr Chris Cullen, Tim Barrett, Frances Wood
	The Diet of Worms Diet of Worms The Diet of Worms was a general assembly of Estates of the realm of the Holy Roman Emperor that took place in Worms, Germany, a small town on the Rhine located in what is now Germany.... - Luther Martin Luther Martin Luther was a Germans monk, theology, university professor, priest, father of Protestantism, and Protestant Reformers whose ideas started the Protestant Reformation and changed the course of Western culture.... 's stand against the Church	Diarmaid MacCulloch Diarmaid MacCulloch Diarmaid Ninian John MacCulloch is Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford and Fellow of St Cross College, Oxford .... , David Bagchi, Reverend Dr Charlotte Methuen
	Averroes Averroes Abu 'l-Walid Mu?ammad ibn A?mad ibn Rushd , better known just as Ibn Rushd , and in European literature as Averroes , was an Al-Andalus-Arab Muslim polymath: a master of early Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki Sharia and Fiqh, Logic in Islamic philosophy, Psychology in medieval Islam, Arabic music theory, and the Scien... - the battle between faith and reason	Amira Bennison, Peter Adamson, Sir Anthony Kenny Anthony Kenny Sir Anthony John Patrick Kenny Fellow of the British Academy is an English people philosopher whose interests lie in the philosophy of mind, ancient philosophy and Scholasticism philosophy, the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the philosophy of religion....
	Alexander von Humboldt Alexander von Humboldt was a German people natural scientist and List of explorers, and the younger brother of the Prussian minister, philosopher, and linguistics, Wilhelm von Humboldt .... - the remarkable career of the Prussian naturalist	Jason Wilson, Patricia Fara, Jim Secord

