Il trovatore: Facts, Discussion Forum, and Encyclopedia Article

Il trovatore

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Role	Voice type	Premiere Cast, 19 January 1853 (Conductor: - )
	Il trovatore
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	Topics Il trovatore Topic Home *Il trovatore* (The Troubadour Troubadour A troubadour was a composer and performer of Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages .The troubadour school or tradition began in the eleventh century in Occitania, but it subsequently spread into Italy, Spain, and even Greece.... ) is an opera Opera Opera is an Performing arts in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work which combines a text and a musical score. Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition.... in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi Giuseppe Verdi Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi was an Italian Romantic music composer, mainly of opera. He was one of the most influential composers in the 19th century.... to an Italian libretto Libretto A libretto is the text used in an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, sacred or secular oratorio and cantata, Musical theater, and ballet.... by Leone Emanuele Bardare and Salvatore Cammarano Salvatore Cammarano Salvatore Cammarano was a prolific Italy librettist and playwright perhaps best known for writing the text of Lucia di Lammermoor for Gaetano Donizetti.... , based on the play El Trovador by Antonio García Gutiérrez Antonio García Gutiérrez 'Antonio Garc?a Guti?rrez' was a Spain Romanticism dramatist.After having studied medicine in his native town, he moved to Madrid in 1833, and earned a meager living by translating plays of Eug?ne Scribe and the Alexandre Dumas, p?re; lacking success, he was on the point of enlisting when he suddenly sprang into fame as the author of El tr... . It was first performed at the Teatro Apollo, Rome on 19 January 1853. During the 1854/55 season while in Paris, Verdi revised the opera for the Théatre des Italiens as Le trouvère and its many performances in January 1855 were well received. l trovatore was first performed in the US on 2 May 1855 at the Academy of Music in New York while its UK premiere took place on 10 May 1855 at Covent Garden Covent Garden Covent Garden is a district in London, England, located on the easternmost parts of the City of Westminster and the southwest corner of the London Borough of Camden.... in London. Today, almost all performances use the Italian version, although in 2002 the French version, Le trouvere appeared as part of the Sarasota Opera Sarasota Opera Sarasota Opera is a professional opera company in Sarasota, Florida, USA, which owns and performs in the now-renovated 1,150-seat Edwards Theatre.... 's "Verdi Cycle" of all the composer's work by 2013. As a staple of the standard operatic repertoire, it appears at number 17 on Opera America Opera America Opera America, officially OPERA America, is a service organization in North America promoting the creation, presentation, and enjoyment of opera.... 's list of the 20 most-performed operas in North America. le class="wikitable">
Count di Luna, a nobleman in the service of the Prince of Aragon	baritone Baritone Baritone is a type of European classical music male voice type that lies between the bass and tenor voices. It is the most common male voice....	Giovanni Guicciardi
Manrico, a troubadour and officer in the army of the Prince of Urgel	tenor Tenor The tenor is a type of male voice type and is the highest male voice within the modal register. The typical tenor voice lies between the C one octave below middle C to the A above in choral music, and up to high C in solo work....	Carlo Baucardé Carlo Baucardé Sorry, no overview for this topic
Azucena, a gypsy, supposedly Manrico's mother	mezzo-soprano Mezzo-soprano A mezzo-soprano is a type of European classical music female voice type whose range lies between the soprano and the contralto singing voices, usually extending from the A below middle C to the A two octaves above .... or contralto Contralto In music, a contralto is a type of European classical music female voice type with a vocal range somewhere between a tenor and a mezzo-soprano. The term is used to refer to the deepest female singing voice....	Emilia Goggi
Leonora, noble lady, in love with Manrico and courted by Di Luna	soprano Soprano A soprano is a voice type with a vocal range from approximately to "high A" in choral music, or to "soprano C" or higher in operatic music. In four part chorale style harmony the soprano takes the highest part which usually encompasses the melody....	Rosina Penco
Ferrando, Luna's officer	bass	Arcangelo Balderi
Ines, Leonora's confidante	soprano	Francesca Quadri
Ruiz, Manrico's henchman	tenor	Giuseppe Bazzoli
An old gypsy	bass	Raffaele Marconi
A messenger	tenor	Luigi Fani
Leonora's friends, nuns, the Count's lackeys, warriors, Gypsies