2006-2005

Broadcast date	Title	Contributors
	Greek Comedy Ancient Greek comedy Comedy was one of two principal dramatic forms in ancient Greece, the other being tragedy. Athenian comedy is conventionally divided into three periods, Old Comedy, Middle Comedy, and New Comedy.... - sing as you revel and rout	Paul Cartledge Paul Cartledge Paul Anthony Cartledge is the first A. G. Leventis Professor of Greek Culture at Cambridge University , having previously held a personal chair in Greek History at Cambridge.... , Edith Hall Edith Hall Professor Edith Hall is a British scholar of classics and cultural history, and holds a joint Research Chair in Classics and Drama at Royal Holloway, University of London, where she directs the Centre for the Reception of Greece and Rome.... , Nick Lowe
	Pastoral Literature - the romantic idealisation of the countryside	Helen Cooper Helen Cooper (professor) Helen Cooper is Professor of Medieval and Renaissance English, Cambridge University at the University of Cambridge, and fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge.... , Laurence Lerner Laurence Lerner Laurence Lerner is a South African born United Kingdom literary critic and poet and novelist.He was born in Cape Town to parents of Lithuanian-Jewish ancestry, and educated at the University of Cape Town and Pembroke College, Cambridge.... , Julie Sanders
	Galaxies - extra-galactic nebulae, black holes, stars and dark matter	John Gribbin John Gribbin John R. Gribbin is a United Kingdom science writer and a visiting Fellow in astronomy at the University of Sussex.... , Carolin Crawford, Robert Kennicutt Robert Kennicutt Robert C. Kennicutt, Jr. is an United States astronomer. He is the Plumian Professor of Astronomy at the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge in the University of Cambridge....
	The Spanish Inquisition Spanish Inquisition The Spanish Inquisition was an ecclesiastical tribunal established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile.... - one of the most barbaric episodes in European history	John Edwards, Alexander Murray, Michael Alpert
	Carbon Carbon Carbon is a chemical element with chemical symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalence?making four electrons available to form covalent bond chemical bonds.... - the basis of life	Harry Kroto, Monica Grady Monica Grady Monica Grady is a leading British space scientist, primarily known for her work on meteorites. She is currently Professor of Planetary and Space Science at the Open University.... , Ken Teo
	Uncle Tom's Cabin Uncle Tom's Cabin Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and History of slavery in the United States, so much in the latter case that the novel intensified the Origins of the American Civil War lea... *- the novel that started the American Civil War*	Dr Celeste-Marie Bernier, Dr Sarah Meer, Dr Clive Webb
	The Heart Heart The heart is a muscle organ in all vertebrates responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions, or a similar structure in annelids, mollusks, and arthropods.... - its anatomical and cultural history	David Wootton, Fay Bound Alberti, Jonathan Sawday
	Mathematics and Music - the science behind sound and composition	Marcus du Sautoy Marcus du Sautoy Marcus Peter Francis du Sautoy is a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Oxford. Formerly a Fellow#Academic use of All Souls College, and Wadham College, he is now a Fellow of New College Oxford.... , Robin Wilson Robin Wilson (mathematician) Robin James Wilson is a professor in the Department of Mathematics at the Open University, a fellow by special election of Keble College, Oxford and, , professor of geometry at Gresham College, London, where he has also been a Visiting Gresham Professor.... , Ruth Tatlow
	John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill , United Kingdom philosopher, political economy, civil servant and Parliament of the United Kingdom, was an influential liberalism thinker of the 19th century.... - one of the most influential philosophers of the 19th Century	A. C. Grayling A. C. Grayling Anthony Clifford Grayling is a United Kingdom philosophy, atheist and author. He is Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London, University of London and a supernumerary fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford.... , Janet Radcliffe Richards Janet Radcliffe Richards Janet Radcliffe Richards is a United Kingdom feminism philosopher and bioethics. She reads bioethics and is Director of the Centre for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine at University College London, is the author of several books, papers and articles, and has sat on a variety of advisory and working committees in areas of philosophy and b... , Alan Ryan Alan Ryan Alan James Ryan Fellow of the British Academy is Warden of New College, Oxford, and Professor of Politics at the University of Oxford. He was born 9 May 1940, and was educated at Christ's Hospital, Balliol College, Oxford, and University College, London....
	Faeries - supernatural creatures that are neither gods nor humans	Dr Juliette Wood, Diane Purkiss Diane Purkiss Diane Purkiss is Fellow and Tutor of English at Keble College, Oxford. She specialises in Renaissance and women's literature, witchcraft and the English Civil War.... , Nicola Bown
	Astronomy Astronomy Astronomy is the science of Astronomical object and Phenomenon that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere . It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the physical cosmology.... and Empire Empire Empire derives from the Latin word imperium, denoting ?military command? in Roman. Politically, an empire is a geographically extensive group of states and peoples united and ruled either by a monarch or an oligarchy.... - the link between colonial expansion and scientific discovery	Simon Schaffer Simon Schaffer Simon Schaffer was born in Brighton and was educated at Varndean Grammar School for Boys . He is a professor of the history and philosophy of science at University of Cambridge and edits The British Journal for the History of Science.... , Kristen Lippincott, Allan Chapman
	The Great Exhibition - a wonder of the Victorian world	Jeremy Black Jeremy Black (historian) Jeremy Black Member of the Order of the British Empire is United Kingdom historian and a Professor of History at the University of Exeter. He is a senior fellow at the Center for the Study of America and the West at the Foreign Policy Research Institute.... , Hermione Hobhouse, Clive Emsley Clive Emsley Clive Emsley is a United Kingdom historian....
	The Search for Immunisation - and the battle against smallpox	Nadja Durbach, Dr Chris Dye, Sanjoy Bhattacharya
	The Oxford Movement Oxford Movement The Oxford Movement or Tractarianism was an affiliation of High Church Anglicans, most of whom were members of the University of Oxford, who sought to demonstrate that the Church of England was a direct descendant of the Church established by the Twelve apostles.... - Anglicans and Catholics in the 19th century	Sheridan Gilley, Frances Knight, Simon Skinner
	Goethe - formation of a German cultural icon	T. C. W. Blanning T. C. W. Blanning Timothy C. W. Blanning is a historian at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, focusing on the history of Continental Europe from the 17th century to the beginning of World War I.... , Sarah Colvin, W. Daniel Wilson
	The Carolingian Renaissance Carolingian Renaissance The Carolingian Renaissance was a period of intellectual and cultural revival occurring in the late Eighth century and Ninth century centuries, with the peak of the activities occurring during the reigns of the Carolingian rulers Charlemagne and Louis the Pious.... - the revival of early medieval Western Europe	Matthew Innes, Julia Smith, Mary Garrison
	The Royal Society Royal Society The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as the Royal Society, or even the Royal, is a learned society for science that was founded in 1660 and is considered by most to be the oldest such society still in existence.... - the first club for experimental science	Stephen Pumfrey, Lisa Jardine Lisa Jardine Lisa Anne Jardine Order of the British Empire , n?e Lisa Anne Bronowski, is a United Kingdom historian of the early modern period. She is professor of Renaissance Studies and Director of the Centre for Editing Lives and Letters at Queen Mary, University of London, and is Chairman of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority .... , Michael Hunter Michael Hunter (historian) Michael Cyril William Hunter is Professor of History at Birkbeck, University of London, specializing in the history of science in seventeenth-century England, particularly the work of Robert Boyle....
	Don Quixote Don Quixote , fully titled is an early novel written by Spain author Miguel de Cervantes. Cervantes created a fictional origin for the story based upon a manuscript by the invented Moors historian, Cide Hamete Benengeli.... *- Spanish romance and the first novel*	Barry Ife, Edwin Williamson, Jane Whetnall
	Negative numbers - how they spread across civilizations	Ian Stewart Ian Stewart (mathematician) Ian Nicholas Stewart Fellow of the Royal Society is a professor of mathematics at the University of Warwick, England, and a widely known popular-science and science-fiction writer.... , Colva Roney-Dougal, Raymond Flood
	Friendship Friendship Friendship is a term used to denote co-operative and supportive behavior between two or more people. In this sense, the term connotes a Interpersonal relationship which involves mutual knowledge, esteem, and affection and respect along with a degree of rendering service to friends in times of need or crisis.... - thinking philosophically about our close companions	Angie Hobbs Angie Hobbs Angela Hunter Hobbs is a British philosopher. Hobbs is a Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Warwick, and was previously a Research Fellow at Christ's College, Cambridge.... , Mark Vernon, John Mullan John Mullan John Mullan is a Professor of English at University College London. He specialises in 18th century in literature. He is currently working on the eighteenth-century section of the new Oxford English Literary History....
	Catherine the Great - the Enlightened Despot of Eighteenth Century Russia	Janet Hartley, Simon Dixon, Tony Lentin
	Human Evolution Human evolution Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental mammals.... - from early hominids to Homo sapiens	Steve Jones Steve Jones (biologist) Steve Jones, is a professor of genetics and head of the biology department at University College London. His studies are conducted in the Francis Galton laboratory.... , Fred Spoor, Margaret Clegg
	Geoffrey Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer was an English author, poet, philosopher, Bureaucracy, Noble court and diplomat. Although he wrote many works, he is best remembered for his unfinished frame narrative The Canterbury Tales.... - the first Great English Poet	Dr Carolyne Larrington, Helen Cooper Helen Cooper (professor) Helen Cooper is Professor of Medieval and Renaissance English, Cambridge University at the University of Cambridge, and fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge.... , Ardis Butterfield
	The Abbasid Caliphs - when Baghdad ruled the Muslim world.	Hugh N. Kennedy Hugh N. Kennedy Hugh N. Kennedy MA, PhD is Professor of Arabic in the Faculty of Languages and Cultures at School of Oriental and African Studies, London, formerly professor of history at University of St Andrews.... , Robert Graham Irwin Robert Graham Irwin Robert Graham Irwin is a British historian, novelist, and writer on Arabic literature.He read modern history at the University of Oxford, and did graduate research at School of Oriental and African Studies.... , Amira Bennison
	Seventeenth Century Print Culture Print culture Print culture embodies all forms of printed text and other printed forms of visual communication. One prominent scholar in the field is Elizabeth Eisenstein, who contrasted print culture, which appeared in Europe in the centuries after the advent of the Western printing-press , to scribal culture.... - piety, populism and political protest	Kevin Sharpe, Ann Hughes, Joad Raymond
	Relativism Relativism Relativism is the idea that some elements or aspects of experience or culture are relative to, i.e., dependent on, other elements or aspects.Common statements that might be considered relativistic include... - the battle against transcendent knowledge	Barry Smith, Jonathan Rée Jonathan Rée Jonathan R?e is a British freelance historian and philosopher from Bradford. Educated at Oxford University, R?e was previously a Professor of Philosophy at Middlesex University, but gave up a teaching career in order to "have more time to think".... , Kathleen Lennon
	Prime Numbers - the building blocks of mathematics	Marcus du Sautoy Marcus du Sautoy Marcus Peter Francis du Sautoy is a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Oxford. Formerly a Fellow#Academic use of All Souls College, and Wadham College, he is now a Fellow of New College Oxford.... , Robin Wilson Robin Wilson (mathematician) Robin James Wilson is a professor in the Department of Mathematics at the Open University, a fellow by special election of Keble College, Oxford and, , professor of geometry at Gresham College, London, where he has also been a Visiting Gresham Professor.... , Jackie Stedall
	The Oath Oath An oath is either a promise or a statement of fact calling upon something or someone that the oath maker considers sacred, usually God, as a witness to the binding nature of the promise or the truth of the statement of fact.... - guaranteeing law, government and the army in the Classical world	Alan Sommerstein, Paul Cartledge Paul Cartledge Paul Anthony Cartledge is the first A. G. Leventis Professor of Greek Culture at Cambridge University , having previously held a personal chair in Greek History at Cambridge.... , Mary Beard Mary Beard (classicist) Winifred Mary Beard is Professor of Classics at the University of Cambridge and is a fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge. She is Classics editor of the Times Literary Supplement, and author of the blog ....
	Aeschylus Aeschylus Aeschylus was an Ancient Greece playwright. He is often recognized as the father or the founder of tragedy, and is the earliest of the three Greek tragedy whose Play survive extant, the others being Sophocles and Euripides.... ' Oresteia - the birth of tragedy	Edith Hall Edith Hall Professor Edith Hall is a British scholar of classics and cultural history, and holds a joint Research Chair in Classics and Drama at Royal Holloway, University of London, where she directs the Centre for the Reception of Greece and Rome.... , Simon Goldhill Simon Goldhill Simon Goldhill is a professor of Greek Literature and Culture at the University of Cambridge, and a fellow of King's College, Cambridge. He is renowned for his work on tragedy#Greek tragedy.... , Thomas Healy
	Heaven Heaven Heaven may refer to the physical heavens, the atmosphere or the seemingly endless expanse of the universe beyond. This is the traditional literal meaning of the term in English, however since at least AD 1000, it is typically also used to refer to an afterlife plane of existence in various religions and spirituality philosophy, often descri... - a journey through the afterlife	Valery Rees, Martin Palmer, John Carey John Carey (critic) John Carey is a British literary critic, and emeritus Merton Professors at the University of Oxford. He was born in Barnes, London, London, and brought up in East Sheen and in Nottingham as an Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II....
	The Peterloo Massacre Peterloo Massacre The Peterloo Massacre occurred at St Peter's Field, Manchester, England, on 16 August 1819, when cavalry Charge into a crowd of 60,000?80,000 gathered at a meeting to demand the reform of parliamentary representation.... - democratic protest and brutal repression	Jeremy Black Jeremy Black (historian) Jeremy Black Member of the Order of the British Empire is United Kingdom historian and a Professor of History at the University of Exeter. He is a senior fellow at the Center for the Study of America and the West at the Foreign Policy Research Institute.... , Sarah Richardson, Clive Emsley Clive Emsley Clive Emsley is a United Kingdom historian....
	Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it. Major AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents,"... - the quest for a machine that can think	Jon Agar, Alison Adam, Igor Aleksander Igor Aleksander Igor Aleksander Royal Academy of Engineering is an emeritus professor of Neural Systems Engineering in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Imperial College London....
	Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes was an English philosophy, remembered today for his work on political philosophy. His 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy from the perspective of social contract theory.... and the political philosophy of Leviathan Leviathan (book) *Leviathan, The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil, commonly called Leviathan*, is a book written by Thomas Hobbes which was published in 1651....	Quentin Skinner Quentin Skinner Quentin Robert Duthie Skinner is the Barber Beaumont Professor of the Humanities at Queen Mary, University of London.... , David Wootton, Annabel Brett
	The Graviton Graviton In physics, the graviton is a hypothetical elementary particle that mediates the force of gravity in the framework of quantum field theory. If it exists, the graviton must be Mass in special relativity and must have a spin of 2 .... - the quest for the theoretical gravity particle	Roger Cashmore Roger Cashmore Roger John Cashmore CMG is Principal of Brasenose College, Oxford and Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Oxford.His interests include the origin of the masses of particles and the Higgs boson.... , Jim Al-Khalili Jim Al-Khalili Professor Jim Al-Khalili Order of the British Empire is a British theoretical nuclear physics, Academia, author and Broadcasting.... , Sheila Rowan
	Pragmatism Pragmatism Pragmatism is the philosophy of considering practical consequences or real effects to be vital components of meaning and truth. Pragmatism is generally considered to have originated in the late nineteenth century with Charles Peirce, who first stated the pragmatic maxim.... - a practical philosophy fit for 20th century America	A. C. Grayling A. C. Grayling Anthony Clifford Grayling is a United Kingdom philosophy, atheist and author. He is Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London, University of London and a supernumerary fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford.... , Julian Baggini Julian Baggini Julian Baggini is a British philosopher and the author of several books about philosophy written for a general audience. He is the author of The Pig that Wants to be Eaten and 99 other thought experiments and is co-founder and editor of The Philosophers' Magazine.... , Miranda Fricker Miranda Fricker Miranda Fricker is an England philosopher. She currently holds the position of Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London. She received her DPhil from the University of Oxford before taking up a Jacobsen Research Fellowship and later a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowship at the University of London....
	Greyfriars Franciscan The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic religious orders that follow a body of regulations known as "The rule of St.... and Blackfriars Dominican Order The Order of Preachers , after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Saint Dominic in the early 13th century in France.... - philosophy, evangelism and fund-raising in the 13th century Church	Henrietta Leyser Henrietta Leyser Henrietta Leyser is an England historian, specialising on the history of Middle Ages England, in particular the role of women. She is currently tutor for welfare at St Peter's College, Oxford.... , Alexander Murray, Sir Anthony Kenny Anthony Kenny Sir Anthony John Patrick Kenny Fellow of the British Academy is an English people philosopher whose interests lie in the philosophy of mind, ancient philosophy and Scholasticism philosophy, the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the philosophy of religion....
	Asteroids - celestial bodies from the beginning of time	Monica Grady Monica Grady Monica Grady is a leading British space scientist, primarily known for her work on meteorites. She is currently Professor of Planetary and Space Science at the Open University.... , Carolin Crawford, John Zarnecki John Zarnecki John C. Zarnecki is an England Sir Arthur Clarke Award winning professor and researcher in space science. Currently working at the Open University since 2000, he was previously a professor and researcher at the University of Kent....
	Samuel Johnson Samuel Johnson Samuel Johnson was an English author. Beginning as a Grub Street journalist, he made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, novelist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer.... and His Circle - life with the professional man of letters	John Mullan John Mullan John Mullan is a Professor of English at University College London. He specialises in 18th century in literature. He is currently working on the eighteenth-century section of the new Oxford English Literary History.... , Jim McLaverty, Judith Hawley
	Cynic Cynic The Cynics were an influential group of philosophers from the ancient School of Cynicism. Their philosophy was that the purpose of Personal life was to live a life of Virtue in agreement with Nature.... ism - bold and populist, the history of a shocking philosophy	Angie Hobbs Angie Hobbs Angela Hunter Hobbs is a British philosopher. Hobbs is a Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Warwick, and was previously a Research Fellow at Christ's College, Cambridge.... , Miriam Griffin, John Moles
	The Rise of the Mammals - life in a cold climate	Richard Corfield, Steve Jones Steve Jones (biologist) Steve Jones, is a professor of genetics and head of the biology department at University College London. His studies are conducted in the Francis Galton laboratory.... , Jane Francis Jane Francis Jane Francis is a palaeobotanist, who in 2002 became the fourth woman to receive the Polar Medal ....
	Field of the Cloth of Gold Field of the Cloth of Gold The Field of Cloth of Gold, also known as the Field of Golden Cloth is the name given to a place in Balinghem, between Gu?nes and Ardres, in France, near Calais.... - a Renaissance entente cordiale	Steven Gunn, John Guy John Guy (historian) John Guy is a leading United Kingdom historian and Biography.Born in Australia, he moved to UK with his parents in 1952. He was educated at King Edward VII School in Lytham, and Clare College, Cambridge, where he read History, taking a British undergraduate degree classification.... , Penny Roberts
	Magnetism Magnetism In physics, magnetism is one of the phenomena by which materials exert attractive or repulsive forces on other materials. Some well-known materials that exhibit easily detectable magnetic properties are nickel, iron, cobalt, and their alloys; however, all materials are influenced to greater or lesser degree by the presence of a magnetic fiel... - an attractive history	Stephen Pumfrey, John Heilbron, Lisa Jardine Lisa Jardine Lisa Anne Jardine Order of the British Empire , n?e Lisa Anne Bronowski, is a United Kingdom historian of the early modern period. She is professor of Renaissance Studies and Director of the Centre for Editing Lives and Letters at Queen Mary, University of London, and is Chairman of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority ....