Place: Biscay
Biscay

Biscay is a province of the Basque Country in Spain.It is generally accepted that Bizkaia, the original Basque term, means something like 'mountain' or 'cliff'....
and Aragon
Aragon

Aragon is an autonomous communities of Spain of Spain. Located in northeastern Spain, the region comprises three provinces of Spain from north to south: Huesca , Zaragoza , and Teruel ....
(Spain)

Time: Fifteenth century.

cene 1: The guard room in the castle of Luna (The Palace of Aljaferia, Zaragoza

Zaragoza

Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English language, is the capital city of the Zaragoza and of the Autonomous communities of Spain and former Kingdom of Aragon of Aragon, Spain....
, Spain)

Ferrando, the captain of the guards, orders his men to keep watch while Count di Luna wanders restlessly beneath the windows of Leonora, lady-in-waiting to the Princess.

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Encyclopedia

Il trovatore (The Troubadour
Troubadour

A troubadour was a composer and performer of Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages .The troubadour school or tradition began in the eleventh century in Occitania, but it subsequently spread into Italy, Spain, and even Greece....
) is an opera

Opera

Opera is an Performing arts in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work which combines a text and a musical score. Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition....
in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi

Giuseppe Verdi

Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi was an Italian Romantic music composer, mainly of opera. He was one of the most influential composers in the 19th century....
to an Italian libretto

Libretto

A libretto is the text used in an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, sacred or secular oratorio and cantata, Musical theater, and ballet....
by Leone Emanuele Bardare and Salvatore Cammarano

Salvatore Cammarano

Salvatore Cammarano was a prolific Italy librettist and playwright perhaps best known for writing the text of Lucia di Lammermoor for Gaetano Donizetti....
, based on the play El Trovador by Antonio García Gutiérrez

Antonio García Gutiérrez

'Antonio Garc?a Guti?rrez' was a Spain Romanticism dramatist.After having studied medicine in his native town, he moved to Madrid in 1833, and earned a meager living by translating plays of Eug?ne Scribe and the Alexandre Dumas, p?re; lacking success, he was on the point of enlisting when he suddenly sprang into fame as the author of El tr...
.

It was first performed at the Teatro Apollo, Rome on 19 January 1853. During the 1854/55 season while in Paris, Verdi revised the opera for the Théatre des Italiens as Le trouvère and its many performances in January 1855 were well received.

Performance history

Il trovatore was first performed in the US on 2 May 1855 at the Academy of Music in New York while its UK premiere took place on 10 May 1855 at Covent Garden

Covent Garden

Covent Garden is a district in London, England, located on the easternmost parts of the City of Westminster and the southwest corner of the London Borough of Camden....
in London.

Today, almost all performances use the Italian version, although in 2002 the French version, Le trouvere appeared as part of the Sarasota Opera

Sarasota Opera

Sarasota Opera is a professional opera company in Sarasota, Florida, USA, which owns and performs in the now-renovated 1,150-seat Edwards Theatre....
's "Verdi Cycle" of all the composer's work by 2013.

As a staple of the standard operatic repertoire, it appears at number 17 on Opera America

Opera America

Opera America, officially OPERA America, is a service organization in North America promoting the creation, presentation, and enjoyment of opera....
's list of the 20 most-performed operas in North America.