2005-2004

In 2005 listeners were invited to vote in a poll for the greatest philosopher in history. The winner was the subject of the final programme before the summer break. The vote was won by Karl Marx

Karl Marx

Karl Heinrich Marx was a Germanphilosophy, political economy, historian, sociologist, humanism, political theorist and revolutionary credited as the founder of communism....
with 27.9% of the votes. Other shortlisted figures were David Hume

David Hume

David Hume was a Scotland philosopher, economist, historian and a key figure in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment....
(12.7%), Ludwig Wittgenstein

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein was an Austrian-United Kingdom philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language....
(6.8%), Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was a 19th century philosophy Germans philosophy and classical philology. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy, and science, using a distinctive German language style and displaying a fondness for metaphor and aphorism....
(6.5%), Plato

Plato

Plato , was a Classical Greece Greeks philosopher, mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Platonic Academy in Ancient Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the western world....
(5.6%), Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant was an 18th-century German Philosophy from the Kingdom of Prussia city of K?nigsberg . He is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and of the late Age of Enlightenment....
(5.6%), Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas

Saint Thomas Aquinas, Dominican Order was a priest of the Roman Catholic Church in the Dominican Order from Italy, and an immensely influential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism, known as Doctor Angelicus and Doctor Communis....
(4.8%), Socrates

Socrates

Socrates was a Classical Greece Philosophy. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known only through the classical accounts of his students....
(4.8%), Aristotle

Aristotle

Aristotle was a Greeks philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, Poetics , theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology....
(4.5%) and Karl Popper

Karl Popper

Knight Bachelor Karl Raimund Popper Order of the Companions of Honour, Fellow of the Royal Society, Fellow of the British Academy was an Austrian and British philosopher and a professor at the London School of Economics....
(4.2%).

Broadcast date	Title	Contributors
	Karl Marx Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Marx was a Germanphilosophy, political economy, historian, sociologist, humanism, political theorist and revolutionary credited as the founder of communism.... - In Our Time's Greatest Philosopher	A. C. Grayling A. C. Grayling Anthony Clifford Grayling is a United Kingdom philosophy, atheist and author. He is Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London, University of London and a supernumerary fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford.... , Francis Wheen Francis Wheen Francis James Baird Wheen is a United Kingdom journalist, writer and broadcaster.... , Gareth Stedman Jones Gareth Stedman Jones Professor Gareth Stedman Jones is a United Kingdom academic and one of the UK's foremost historians.Educated at St Paul's School and Lincoln College, Oxford, where he read History, Stedman Jones went on to Nuffield College, Oxford to take a DPhil....
	Christopher Marlowe Christopher Marlowe Christopher "Kit" Marlowe was an Kingdom of England Playwright, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. The foremost English Renaissance theatre tragedy next to William Shakespeare, he is known for his blank verse, his overreaching protagonists, and his own mysterious and untimely death.... - poet, spy, atheist, murder victim?	Katherine Duncan-Jones, Jonathan Bate Jonathan Bate Jonathan Bate Order of the British Empire Royal Society of Arts Royal Society of Literature is a British academic, biographer, critic, broadcaster, novelist and scholar of Shakespeare, Romanticism and Ecocriticism.... , Emma Smith
	Merlin Merlin Merlin is best known as the Magician featured in the Arthurian legend. The standard depiction of the character first appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, and is based on an amalgamation of previous historical and legendary figures.... - the original Welsh wizard	Dr Juliette Wood, Stephen Knight Stephen Knight Stephen Knight was a British author.He is best known for the books Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution and The Brotherhood . Both books suggest there is a secret cabal of Freemasonry running most aspects of British society, and have been criticised for their blatantly Anti-Freemasonry tone.... , Peter Forshaw
	The KT Boundary - did the dinosaurs burn out or fade away?	Simon Kelley, Jane Francis Jane Francis Jane Francis is a palaeobotanist, who in 2002 became the fourth woman to receive the Polar Medal .... , Mike Benton
	Paganism Paganism Paganism is the blanket term given to describe religions and spiritual practices of pre-Christian Europe, and by extension a term for polytheistic?traditions or folk religion?worldwide seen from a Western or Christian viewpoint.... in the Renaissance Renaissance The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.... - how the classical gods returned to the Christian cities	Thomas Healy, Charles Hope, Evelyn Welch
	The Scriblerus Club Scriblerus Club The Scriblerus Club was an informal group of friends that included Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, John Gay, John Arbuthnot, Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke and Thomas Parnell.... - the satirists-in-chief of the 18th century	John Mullan John Mullan John Mullan is a Professor of English at University College London. He specialises in 18th century in literature. He is currently working on the eighteenth-century section of the new Oxford English Literary History.... , Judith Hawley, Marcus Walsh
	Renaissance Maths History of mathematics The area of study known as the history of mathematics is primarily an investigation into the origin of new discoveries in mathematics and, to a lesser extent, an investigation into the standard mathematical methods and notation of the past.... - the birth of modern mathematics?	Robert Kaplan, Jim Bennett Jim Bennett (historian) James A. Bennett PhD is a museum curator and history of science.Jim Bennett is Director of the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford at Oxford University.... , Jackie Stedall
	The Terror Reign of Terror The Reign of Terror or simply The Terror was a period of violence that occurred fifteen months after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between rival political factions, the Girondins and the Jacobin Club, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution." Estimates vary widely as to how many were kil... - when Madame Guillotine ruled France	Mike Broers, Rebecca Spang, T. C. W. Blanning T. C. W. Blanning Timothy C. W. Blanning is a historian at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, focusing on the history of Continental Europe from the 17th century to the beginning of World War I....
	Beauty Beauty Beauty is a characteristic of a person, Location , Object , or idea that provides a perception experience of pleasure, Value , or satisfaction.... - the philosophy of beauty	Angie Hobbs Angie Hobbs Angela Hunter Hobbs is a British philosopher. Hobbs is a Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Warwick, and was previously a Research Fellow at Christ's College, Cambridge.... , Susan James, Julian Baggini Julian Baggini Julian Baggini is a British philosopher and the author of several books about philosophy written for a general audience. He is the author of The Pig that Wants to be Eaten and 99 other thought experiments and is co-founder and editor of The Philosophers' Magazine....
	Abelard and Heloise - love, sex and theology in 12th century Paris	A. C. Grayling A. C. Grayling Anthony Clifford Grayling is a United Kingdom philosophy, atheist and author. He is Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London, University of London and a supernumerary fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford.... , Henrietta Leyser Henrietta Leyser Henrietta Leyser is an England historian, specialising on the history of Middle Ages England, in particular the role of women. She is currently tutor for welfare at St Peter's College, Oxford.... , Michael Clanchy
	Perception Perception In psychology and the cognitive sciences, perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sense information. It is a task far more complex than was imagined in the 1950s and 1960s, when it was predicted that building perceiving machines would take about a decade, a goal which is still very far from fruition.... and the Senses - how do we see what we see?	Richard Gregory Richard Gregory Richard Langton Gregory, Order of the British Empire, MA, D.Sc., Royal Society of Edinburgh, Fellow of the Royal Society is a United Kingdom psychology and Emeritus Professor of Neuropsychology at the University of Bristol.... , David Moore, Gemma Calvert
	The Aeneid Aeneid The *Aeneid* is a Latin Epic poetry written by Virgil in the late 1st century BC that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Troy who traveled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Rome.... - the Roman history of the world	Edith Hall Edith Hall Professor Edith Hall is a British scholar of classics and cultural history, and holds a joint Research Chair in Classics and Drama at Royal Holloway, University of London, where she directs the Centre for the Reception of Greece and Rome.... , Philip Hardie, Catharine Edwards
	Archaeology Archaeology Archaeology, archeology, or arch?ology is the science that studies Homo cultures through the recovery, documentation, analysis, and interpretation of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, Artifact , features, Biofact s, and cultural landscape.... and Imperialism Imperialism Imperialism has two meanings; one describing an action and the other describing an attitude.#Action: Imperialism is the practice of extending the power, control or rule by one country over areas outside its borders.... - conquest of the past	Tim Champion, Richard Parkinson, Eleanor Robson Eleanor Robson Eleanor Robson is a lecturer in the History and Philosophy of Science at Cambridge University, vice-chair of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq and a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford....
	Alfred Alfred the Great Alfred the Great , also spelled ?lfred, was king of the southern Anglo-Saxons kingdom of Wessex from 871 to 899. Alfred is noted for his defence of the kingdom against the Danish people Vikings, becoming the only English people king to be awarded the epithet "the Great".... and the Battle of Edington - without Alfred, no England?	Dr Richard Gameson, Sarah Foot Sarah Foot Sarah Foot is a United Kingdom Early Middle Ages historian and currently holds the Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History at the University of Oxford.... , John Hines
	John Ruskin John Ruskin John Ruskin was a British art critic and social thought, also remembered as an author, poet and artist. His essays on art and architecture were extremely influential in the Victorian era and Edwardian period eras.... - a different kind of Victorian	Dinah Birch, Keith Hanley, Stefan Collini
	Angels - how they got their wings	Martin Palmer, Valery Rees, John Haldane
	Dark Energy Dark energy In physical cosmology & astronomy dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to increase the Hubble's law.... - the unknown force breaking the universe apart	Sir Martin Rees, Carolin Crawford, Sir Roger Penrose Roger Penrose Sir Roger Penrose, Order of Merit , Royal Society is an English mathematical physicist and Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of Wadham College....
	Modernist Utopias - the original 21st century	John Carey John Carey (critic) John Carey is a British literary critic, and emeritus Merton Professors at the University of Oxford. He was born in Barnes, London, London, and brought up in East Sheen and in Nottingham as an Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II.... , Steve Connor, Laura Marcus
	Stoicism Stoicism Stoicism was a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century B.C. The stoics considered passionate emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a Sage , or person of "moral and intellectual perfection," would not have such emotions.... - the search for inner calm	Angie Hobbs Angie Hobbs Angela Hunter Hobbs is a British philosopher. Hobbs is a Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Warwick, and was previously a Research Fellow at Christ's College, Cambridge.... , Jonathan Rée Jonathan Rée Jonathan R?e is a British freelance historian and philosopher from Bradford. Educated at Oxford University, R?e was previously a Professor of Philosophy at Middlesex University, but gave up a teaching career in order to "have more time to think".... , David Sedley
	Alchemy Alchemy Alchemy , a part of the Occult Tradition, is both a philosophy and a practice with an aim of achieving ultimate wisdom as well as immortality, involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of several substances described as possessing unusual properties.... - seeking the perfection of all things	Peter Forshaw, Lauren Kassell, Stephen Pumfrey
	The Cambrian Explosion Cambrian explosion The Cambrian explosion or Cambrian radiation was the seemingly rapid appearance of most major groups of complex animals around , as evidenced by the fossil record.... - the big bang of evolutionary history	Simon Conway Morris Simon Conway Morris Simon Conway Morris Fellow of the Royal Society is a United Kingdom paleontologist. He was born in 1951 and brought up in London, England. He made his reputation with a very detailed and careful study of the Burgess Shale fossils, an exploit celebrated in Stephen Jay Gould's Wonderful Life , though Conway Morris' own book on the subject,... , Richard Corfield, Jane Francis Jane Francis Jane Francis is a palaeobotanist, who in 2002 became the fourth woman to receive the Polar Medal ....
	The Mind/Body Problem Philosophy of mind Philosophy of mind is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind, mental events, mental functions, mental property, consciousness and their relationship to the physical body, particularly the brain.... - does the mind rule the body or the body rule the mind?	A. C. Grayling A. C. Grayling Anthony Clifford Grayling is a United Kingdom philosophy, atheist and author. He is Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London, University of London and a supernumerary fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford.... , Julian Baggini Julian Baggini Julian Baggini is a British philosopher and the author of several books about philosophy written for a general audience. He is the author of The Pig that Wants to be Eaten and 99 other thought experiments and is co-founder and editor of The Philosophers' Magazine.... , Sue James
	The Assassination of Tsar Alexander II Alexander II of Russia Alexander II Nikolaevich , also known as Alexander the Liberator was the List of Russian rulers of the Russian Empire from 3 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881.... - did his killing cause the Russian Revolution?	Orlando Figes Orlando Figes Orlando Figes is a multiple-award-winning British historian of Russia, and Professor of History at Birkbeck, University of London.... , Dominic Lieven, Catriona Kelly
	The Roman Republic Roman Republic The Roman Republic was the phase of the Ancient Rome characterized by a republican form of government; a period which began with the overthrow of the Roman Roman Kingdom, c.... - what were Rome's republican ideals?	Greg Woolf, Catherine Steel, Tom Holland Tom Holland (author) Tom Holland is an acclaimed United Kingdom author. He has written many books, both fiction and non-fiction, on many subjects from vampires to history....
	Faust Faust Faust or Faustus is the protagonist of a classic German folklore who makes a pact with the Devil in exchange for knowledge. Faust's tale is the basis for many literary, artistic, cinematic, and musical works, such as those by Christopher Marlowe, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Thomas Mann, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Charles Gounod, Gu... - the original pact with the Devil	Dr Juliette Wood, Osman Durrani, Rosemary Ashton
	The Second Law of Thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics is an expression of the universal law of increasing entropy, stating that the entropy of an isolated system which is not in Thermodynamic equilibrium will tend to increase over time, approaching a maximum value at equilibrium.... - the most important thing you will ever know	John Gribbin John Gribbin John R. Gribbin is a United Kingdom science writer and a visiting Fellow in astronomy at the University of Sussex.... , Peter Atkins Peter Atkins Peter William Atkins is an England chemist and a fellow and professor of chemistry at Lincoln College, Oxford at the University of Oxford. He is a prolific writer of popular chemistry textbooks, including Physical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry and Molecular Quantum Mechanics, three of the world's most popular chemistry textbooks... , Monica Grady Monica Grady Monica Grady is a leading British space scientist, primarily known for her work on meteorites. She is currently Professor of Planetary and Space Science at the Open University....
	Machiavelli and the Italian City States - high politics and low cunning in the Italian Renaissance	Quentin Skinner Quentin Skinner Quentin Robert Duthie Skinner is the Barber Beaumont Professor of the Humanities at Queen Mary, University of London.... , Evelyn Welch, Lisa Jardine Lisa Jardine Lisa Anne Jardine Order of the British Empire , n?e Lisa Anne Bronowski, is a United Kingdom historian of the early modern period. She is professor of Renaissance Studies and Director of the Centre for Editing Lives and Letters at Queen Mary, University of London, and is Chairman of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority ....
	Carl Gustav Jung - Discovering the Self	Brett Kahr, Ronald Hayman Ronald Hayman Ronald Hayman is a British critic, dramatist and writer best known for his biographies. He was educated at St Paul's School in London and University of Cambridge.... , Andrew Samuels Andrew Samuels Andrew Samuels is known internationally as an influential commentator on political and social themes from the standpoint of 'therapy thinking'. He has worked with politicians, political organizations, activist groups and members of the public in Europe, US, Brazil, Israel, Japan, Russia and South Africa as a political and organizational consu...
	The Venerable Bede - the father of English history	Dr Richard Gameson, Sarah Foot Sarah Foot Sarah Foot is a United Kingdom Early Middle Ages historian and currently holds the Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History at the University of Oxford.... , Dr Michelle Brown
	Higgs Boson Higgs boson In particle physics, the Higgs boson is a massive Scalar field theory elementary particle predicted to exist by the Standard Model.The Higgs boson is the only Standard Model particle that has not yet been observed.... - the search for the God particle	Jim Al-Khalili Jim Al-Khalili Professor Jim Al-Khalili Order of the British Empire is a British theoretical nuclear physics, Academia, author and Broadcasting.... , David Wark, Roger Cashmore Roger Cashmore Roger John Cashmore CMG is Principal of Brasenose College, Oxford and Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Oxford.His interests include the origin of the masses of particles and the Higgs boson....
	Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings ascribed to the prophet Zoroaster, after whom the religion is named. The term Zoroastrianism is in general usage, essentially synonymous with Mazdaism, i.e., the worship of Ahura Mazda, exalted by Zoroaster as the supreme divine authority.... - was the religion of the Persian Empire the first monotheism?	Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, Farrokh Vajifdar, Alan Williams
	Electrickery History of electricity The history of electromagnetism, that is the human understanding and recorded use of electromagnetic forces, dates back over two thousand years ago, see Timeline of electromagnetism.... - the origins of electricity	Simon Schaffer Simon Schaffer Simon Schaffer was born in Brighton and was educated at Varndean Grammar School for Boys . He is a professor of the history and philosophy of science at University of Cambridge and edits The British Journal for the History of Science.... , Patricia Fara, Iwan Morus
	Rhetoric Rhetoric Rhetoric is the art of using language as a means to persuade. Along with logic and dialectic, rhetoric is one of the three ancient arts of discourse.... - from the original sophists to latter-day demagogues	Angie Hobbs Angie Hobbs Angela Hunter Hobbs is a British philosopher. Hobbs is a Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Warwick, and was previously a Research Fellow at Christ's College, Cambridge.... , Thomas Healy, Ceri Sullivan
	Witchcraft Witchcraft Witchcraft, in various historical, anthropological, religious and mythological contexts, is the use of certain kinds of supernatural or Magic powers.... - Reformation Europe turned upon itself	Alison Rowlands, Lyndal Roper Lyndal Roper Lyndal Roper is Fellow and Tutor in History at Balliol College, University of Oxford and author of Witch Craze. She is not related to Chris Roper.... , Malcolm Gaskill
	The Han Synthesis Chinese philosophy Chinese philosophy is philosophy written in the China Chinese culture of thought. Chinese philosophy has a history of several thousand years; its origins are often traced back to the I Ching , an ancient compendium of divination, which uses a system of 64 hexagrams to guide action.... - creating the Chinese cosmos	Dr Chris Cullen, Carol Michaelson, Roel Sterckx Roel Sterckx Roel Sterckx , born 1969, is a Flanders/United Kingdom sinologist and the Joseph Needham Professor of Chinese History, Science, and Civilization in the University of Cambridge where he is also a Fellow of Clare College....
	Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre , commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre , was a French existentialism philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary criticism.... - a man condemned to be free	Jonathan Rée Jonathan Rée Jonathan R?e is a British freelance historian and philosopher from Bradford. Educated at Oxford University, R?e was previously a Professor of Philosophy at Middlesex University, but gave up a teaching career in order to "have more time to think".... , Benedict O'Donohoe, Christina Howells
	Politeness Politeness Politeness is best expressed as the practical application of good manners or etiquette. It is a culturally defined phenomenon, and what is considered polite in one culture can often be quite rude or simply strange in another.... - the great 18th century craze	Amanda Vickery, David Wootton, John Mullan John Mullan John Mullan is a Professor of English at University College London. He specialises in 18th century in literature. He is currently working on the eighteenth-century section of the new Oxford English Literary History....
	The Origins of Life - how it all began	Richard Dawkins Richard Dawkins Clinton Richard Dawkins, Royal Society#Fellowship, Royal Society of Literature is a United Kingdom ethology, evolutionary biology and popular science author.... , Richard Corfield, Linda Partridge
	Agincourt Agincourt Agincourt can refer to:* Azincourt, a commune of the Pas-de-Calais d?partement in northern France Battle of Agincourt, 1415, part of the Hundred Years War.... - the real facts behind the battle.**	Anne Curry, Michael Jones Michael Jones (historian) Michael Jones is a British historian, born in Wrexham , on December 5th 1940,.He studied history at Oxford, and taught first in Exeter, then in Nottingham from 1967 to 2002, specialised in French medieval history.... , John Watts
	The Odyssey Odyssey The Odyssey is one of two major ancient Hellenic civilization epic poetrys attributed to Homer. It is, in part, a sequel to the Iliad, the other work traditionally ascribed to Homer.... - Homer's epic tale of Odysseus' return home	Simon Goldhill Simon Goldhill Simon Goldhill is a professor of Greek Literature and Culture at the University of Cambridge, and a fellow of King's College, Cambridge. He is renowned for his work on tragedy#Greek tragedy.... , Edith Hall Edith Hall Professor Edith Hall is a British scholar of classics and cultural history, and holds a joint Research Chair in Classics and Drama at Royal Holloway, University of London, where she directs the Centre for the Reception of Greece and Rome.... , Oliver Taplin Oliver Taplin Professor Oliver Taplin FBA is a fellow and tutor of Classics at Magdalen College, Oxford. He holds a DPhil from Oxford University.Once described as "the Paddington Bear of the classics-teaching world", Taplin is author of several books, including 'Greek Fire', a celebration of the capacity of Ancient Greece culture to stand the test of ti...
	Pi Pi Pi or p is a mathematical constant whose value is the ratio of any circle's circumference to its diameter in Euclidean geometry; this is the same value as the ratio of a circle's area to the square of its radius.... - the number that doesn't add up	Robert Kaplan, Eleanor Robson Eleanor Robson Eleanor Robson is a lecturer in the History and Philosophy of Science at Cambridge University, vice-chair of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq and a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.... , Ian Stewart Ian Stewart (mathematician) Ian Nicholas Stewart Fellow of the Royal Society is a professor of mathematics at the University of Warwick, England, and a widely known popular-science and science-fiction writer....