Roles

Role	Voice type	Premiere Cast, 19 January 1853 (Conductor: - )
Count di Luna, a nobleman in the service of the Prince of Aragon	baritone Baritone Baritone is a type of European classical music male voice type that lies between the bass and tenor voices. It is the most common male voice....	Giovanni Guicciardi
Manrico, a troubadour and officer in the army of the Prince of Urgel	tenor Tenor The tenor is a type of male voice type and is the highest male voice within the modal register. The typical tenor voice lies between the C one octave below middle C to the A above in choral music, and up to high C in solo work....	Carlo Baucardé Carlo Baucardé Sorry, no overview for this topic
Azucena, a gypsy, supposedly Manrico's mother	mezzo-soprano Mezzo-soprano A mezzo-soprano is a type of European classical music female voice type whose range lies between the soprano and the contralto singing voices, usually extending from the A below middle C to the A two octaves above .... or contralto Contralto In music, a contralto is a type of European classical music female voice type with a vocal range somewhere between a tenor and a mezzo-soprano. The term is used to refer to the deepest female singing voice....	Emilia Goggi
Leonora, noble lady, in love with Manrico and courted by Di Luna	soprano Soprano A soprano is a voice type with a vocal range from approximately to "high A" in choral music, or to "soprano C" or higher in operatic music. In four part chorale style harmony the soprano takes the highest part which usually encompasses the melody....	Rosina Penco
Ferrando, Luna's officer	bass	Arcangelo Balderi
Ines, Leonora's confidante	soprano	Francesca Quadri
Ruiz, Manrico's henchman	tenor	Giuseppe Bazzoli
An old gypsy	bass	Raffaele Marconi
A messenger	tenor	Luigi Fani
Leonora's friends, nuns, the Count's lackeys, warriors, Gypsies

Synopsis

Time: Fifteenth century.

Act I: The Duel

Scene 1: The guard room in the castle of Luna (The Palace of Aljaferia, Zaragoza
Zaragoza

Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English language, is the capital city of the Zaragoza and of the Autonomous communities of Spain and former Kingdom of Aragon of Aragon, Spain....
, Spain)

Ferrando, the captain of the guards, orders his men to keep watch while Count di Luna wanders restlessly beneath the windows of Leonora, lady-in-waiting to the Princess. Di Luna loves Leonora, and is jealous of his successful rival, the troubadour

Troubadour

A troubadour was a composer and performer of Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages .The troubadour school or tradition began in the eleventh century in Occitania, but it subsequently spread into Italy, Spain, and even Greece....
Manrico. In order to keep the guards awake, Ferrando narrates the history of the count to the guard. (Aria: Di due figli vivea padre beato / "The good Count di Luna lived happily, the father of two sons"). It appears that a gypsy

Roma people

The Romani are an ethnic group of Europe tracing their Origins of the Romani people to middle kingdoms of India.The Romani are Romani diaspora with their largest concentrated populations in Europe, especially the Roma of Central and Eastern Europe, with more recent diaspora populations in the Americas and, to a lesser extent, in other par...
had once bewitched the little brother of the count, making the child weak and ill, and for this had been burnt alive as a witch. Dying, she had commanded her daughter Azucena to avenge her, which she did by carrying off the younger brother. Although the burnt bones of a child were found in the ashes of the pyre, the father refused to believe in his son's death; dying, he commanded Count di Luna to seek Azucena.

Scene 2: Garden in the palace of the princess

Leonora confesses her love for Manrico to her confidante, Ines. (Tacea la notte placida / "The peaceful night lay silent"... Di tale amor / "A love that words can scarcely describe"). When they have gone, Count di Luna hears the voice of his rival, Manrico, in the distance: Deserto sulla terra / "Alone upon this earth"). While Leonora in the darkness mistakes the count for her lover, Manrico himself enters the garden, and she rushes to his arms. The count recognises Manrico as his enemy, who has been condemned to death, and compels him to fight. Leonora tries to intervene, but cannot stop them from fighting (Trio: Di geloso amor sprezzato / "The fire of jealous love" ).