2004-2003

Broadcast date	Title	Contributors
	George Washington George Washington George Washington was the leader of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War and served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States of the United States of Americas .... and the American Revolution American Revolution The American Revolution refers to the political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century in which the Thirteen Colonies of North America overthrew the governance of the British Empire and then rejected the British monarchy to become the sovereign United States of America.... - the most significant event in history	Carol Berkin, Simon Middleton, Colin Bonwick
	Renaissance Renaissance The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.... Magic Magic (paranormal) Magic, sometimes known as sorcery, is a conceptual system that asserts human ability to control or predict the nature through Mysticism, paranormal or supernatural means.... - the great passion of the age	Peter Forshaw, Valery Rees, Jonathan Sawday
	Empiricism Empiricism In philosophy, empiricism is a theory of knowledge which asserts that knowledge arises from experience. Empiricism is one of several competing views about how we know "things," part of the branch of philosophy called epistemology, or "theory of knowledge".... - the English philosophy?	Judith Hawley, Murray Pittock, Jonathan Rée Jonathan Rée Jonathan R?e is a British freelance historian and philosopher from Bradford. Educated at Oxford University, R?e was previously a Professor of Philosophy at Middlesex University, but gave up a teaching career in order to "have more time to think"....
	Babylon Babylon Babylon was a city-state of ancient Mesopotamia, sometimes considered an empire, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq, about 85 kilometers south of Baghdad.... - the great forgotten civilisation	Eleanor Robson Eleanor Robson Eleanor Robson is a lecturer in the History and Philosophy of Science at Cambridge University, vice-chair of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq and a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.... , Irving Finkel, Andrew R. George Andrew R. George Andrew R. George is a British academic best known for his translations of The Epic of Gilgamesh. Andrew George is Professor of Babylonian, Department of the Languages and Cultures of Near and Middle East at the University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies....
	Planets - the astronomy of the 21st century	Paul Murdin, Hugh R. A. Jones, Carolin Crawford
	Toleration Toleration Toleration and tolerance are terms used in sociology, culture and religion contexts to describe attitudes which are "... - from medieval intolerance to religious freedom	Justin Champion Justin Champion Justin Champion is a United Kingdom Academia who is currently head of the department of History at Royal Holloway, University of London .Professor Champion is a strong proponent of public history.... , David Wootton, Sarah Barber
	Zero - everything about nothing	Robert Kaplan, Ian Stewart Ian Stewart (mathematician) Ian Nicholas Stewart Fellow of the Royal Society is a professor of mathematics at the University of Warwick, England, and a widely known popular-science and science-fiction writer.... , Lisa Jardine Lisa Jardine Lisa Anne Jardine Order of the British Empire , n?e Lisa Anne Bronowski, is a United Kingdom historian of the early modern period. She is professor of Renaissance Studies and Director of the Centre for Editing Lives and Letters at Queen Mary, University of London, and is Chairman of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority ....
	Heroism - do we live in an heroic age?	Angie Hobbs Angie Hobbs Angela Hunter Hobbs is a British philosopher. Hobbs is a Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Warwick, and was previously a Research Fellow at Christ's College, Cambridge.... , A. C. Grayling A. C. Grayling Anthony Clifford Grayling is a United Kingdom philosophy, atheist and author. He is Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London, University of London and a supernumerary fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford.... , Paul Cartledge Paul Cartledge Paul Anthony Cartledge is the first A. G. Leventis Professor of Greek Culture at Cambridge University , having previously held a personal chair in Greek History at Cambridge....
	Tea Tea Tea refers to the agricultural products of the leaves, leaf buds, and internodes of the Camellia sinensis plant, prepared and cured by various methods.... - an empire in a teacup	Huw Bowen, James Walvin, Amanda Vickery
	Hysteria Hysteria Hysteria, in its colloquial use, describes a state of mind, one of unmanageable fear or emotional excesses. The fear is often caused by multiple events in one's past that involved some sort of severe conflict; the fear can be centered on a body part or most commonly on an imagined problem with that body part .... - the normal state of human beings?	Juliet Mitchell Juliet Mitchell Juliet Mitchell is a British Psychoanalysis and Social Feminism, who is currently a fellow and serves as Professor of Psychoanalysis and Gender Studies at Jesus College, Cambridge, Cambridge University.... , Rachel Bowlby, Brett Kahr
	The Later Romantics - the world of Byron, Keats and Shelley	Jonathan Bate Jonathan Bate Jonathan Bate Order of the British Empire Royal Society of Arts Royal Society of Literature is a British academic, biographer, critic, broadcaster, novelist and scholar of Shakespeare, Romanticism and Ecocriticism.... , Robert Woof Robert Woof (scholar) Dr. Robert Samuel Woof was an England scholar, most famous for having been the first Director of the Wordsworth Trust and Museums Director of the Wordsworth Museum at Dove Cottage in Grasmere, Lake District, Cumbria.... , Jennifer Wallace
	The Fall The Fall of Man The Fall of Man, or simply the Fall, in Christian doctrine refers to the transition of the first humans from a state of innocent obedience to God, to a state of guilty disobedience to God.... - how Adam and Eve affect us all	Martin Palmer, Griselda Pollock Griselda Pollock Griselda Pollock is a prominent Art historian and cultural analyst, and a world-renowned scholar of international, post-colonial feminist studies in the visual arts.... , John Carey John Carey (critic) John Carey is a British literary critic, and emeritus Merton Professors at the University of Oxford. He was born in Barnes, London, London, and brought up in East Sheen and in Nottingham as an Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II....
	China China China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia.... : The Warring States Period Warring States Period The Warring States Period , also known as the Era of Warring States, covers the period from 476 BCE to the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BCE.... - the fiery beginnings of Chinese civilisation	Dr Chris Cullen, Dr Vivienne Lo, Carol Michaelson
	Theories of Everything - still the holy grail of physics?	Brian Greene Brian Greene Brian Greene is a theoretical physicist and one of the best-known Super-string theory. Since 1996 he has been a professor at Columbia University.... , John D. Barrow John D. Barrow John David Barrow Fellow of the Royal Society is an English physical cosmology, theoretical physics, and mathematician. He is currently Research Professor of Mathematical Sciences at the University of Cambridge.... , Dr Val Gibson
	The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire	Charlotte Roueché, David Womersley, Richard Alston
	The Norse Gods Norse mythology Norse, Viking or Scandinavian mythology comprises the beliefs, myths and legends of the Norse paganism of the North Germanic language people, including those who settled on Faroe Islands and Iceland, where most of the written sources for Norse mythology were assembled.... - the great myths of pagan Europe	Dr Carolyne Larrington, Heather O'Donoghue, John Hines
	Dreams - is there a science of dreams?	Professor V. S. Ramachandran Vilayanur S. Ramachandran Vilayanur S. "Rama" Ramachandran is a neurology best known for his work in the fields of behavioral neurology and psychophysics. He is currently the Director of the Center for Brain and Cognition, Professor in the Psychology Department and Neurosciences Program at the University of California, San Diego, and Adjunct Professor of Biology at th... , Mark Solms, Martin Conway
	The Mughal Empire Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire was a Muslim imperial power of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, ruled most of the Indian Subcontinent by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.... - the glory of India	Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Susan Stronge, Chandrika Kaul
	Rutherford Ernest Rutherford Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, Order of Merit , Royal Society was a New Zealand-born British chemist who became known as the father of nuclear physics.... - the father of nuclear physics	Simon Schaffer Simon Schaffer Simon Schaffer was born in Brighton and was educated at Varndean Grammar School for Boys . He is a professor of the history and philosophy of science at University of Cambridge and edits The British Journal for the History of Science.... , Jim Al-Khalili Jim Al-Khalili Professor Jim Al-Khalili Order of the British Empire is a British theoretical nuclear physics, Academia, author and Broadcasting.... , Patricia Fara
	The Sublime Sublime (philosophy) In aesthetics, the sublime... - defining the state of awe	Janet Todd Janet Todd Janet Margaret Todd is a Welsh-born academic and a well-respected author of many books on women in literature. Todd was educated at University of Cambridge and the University of Florida, where she undertook a doctorate on the poet John Clare.... , Annie Janowitz, Peter de Bolla
	The Battle of Thermopylae Battle of Thermopylae The Battle of Thermopylae [th?r m?pp?lee] took place over three days during the second Persian invasion of Greece. It took place simultaneously with the naval battle at Battle of Artemisium, in August or September 480 BC, at the pass of Thermopylae .... - battle that defined East and West	Tom Holland Tom Holland (author) Tom Holland is an acclaimed United Kingdom author. He has written many books, both fiction and non-fiction, on many subjects from vampires to history.... , Simon Goldhill Simon Goldhill Simon Goldhill is a professor of Greek Literature and Culture at the University of Cambridge, and a fellow of King's College, Cambridge. He is renowned for his work on tragedy#Greek tragedy.... , Edith Hall Edith Hall Professor Edith Hall is a British scholar of classics and cultural history, and holds a joint Research Chair in Classics and Drama at Royal Holloway, University of London, where she directs the Centre for the Reception of Greece and Rome....
	Cryptography Cryptography Cryptography is the practice and study of hiding information. In modern times cryptography is considered a branch of both mathematics and computer science and is affiliated closely with information theory, computer security and engineering.... - secret history of ciphers and codes	Simon Singh Simon Singh Simon Lehna Singh, Order of the British Empire is an Indian-British author of Punjabi people background, who has specialised in writing about maths and science topics in an accessible manner.... , Professor Fred Piper, Lisa Jardine Lisa Jardine Lisa Anne Jardine Order of the British Empire , n?e Lisa Anne Bronowski, is a United Kingdom historian of the early modern period. She is professor of Renaissance Studies and Director of the Centre for Editing Lives and Letters at Queen Mary, University of London, and is Chairman of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority ....
	Lamarck and Natural Selection Natural selection Natural selection is the process by which favorable heritable trait become more common in successive generations of a population of Reproduction organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common, due to differential reproduction of genotypes.... - the Lamarckian Heresy	Sandy Knapp, Steve Jones Steve Jones (biologist) Steve Jones, is a professor of genetics and head of the biology department at University College London. His studies are conducted in the Francis Galton laboratory.... , Simon Conway Morris Simon Conway Morris Simon Conway Morris Fellow of the Royal Society is a United Kingdom paleontologist. He was born in 1951 and brought up in London, England. He made his reputation with a very detailed and careful study of the Burgess Shale fossils, an exploit celebrated in Stephen Jay Gould's Wonderful Life , though Conway Morris' own book on the subject,...
	The Alphabet Alphabet An alphabet is a standardized set of letter basic written symbols each of which roughly represents a phoneme, a spoken language, either as it exists now or as it was in the past.... - its creation and development	Eleanor Robson Eleanor Robson Eleanor Robson is a lecturer in the History and Philosophy of Science at Cambridge University, vice-chair of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq and a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.... , Alan Millard Alan Millard Alan Ralph Millard is Rankin Professor Emeritus of Hebrew language and Ancient Semitic languages, and Honorary Senior Fellow, at the School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology in the University of Liverpool.... , Rosalind Thomas
	The Devil Devil The Devil is the title given to the supernatural being, who, in mainstream Christianity, Islam, and some other religions, is believed to be a powerful, evil entity and the tempter of humankind.... - a brief biography	Martin Palmer, Alison Rowlands, David Wootton
	Wittgenstein - a philosophy of linguistics	Ray Monk Ray Monk Ray Monk is Professor of Philosophy at The Centre for Post-Analytic Philosophy at the University of Southampton, where he has taught since 1992.... , Barry Smith, Marie McGinn
	St Bartholomew's Day Massacre - slaughter in Paris.	Diarmaid MacCulloch Diarmaid MacCulloch Diarmaid Ninian John MacCulloch is Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford and Fellow of St Cross College, Oxford .... , Mark Greengrass, Penny Roberts
	Ageing the Earth Age of the Earth Modern Geology and geophysicists consider the age of the Earth to be around 1 E17 s This age has been determined by Radiometric dating of meteorite material and is consistent with the ages of the oldest-known terrestrial and Earth's moon Moon rock.... - a journey in geological time.	Richard Corfield, Hazel Rymer, Henry Gee Henry Gee Henry Gee is a British people Paleontology and Evolutionary biology. He is a senior editor of Nature , the scientific journal.Henry Gee's books include In Search of Deep Time, A Field Guide to Dinosaurs with illustrations by Luis Rey, Jacob's Ladder, and The Science of Middle-Earth....
	Duty Duty Duty is a term that conveys a sense of moral commitment to someone or something. The moral commitment is the sort that results in action, and it is not a matter of passive feeling or mere recognition.... - concepts of obligation.	Angie Hobbs Angie Hobbs Angela Hunter Hobbs is a British philosopher. Hobbs is a Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Warwick, and was previously a Research Fellow at Christ's College, Cambridge.... , Annabel Brett, A. C. Grayling A. C. Grayling Anthony Clifford Grayling is a United Kingdom philosophy, atheist and author. He is Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London, University of London and a supernumerary fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford....
	Sensation Sensation novel The sensation novel was a literary genre of fiction popular in Great Britain in the 1860s and 1870s, following on from earlier melodramatic novels and the Newgate novels, which focused on tales woven around criminal biographies.... - the best sellers of the 19th century.	John Mullan John Mullan John Mullan is a Professor of English at University College London. He specialises in 18th century in literature. He is currently working on the eighteenth-century section of the new Oxford English Literary History.... , Lyn Pykett, Dinah Birch
	Robin Hood Robin Hood Robin Hood is an archetype figure in English folklore, whose story originates from Middle Ages times but who remains significant in popular culture where he is known for robbing the rich to give to the poor and fighting against injustice and tyranny.... - the greatest of English myths.	Stephen Knight Stephen Knight Stephen Knight was a British author.He is best known for the books Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution and The Brotherhood . Both books suggest there is a secret cabal of Freemasonry running most aspects of British society, and have been criticised for their blatantly Anti-Freemasonry tone.... , Thomas Hahn, Dr Juliette Wood
	Infinity Infinity Infinity comes from the Latin infinitas or "unboundedness." It refers to several distinct concepts – usually linked to the idea of "without end" – which arise in philosophy, mathematics, and theology.... - a brief history.	Ian Stewart Ian Stewart (mathematician) Ian Nicholas Stewart Fellow of the Royal Society is a professor of mathematics at the University of Warwick, England, and a widely known popular-science and science-fiction writer.... , Robert Kaplan, Sarah Rees
	The Schism East-West Schism The East-West Schism, or the Great Schism, divided medieval Christendom into Eastern and Western branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively.... - between East and West in Christianity.	Henrietta Leyser Henrietta Leyser Henrietta Leyser is an England historian, specialising on the history of Middle Ages England, in particular the role of women. She is currently tutor for welfare at St Peter's College, Oxford.... , Norman Housley Norman Housley Norman Housley is Professor of History and head of the School of Historical Studies at the University of Leicester.... , Jonathan Shepard Jonathan Shepard Jonathan Shepard is a British people historian specializing in early medieval Russia, the Caucasus, and the Byzantine Empire. He is regarded as a leading authority in Byzantine studies and on the Kievan Rus....
	Bohemianism Bohemianism The term bohemian, of French origin, was first used in the English language in the nineteenth century to describe the untraditional lifestyles of marginalized and impoverished artists, writers, musicians, and actors in major European cities.... - a life of art, freedom and poverty	Hermione Lee Hermione Lee Hermione Lee, Order of the British Empire is President of Wolfson College, Oxford and was lately Goldsmiths' Professor of English Literature in the University of Oxford and Professorial Fellow of New College, Oxford.... , Virginia Nicholson, Graham Robb Graham Robb Graham Robb is a British author.Robb was born in Manchester and educated at the Royal Grammar School Worcester and Exeter College, Oxford, where he studied Modern language....
	James Clerk Maxwell James Clerk Maxwell James Clerk Maxwell was a Scotland Mathematical physics. His most significant achievement was the development of the classical electromagnetic theory, synthesizing all previous unrelated observations, experiments and equations of electricity, magnetism and even optics into a consistent theory.... - great 19th century physicist	Simon Schaffer Simon Schaffer Simon Schaffer was born in Brighton and was educated at Varndean Grammar School for Boys . He is a professor of the history and philosophy of science at University of Cambridge and edits The British Journal for the History of Science.... , Peter Harman, Joanna Haigh

2003-2002

Broadcast date	Title	Contributors
	The Apocalypse Book of Revelation The Book of Revelation, also called Revelation to John, Apocalypse of John , and Revelation of Jesus Christ is the last Biblical canon of the New Testament in the Christian Bible.... - was it a revelation?	Martin Palmer, Marina Benjamin, Justin Champion Justin Champion Justin Champion is a United Kingdom Academia who is currently head of the department of History at Royal Holloway, University of London .Professor Champion is a strong proponent of public history....
	Nature Nature File:Jungle in Punjab.JPGNature, in the broadest sense, is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe.... - from Homer to Darwin	Jonathan Bate Jonathan Bate Jonathan Bate Order of the British Empire Royal Society of Arts Royal Society of Literature is a British academic, biographer, critic, broadcaster, novelist and scholar of Shakespeare, Romanticism and Ecocriticism.... , Roger Scruton Roger Scruton Roger Vernon Scruton is an England conservative philosopher.... , Karen Edwards
	Vulcanology - significance of volcanoes.	Hilary Downes, Steve Self, Bill McGuire Bill McGuire Professor Bill McGuire, is a professor of Volcanology at University College London and is widely accepted as one of United Kingdom leading volcanologists....
	The East India Co - a corporate route to Empire.	Huw Bowen, Linda Colley Linda Colley Linda Colley, Lady Cannadine, Order of the British Empire is a United Kingdom historian, widely known for her 1992 study Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837, which explored the development of Britishness following the Acts of Union 1707.... , Maria Misra Maria Misra Maria Misra is a Lecturer in Modern History at the University of Oxford and a Fellow#Oxford, Cambridge, and Trinity of Keble College, Oxford, specialising in the politics, culture, and economics of nineteenth- and twentieth-century imperialism and colonialism....
	The Aristocracy Aristocracy Aristocracy is a form of government, in which a few of the most prominent citizens rule. This may be a hereditary elite, or it may be by a system of cooption where a council of prominent citizens add leading soldiers, merchants, land owners, priests, and lawyers to their number.... - how the ruling class survives	David Cannadine David Cannadine Sir David Nicholas Cannadine, British Academy is a United Kingdom historian, known for a number of books, including The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy and Ornamentalism, and as a commentator and broadcaster on British public life, especially the British monarchy.... , Rosemary Sweet, Felipe Fernández-Armesto Felipe Fernández-Armesto Felipe Fern?ndez-Armesto is a United Kingdom historian and author of several popular works of history.He was born in London, his father was the Spain journalist Felipe Fern?ndez Armesto and his mother was Betty Millan de Fernandez-Armesto, a British-born journalist and co-founder and editor of The Diplomatist, the in-house journal of the d...
	The Art of War Military strategy Military strategy is a policy implemented by military organizations to pursue desired Strategic goal s. Derived from the Greek language strategos, strategy when it appeared in use during the 18th century, was seen in its narrow sense as the "art of the general", 'the art of arrangement' of troops.... - maintaining the objective?	Sir Michael Howard Michael Howard (historian) Sir Michael Eliot Howard, Order of Merit, Order of the Companions of Honour, Order of the British Empire, Military Cross is a retired United Kingdom military history, formerly Chichele Professor of the History of War and Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford University, and Robert A.... , Angie Hobbs Angie Hobbs Angela Hunter Hobbs is a British philosopher. Hobbs is a Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Warwick, and was previously a Research Fellow at Christ's College, Cambridge.... , Jeremy Black Jeremy Black (historian) Jeremy Black Member of the Order of the British Empire is United Kingdom historian and a Professor of History at the University of Exeter. He is a senior fellow at the Center for the Study of America and the West at the Foreign Policy Research Institute....
	The Lunar Society Lunar Society The Lunar Society was a dinner club and informal learned society of prominent industrialists, natural philosophy and intellectuals who met regularly between 1765 and 1813 in Birmingham, England.... - scientific ferment 200 years ago.	Simon Schaffer Simon Schaffer Simon Schaffer was born in Brighton and was educated at Varndean Grammar School for Boys . He is a professor of the history and philosophy of science at University of Cambridge and edits The British Journal for the History of Science.... , Jenny Uglow Jenny Uglow Jennifer Sheila Uglow OBE is a British biographer, critic and publisher. The editorial director of Chatto and Windus, she has written critically acclaimed biographies of Elizabeth Gaskell, William Hogarth, Thomas Bewick and the Lunar Society, among others, and has also compiled a dictionary of women's biographies.... , Peter Jones
	Memory Memory In psychology, memory is an organism's mental ability to store, retain and recall information. Traditional studies of memory began in the fields of philosophy, including techniques of mnemonic.... - and the brain	Martin Conway, Mike Kopelman, Kim Graham
	Blood Blood Blood is a specialized bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's Cell s ? such as nutrients and oxygen ? and transports waste products away from those same cells.... - its religious, medical and moral significance	Miri Rubin Miri Rubin Miri Rubin is a medieval historian who is Professor of Early Modern History at Queen Mary, University of London. She was educated at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and University of Cambridge, where she took her doctorate.... , Dr Anne Hardy, Jonathan Sawday
	The Holy Grail Holy Grail According to Christian mythology, the Holy Grail was the dish, plate, or cup used by Jesus at the Last Supper, said to possess miraculous powers.... - just a medieval myth?	Dr Carolyne Larrington, Jonathan Riley-Smith Jonathan Riley-Smith Jonathan Simon Christopher Riley-Smith, K.St.J.,Ph.D. Master of Arts , Litt.D., FRHistS is an historian of the Crusades, and a former Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History.... , Dr Juliette Wood
	The Jacobite Rebellion - could it have succeeded?	Murray Pittock, Stana Nenadic, Allan Macinnes
	Roman Britain Roman Britain Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410. The Romans referred to their province as Britannia.... - the effects of 400 years of occupation	Greg Woolf, Mary Beard Mary Beard (classicist) Winifred Mary Beard is Professor of Classics at the University of Cambridge and is a fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge. She is Classics editor of the Times Literary Supplement, and author of the blog .... , Catharine Edwards
	Youth Youth Youth is the period between childhood and adulthood, generally from ages 13-21. An individual's actual maturity may not correspond to their chronological age, as immature individuals exist at all ages.... - from Adonis to James Dean	Tim Whitmarsh, Thomas Healy, Deborah Thom
	Proust - his life and work	Jacqueline Rose Jacqueline Rose Jacqueline Rose is a United Kingdom academic who is currently Professor of English at Queen Mary, University of London. Born into a liberal Jewish family, Rose is known for her work on the relationship between psychoanalysis, feminism and literature.... , Malcolm Bowie Malcolm Bowie Malcolm McNaughtan Bowie FBA was a United Kingdom academic, and List of Masters of Christ's College, Cambridge of Christ's College, Cambridge from 2002 to 2006.... , Dr Robert Fraser
	The Spanish Civil War Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted coup d'?tat by a group of Spanish Army generals, supported by the conservative Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right , Carlist groups and the fascistic Falange, against the government of the Second Spanish Republic, then under the leadership of pr... - causes and legacy	Paul Preston Paul Preston Paul Preston is a British historian, specialized in Spain history, in particular the Spanish Civil War, which he has studied for more than 30 years.... , Helen Graham, Dr Mary Vincent
	Supernovas - the life cycle of stars	Paul Murdin, Janna Levin Janna Levin Janna J. Levin is a theoretical cosmology. She holds a Doctor of Philosophy in Theoretical Physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology granted in 1993 and a Bachelor of Arts in Astronomy and Physics from Barnard College granted in 1988.... , Phil Charles
	Originality Originality Originality is the aspect of created or invented works by as being new or novel, and thus can be distinguished from replica, clones, forgery, or derivative works.... - is it just a romantic notion?	John Deathridge John Deathridge John Deathridge is an England musicology and President of the Royal Musical Association, Britain's foremost learned music society.... , Jonathan Rée Jonathan Rée Jonathan R?e is a British freelance historian and philosopher from Bradford. Educated at Oxford University, R?e was previously a Professor of Philosophy at Middlesex University, but gave up a teaching career in order to "have more time to think".... , Professor Catherine Belsey
	Redemption - the concept of salvation	Richard Harries, Janet Soskice, Stephen Mulhall Stephen Mulhall Stephen Mulhall is a philosopher and Fellow of New College, Oxford. He has written several books on Ludwig Wittgenstein and post-Kantian philosophy....
	Meteorology Meteorology Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the Earth's atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting . Studies in the field stretch back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the eighteenth century.... - why does it still fascinate us?	Vladimir Jankovic, Richard Hamblyn, Liba Taub
	The Aztecs - looking behind the myths	Alan Knight Alan Knight (historian) Alan Knight is Professor of History of Latin America academy at the University of Oxford, England, where he is a Fellow at St. Antony's College and Director of the Latin American Centre.... , Adrian Locke, Elizabeth Graham
	The Lindisfarne Gospels Lindisfarne Gospels The Lindisfarne Gospels is an Illuminated manuscript Latin manuscript of the gospels of Gospel of Matthew, Gospel of Mark, Gospel of Luke and Gospel of John.... - unifying Christianity in Britain	Dr Michelle Brown, Dr Richard Gameson, Professor Clare Lees
	Chance Natural selection Natural selection is the process by which favorable heritable trait become more common in successive generations of a population of Reproduction organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common, due to differential reproduction of genotypes.... and Design Intelligent designer An intelligent designer, also referred to as an intelligent agent, is the willed and self-conscious entity that the intelligent design movement argues had some role in the origin of life and/or development of life and who supposedly has left scientific evidence of this intelligent design.... in Evolution Evolution In biology, evolution is change in the heritability trait of a population of organisms from one generation to the next. These changes are caused by a combination of three main processes: variation, reproduction, and selection.... - Design in Nature	Simon Conway Morris Simon Conway Morris Simon Conway Morris Fellow of the Royal Society is a United Kingdom paleontologist. He was born in 1951 and brought up in London, England. He made his reputation with a very detailed and careful study of the Burgess Shale fossils, an exploit celebrated in Stephen Jay Gould's Wonderful Life , though Conway Morris' own book on the subject,... , Sandy Knapp, John Hedley Brooke John Hedley Brooke John Hedley Brooke was the first Andreas Idreos Professor of Science and Religion within the Faculty of Theology at The University of Oxford from 1999 through 2006, when he retired from the post....
	The Epic Epic poetry An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation.... - from Homer to Joyce	John Carey John Carey (critic) John Carey is a British literary critic, and emeritus Merton Professors at the University of Oxford. He was born in Barnes, London, London, and brought up in East Sheen and in Nottingham as an Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II.... , Karen Edwards, Oliver Taplin Oliver Taplin Professor Oliver Taplin FBA is a fellow and tutor of Classics at Magdalen College, Oxford. He holds a DPhil from Oxford University.Once described as "the Paddington Bear of the classics-teaching world", Taplin is author of several books, including 'Greek Fire', a celebration of the capacity of Ancient Greece culture to stand the test of ti...
	The Calendar Calendar A calendar is a system of organize days for a social, religious, commercial or administrative purpose. This organization is done by giving names to periods of time ? typically days, weeks, months and years.... - a history of the Calendar	Robert Poole, Kristen Lippincott, Peter Watson
	Disease Disease A disease or medical condition is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions, associated with specific symptoms and Medical signs.... - the fight against diseases and plagues	Dr Anne Hardy, David Bradley, Dr Chris Dye
	The Scottish Enlightenment Scottish Enlightenment The Scottish Enlightenment was the period in 18th century Scotland characterised by an outpouring of intellectual and scientific accomplishments.... - how enlightened?	Professor Tom Devine Tom Devine Professor Tom M Devine Order of the British Empire Royal Society of Edinburgh Fellow of the British Academy is a Scotland historian. His main research interest is Scottish history since c.1600.He is widely recognised as the leading authority on modern scottish history.... , Karen O'Brien, Alexander Broadie
	Imagination Imagination Imagination is the faculty of imagining, or of forming mental images or concepts of what is not actually present to the senses, and the action or process of forming such images or concepts.... - just what is it?	Dr Susan Stuart, Steven Mithen Steven Mithen Steve Mithen is a Professor of Archaeology at the University of Reading. He has written a number of books including The Singing Neanderthals and The Prehistory of the Mind: The Cognitive Origins of Art, Religion and Science.... , Semir Zeki Semir Zeki Semir Zeki is Professor of Neurobiology at University College London. His main interest is the organization of the primate visual system brain. He published his first scientific paper in 1967....
	Cordoba Córdoba, Spain viktor chucchuc he sucsuck my dick\|\|-\|\|-\|File:Cordoba Water Wheel.jpg\|}Cordova is a city in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the C?rdoba .... and Muslim Spain - a culture of tolerance?	Tim Winter, Martin Palmer, Mehri Niknam
	Victorian Realism Literary realism Literary realism most often refers to the trend, beginning with certain works of French literature of the 19th century and extending to late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century authors in various countries, towards depictions of contemporary life and society 'as they were'.... - how real?	Philip Maurice Davis, A.N. Wilson, Dinah Birch
	Human Nature Human nature Human nature is the concept that there are a set of characteristics, including ways of thinking, feeling and acting, that all 'normal' human beings have in common.... - innate or nurtured?	Steven Pinker Steven Pinker Steven Arthur Pinker is a prominent Canadian-American experimental psychology, cognitive science, and author of popular science. Pinker is known for his wide-ranging advocacy of evolutionary psychology and the computational theory of mind.... , Janet Radcliffe Richards Janet Radcliffe Richards Janet Radcliffe Richards is a United Kingdom feminism philosopher and bioethics. She reads bioethics and is Director of the Centre for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine at University College London, is the author of several books, papers and articles, and has sat on a variety of advisory and working committees in areas of philosophy and b... , John N. Gray
	Architecture Architecture The term architecture can refer to a process, a profession or documentation.As a process, architecture is the activity of designing and construction buildings and other physical structures by a person or a computer, primarily to provide shelter.... and Power - imagery of imperialism	Adrian Tinniswood Adrian Tinniswood Adrian Tinniswood is an English writer.... , Gavin Stamp Gavin Stamp Gavin Stamp is a UK writer and architectural historian. From 1990 until 2003 he taught at the Mackintosh School of Architecture at the Glasgow School of Art.... , Gillian Darley
	The Scientist Scientist A scientist, in the broadest sense, refers to any person that engages in a system activity to acquire knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices and traditions that are linked to schools of thought or philosophy.... in History - missionary or monster?	John Gribbin John Gribbin John R. Gribbin is a United Kingdom science writer and a visiting Fellow in astronomy at the University of Sussex.... , Patricia Fara, Hugh Pennington Hugh Pennington Hugh Pennington Royal College of Pathologists, Royal College of Physicians Academy of Medical Sciences, Royal Society of Edinburgh is an emeritus professor of bacteriology at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland....
	Slavery Slavery Slavery is a form of forced labor where a person is compelled to Labor for another . Slaves are held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase, or birth, and are deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to receive Remuneration in return for their labor.... and Empire Empire Empire derives from the Latin word imperium, denoting ?military command? in Roman. Politically, an empire is a geographically extensive group of states and peoples united and ruled either by a monarch or an oligarchy.... - were Britons also captives?	Linda Colley Linda Colley Linda Colley, Lady Cannadine, Order of the British Empire is a United Kingdom historian, widely known for her 1992 study Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837, which explored the development of Britishness following the Acts of Union 1707.... , Catherine Hall Catherine Hall Catherine Hall is a feminist historian from the UK, and currently Professor of Modern British Social and Cultural History at University College London.... , Felipe Fernández-Armesto Felipe Fernández-Armesto Felipe Fern?ndez-Armesto is a United Kingdom historian and author of several popular works of history.He was born in London, his father was the Spain journalist Felipe Fern?ndez Armesto and his mother was Betty Millan de Fernandez-Armesto, a British-born journalist and co-founder and editor of The Diplomatist, the in-house journal of the d...