Act 2: The Gypsy Woman

Scene 1: The gypsies' camp

While Manrico sits at the bedside of his mother, Azucena, the gypsies sing the Anvil Chorus
Anvil Chorus

The Anvil Chorus is the English language term for the Coro di zingari , a piece of music from Act 2, Scene 1 of Giuseppe Verdi's Il trovatore which depicts Spanish Gypsies striking their anvils at dawn and singing the praises of hard work, good wine, and their gypsy women....
: Vedi le fosche notturne / "See! The endless sky casts off her sombre nightly garb.."). She is the daughter of the Gypsy burnt by the count and, although old, still nurses her vengeance. (Aria: Stride la vampa / "The flames are roaring!"). The Gypsies break camp while Azucena confesses to Manrico that after stealing him she had intended to burn the count's little son, but had thrown her own child into the flames instead (Aria: Condotta ell'era in ceppi / "They dragged her in bonds"). Manrico realises that he is not the son of Azucena, but loves her as if she were indeed his mother, as she has always been faithful and loving to him. Manrico tells Azucena that he defeated Di Luna in their duel, but was held back from killing him by a mysterious power (Duet: Mal reggendo / "He was helpless under my savage attack"). A messenger arrives and reports that Leonora, who believes Manrico dead, is about to enter a convent and take the veil that night. Although Azucena tries to prevent him from leaving in his weak state (Ferma! Son io che parlo a te! / "I must talk to you"), Manrico rushes away to prevent her from carrying out this purpose.

Scene 2: In front of the convent

Di Luna and his attendants intend to abduct Leonora and the Count sings of his love for her (Aria: Il balen del suo sorriso / "The light of her smile" ... Per me ora fatale / "Fatal hour of my life"). Leonora and the nuns appear in procession, but Manrico prevents Di Luna from carrying out his plans and instead, takes Leonora away with him.

Act 3: The Son of the Gypsy Woman

Scene 1: Di Luna's camp

(Chorus: Or co' dadi ma fra poco / "Now we play at dice") Di Luna's soldiers bring in the captured Azucena. She is recognised by Ferrando, and Di Luna sentences her to be burnt.

Scene 2: A chamber in the castle

Leonora and Manrico live only for each other. (Aria, Manrico: Ah si, ben mio coll'essere / "Ah, yes, my love, in being yours"). As they are about to take their marriage vows, Ruiz, Manrico's comrade, reports that Azucena is to be burned at the stake. Manrico rushes to her aid (Stretta: Di quella pira l'orrendo foco
Di quella pira

File:Carlo Baucarde.jpgDi quella pira is a popular tenor aria sung by Manrico in Act 3, Scene 2 of Giuseppe Verdi's opera, Il trovatore....
/ "The horrid flames of that pyre"). Leonora faints.

Act 4: The Punishment

Scene 1: Before the dungeon keep

Leonora attempts to free Manrico, who has been captured by Di Luna (Aria: D'amor sull'ali rosee / "On the rosy wings of love"; Chorus & Duet: Miserere / "Lord, they mercy on this soul"). Leonora begs Di Luna for mercy and offers herself in place of her lover. She promises to give herself to the count, but secretly swallows poison from her ring in order to die before Di Luna can possess her (Duet: Mira, d'acerbe lagrime / "See the bitter tears I shed").

Scene 2: In the dungeon

Manrico and Azucena are awaiting their execution. Manrico attempts to soothe Azucena, whose mind wanders to happier days in the mountains (Duet: Ai nostri monti ritorneremo / "Again to our mountains we shall return"). At last the gypsy slumbers. Leonora comes to Manrico and tells him that he is saved, begging him to escape. When he discovers she cannot accompany him, he refuses to leave his prison. He believes Leonora has betrayed him until he realizes that she has taken poison to remain true to him. As she dies in agony in Manrico's arms she confesses that she prefers to die with him than to marry another. (Quartet: Prima che d'altri vivere / "Rather than live as another's") The count enters to find Leonora dead in his rival's arms and orders Manrico to be led to execution. Azucena arises and when Di Luna shows her the dead Manrico, she cries in triumph: Egli era tuo fratello! / "He was your brother..You are avenged, oh mother!" At the same time as Azucena, the count screams in despair E vivo ancor! / "And I must live on!".