2002

Broadcast date	Title	Contributors
	History HIStory *HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I* is a double album by Michael Jackson, released on June 20, 1995, and is Jackson's ninth. The first disc, named "HIStory Begins" consists of a selection of Jackson's greatest hits from the singer's past fifteen years, while the second, named "HIStory Continues" features new songs, with the... of Heritage Cultural heritage Cultural heritage is the legacy of physical Cultural artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations....	David Cannadine David Cannadine Sir David Nicholas Cannadine, British Academy is a United Kingdom historian, known for a number of books, including The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy and Ornamentalism, and as a commentator and broadcaster on British public life, especially the British monarchy.... , Miri Rubin Miri Rubin Miri Rubin is a medieval historian who is Professor of Early Modern History at Queen Mary, University of London. She was educated at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and University of Cambridge, where she took her doctorate.... , Peter Mandler Peter Mandler Peter Mandler is a historian at the University of Cambridge. He focuses on 19th and 20th century British history, particularly cultural history and the history of the social sciences....
	Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers, which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behaviour.... - do people crave dictatorship?	Adam Phillips Adam Phillips (psychologist) Adam Phillips is a British child psychotherapist and essayist. He is known for his books dealing with topics related to psychoanalysis. Phillips is also the General Editor of the new Penguin edition of the selected works of Sigmund Freud, and a contributor to the London Review of Books.... , Sally Alexander, Malcolm Bowie Malcolm Bowie Malcolm McNaughtan Bowie FBA was a United Kingdom academic, and List of Masters of Christ's College, Cambridge of Christ's College, Cambridge from 2002 to 2006....
	Freedom Freedom (political) Political freedom is the absence of interference with the sovereignty of an individual by the use of coercion or aggression. The members of a free society would have full dominion over their public and private lives.... - a principle worth fighting and dying for?	John Keane John Keane (British Political Theorist) John Keane was educated at the Universities of Adelaide, Toronto and Cambridge, is Professor of Politics at the University of Westminster and at the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin .... , Bernard Williams Bernard Williams Sir Bernard Arthur Owen Williams British Academy has been described as the most important United Kingdom moral philosopher of his time.Williams spent the bulk of his career at four academic institutions: Oxford, Cambridge, University College London, and the University of California, Berkeley.... , Annabel Brett
	Cultural Imperialism Cultural imperialism Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting, distinguishing, separating, or artificially injecting the culture or language of one culture into another.... - should we try to prevent it?	Linda Colley Linda Colley Linda Colley, Lady Cannadine, Order of the British Empire is a United Kingdom historian, widely known for her 1992 study Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837, which explored the development of Britishness following the Acts of Union 1707.... , Phillip Dodd, Mary Beard Mary Beard (classicist) Winifred Mary Beard is Professor of Classics at the University of Cambridge and is a fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge. She is Classics editor of the Times Literary Supplement, and author of the blog ....
	Richard Wagner Richard Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner was a German composer, Conducting, theatre director and essayist, primarily known for his operas . Unlike most other great opera composers, Wagner wrote both the scenario and libretto for his works.... - his influence on the German spirit.	John Deathridge John Deathridge John Deathridge is an England musicology and President of the Royal Musical Association, Britain's foremost learned music society.... , Lucy Beckett, Michael Tanner
	The American West - was it an "experiment of liberty"?	Frank Mclynn, Jenni Calder Jenni Calder Jenni Calder, born Jenni Daiches is a Scottish literary historian, and arts establishment figure. She was formerly married to Angus Calder, and is the daughter of David Daiches.... , Christopher Frayling Christopher Frayling Sir Christopher John Frayling is a British educationalist and writer, known for his study of popular culture.He read history at Churchill College, Cambridge and gained a PhD in the study of Jean-Jacques Rousseau....
	The Soul Soul In many religions and parts of philosophy, the soul is the immaterial part of a person. It is usually thought to consist of one's thoughts and Personality psychology, and can be synonymous with the spirit, mind or self.... - the key to our individuality as humans?	Richard Sorabji, Ruth Padel Ruth Padel Ruth Sophia Padel is a United Kingdom classical scholar, poet and journalist. She came to prominence with a poetry column in the London Independent on Sunday, of close readings of contemporary poems; the book 52 Ways of Looking at a Poem edits together her writing there.... , Martin Palmer
	The Grand Tour Grand Tour The Grand Tour was the traditional travel of Europe undertaken by mainly Upper class European young men of means. The custom flourished from about 1660 until the advent of mass railroad transit in the 1840s, and was associated with a standard itinerary.... - what drove this desire for travel?	Chloe Chard, Jeremy Black Jeremy Black (historian) Jeremy Black Member of the Order of the British Empire is United Kingdom historian and a Professor of History at the University of Exeter. He is a senior fellow at the Center for the Study of America and the West at the Foreign Policy Research Institute.... , Edward Chaney
	History of Drugs - their role in medicine and the arts	Richard Davenport-Hines Richard Davenport-Hines Richard Davenport-Hines is a British writer, best known for his biography of the poet W. H. Auden.An alumnus of Cambridge University, he has taught at the London School of Economics, and began writing business history.... , Sadie Plant Sadie Plant Sadie Plant is a United Kingdom author and philosopher.She gained her Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Manchester in 1989, then taught at the University of Birmingham's Department of Cultural Studies before going on to found the Cybernetic Culture Research Unit at the University of Warwick, where she was a faculty member.... , Mike Jay
	Chaos Theory Chaos theory In mathematics, chaos theory describes the behavior of certain dynamical system s ? that is, systems whose states evolve with time ? that may exhibit dynamics that are highly sensitive to initial conditions .... - ws the universe chaotic or orderly?	Susan Greenfield Susan Greenfield Susan Adele Greenfield, Baroness Greenfield, Order of the British Empire is a United Kingdom scientist, writer, Presenter, and member of the House of Lords.... , David Papineau David Papineau David Papineau is an academic philosopher. He works as Professor of Philosophy of Science at King's College London, having previously taught for several years at Cambridge University and been a fellow of Robinson College, Cambridge.... , Neil Johnson
	The Examined Life Socratic method The Socratic Method , named after the classical Greece Philosophy Socrates, is a form of philosophy inquiry in which the questioner explores the implications of others' positions, to stimulate rational thinking and illuminate ideas.... - is an unexamined life worth living?	Dr A. C. Grayling A. C. Grayling Anthony Clifford Grayling is a United Kingdom philosophy, atheist and author. He is Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London, University of London and a supernumerary fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford.... , Janet Radcliffe Richards Janet Radcliffe Richards Janet Radcliffe Richards is a United Kingdom feminism philosopher and bioethics. She reads bioethics and is Director of the Centre for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine at University College London, is the author of several books, papers and articles, and has sat on a variety of advisory and working committees in areas of philosophy and b... , Julian Baggini Julian Baggini Julian Baggini is a British philosopher and the author of several books about philosophy written for a general audience. He is the author of The Pig that Wants to be Eaten and 99 other thought experiments and is co-founder and editor of The Philosophers' Magazine....
	Schrodinger's Cat - Quantum Mechanics	Roger Penrose Roger Penrose Sir Roger Penrose, Order of Merit , Royal Society is an English mathematical physicist and Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of Wadham College.... , Fay Dowker Fay Dowker Helen Fay Dowker is a United Kingdom Theoretical Physics and progressive activism born in Manchester, England. She studied at the University of Cambridge where she completed her Doctor of Philosophy under the supervision of Stephen Hawking.... , Tony Sudbery
	Tolstoy Tolstoy Tolstoy, or Tolstoi is a prominent family of Russian nobility, descending from one Andrey Kharitonovich Tolstoy who served under Vasili II of Russia.... - the influence of the Russian Novel	A. N. Wilson A. N. Wilson Andrew Norman Wilson , is an English writer, known for his critical biographies, novels and works of popular and cultural history. After ten years as a teacher he became a journalist and writer.... , Catriona Kelly, Sarah Hudspith
	Bohemia Bohemia History... - what did it mean to be Bohemian?	Norman Davies Norman Davies Ivor Norman Richard Davies British Academy is an England historian of Wales descent, noted for his publications on the history of Poland, History of Europe and the History of the United Kingdom.... , Karin Friedrich Karin Friedrich Karin Friedrich is a German historian, currently a senior lecturer in history at the University of Aberdeen King's College, Aberdeen.Friedrich received an M.A.... , Robert Pynsent
	ET - new life within our solar system	Simon Goodwin, Heather Couper Heather Couper * For the Canadian artist and graphic designer see: Heather Cooper'Heather Anita Couper' Order of the British Empire CPhys is a British astronomer who popularized astronomy in the 1980s and 1990s on British television.... , Ian Stewart Ian Stewart (mathematician) Ian Nicholas Stewart Fellow of the Royal Society is a professor of mathematics at the University of Warwick, England, and a widely known popular-science and science-fiction writer....
	The Artist Artist The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of activities to do with creating art, practicing the arts and/or demonstrating an art.... - a special kind of human being?	Emma Barker, Thomas Healy, T. C. W. Blanning T. C. W. Blanning Timothy C. W. Blanning is a historian at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, focusing on the history of Continental Europe from the 17th century to the beginning of World War I....
	Marriage Marriage Marriage is a social, spirituality, or law union of individuals. This union may also be called matrimony, while the ceremony that marks its beginning is usually called a wedding and the married status created is sometimes called wedlock.... - its various forms and the role of the State	Janet Soskice, Frederik Pedersen, Christina Hardyment
	Buddhism Buddhism Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices considered by most to be a religionand is based on the teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as "The Buddha" , who was born in what is today Nepal.... - why has it captured the spirit of our age?	Peter Harvey, Kate Crosby, Mahinda Deagallee
	John Milton John Milton John Milton II was an English poet, author, polemicist and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his Epic poetry Paradise Lost and for his treatise condemning censorship, Areopagitica.... - poet or politician?	John Carey John Carey (critic) John Carey is a British literary critic, and emeritus Merton Professors at the University of Oxford. He was born in Barnes, London, London, and brought up in East Sheen and in Nottingham as an Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II.... , Lisa Jardine Lisa Jardine Lisa Anne Jardine Order of the British Empire , n?e Lisa Anne Bronowski, is a United Kingdom historian of the early modern period. She is professor of Renaissance Studies and Director of the Centre for Editing Lives and Letters at Queen Mary, University of London, and is Chairman of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority .... , Blair Worden
	Virtue Virtue Virtue is morality excellence. Personal virtues are characteristics Value as promoting individual and collective well-being, and thus Goodness and value theory by definition.... - is it derived from reason?	Galen Strawson Galen Strawson Galen John Strawson is a United Kingdom philosopher and literary critic who works primarily on philosophy of mind, metaphysics , John Locke, David Hume and Kant.... , Miranda Fricker Miranda Fricker Miranda Fricker is an England philosopher. She currently holds the position of Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London. She received her DPhil from the University of Oxford before taking up a Jacobsen Research Fellowship and later a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowship at the University of London.... , Roger Crisp
	The Celts - what were the Celts in Britain really like?	Barry Cunliffe Barry Cunliffe Sir Barrington Windsor Cunliffe, Order of the British Empire, b. , known as Barry Cunliffe, was Professor of European Archaeology at the University of Oxford from 1972 to 2007.... , Alistair Moffat, Miranda Aldhouse Green
	Anatomy Anatomy Anatomy is a branch of biology that is the consideration of the body plan. It is a general term that includes human anatomy, animal anatomy and plant anatomy .... - 2000 years of anatomical study	Harold Ellis, Ruth Richardson, Andrew Cunningham

In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)

Format

List of programmes

2009-2008

2008-2007

2007-2006

2006-2005

2005-2004

2004-2003

2003-2002

2002

Contributors