Cultural References

Enrico Caruso

Enrico Caruso was an italians tenor. Caruso was also one of the most significant and renowned singers in any genre in both the 19th and 20th Centuries, and one of the most important pioneers of recorded music....
once said that all it takes for successful performance of Il trovatore is the four greatest singers in the world. On many different occasions, this opera and its music have been featured in various forms of popular culture and entertainment. Scenes of comic chaos play out over a performance of Il trovatore in the Marx Brothers

Marx Brothers

The Marx Brothers were a popular team of sibling comedians who appeared in vaudeville, stage plays, film, and television....
's film, A Night at the Opera
A Night at the Opera (film)

A Night at the Opera is a comedy film starring Groucho Marx, Chico Marx and Harpo Marx, and featuring Kitty Carlisle Hart, Allan Jones , Margaret Dumont, Siegfried Rumann, and Walter Woolf King....
. Luchino Visconti

Luchino Visconti

Luchino House of Visconti di Modrone, Count of Lonate Pozzolo was an Italian theatre director and film director and writer, best known for films such as The Leopard and Death in Venice ....
used a performance of Il trovatore at La Fenice

La Fenice

Teatro La Fenice is an opera house in Venice, Italy. It is one of the most famous theatres in Europe, the site of many famous operatic premieres....
opera house for the opening sequence of his 1954 film Senso
Senso (film)

Senso is a 1954 film adaptation of Camillo Boito's Italian novella, Senso , by the Italy film director Luchino Visconti, with Alida Valli as Livia and Farley Granger as Lieutenant Franz Mahler ....
. As Manrico sings his battle cry in "Di quella pira", the performance is interupted by the answering cries of Italian nationalists in the audience. In Italian Film in the Light of Neorealism, Millicent Marcus proposes that Visconti used this operatic paradigm throughout Senso, with parallels between the opera's protagonists, Manrico and Leonora, and the film's protagonists, Ussoni and Livia.

Selected recordings

Year	Cast (Count di Luna, Manrico, Leonora, Azucena, Ferrando)	Conductor, Opera House and Orchestra	Label
1930	Apollo Granforte Apollo Granforte Apollo Granforte was an Italian baritone, one of the leading baritones of the inter-war period.... , Aureliano Pertile Aureliano Pertile Aureliano Pertile was an Italian tenor. He is considered to have been one of the most exciting Italian operatic artists of the inter-war period, and one of the most important tenors of the 20th century.... , Maria Carena, Irene Minghini Cattaneo	Carlo Sabajno, Teatro alla Scala Chorus and Orchestra	Audio CD: Membran/Quadromania Cat: 222182-444 (Also contains recording of Rigoletto Rigoletto *Rigoletto* is an opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi. The Italian language libretto was written by Francesco Maria Piave based on the play Le roi s'amuse by Victor Hugo.... )
1952	Leonard Warren Leonard Warren Leonard Warren was a famous United States opera singer. A baritone, he was associated for many years with the Metropolitan Opera in New York City.... , Jussi Björling Jussi Björling Johan Jonatan was a Sweden operatic tenor, Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Performance .... , Zinka Milanov Zinka Milanov Zinka Milanov n?e Zinka Kunc was a Croatian-born operatic Voice type.Born in Zagreb, she studied with the Wagnerian soprano Milka Ternina and her assistant Marija Kostrencic.... , Fedora Barbieri Fedora Barbieri Fedora Barbieri was an Italian mezzo-soprano.She made her official debut in Florence in 1940, but retired in 1943 because of her marriage. She re-emerged in 1945.... , Nicola Moscona	Renato Cellini Renato Cellini Renato Cellini was a celebrated Italian opera Conductor . His father was Enzio Cellini, who was a stage director who worked with Arturo Toscanini.... , RCA Victor Orchestra, Robert Shaw Choir	Audio CD: RCA Victor, Cat: 6643-2RG
1956	Ugo Savarese Ugo Savarese Ugo Savarese was an Italian operatic baritone, particularly associated with the Italian repertory. He was also rumored to have slept with every soprano that he sang with throughout his illustrious career.... , Mario del Monaco Mario del Monaco Mario Del Monaco was an Italian tenor and is regarded by his admirers as being one of the greatest dramatic tenors of the 20th Century.Del Monaco was born Florence to a musical upper-class family.... , Renata Tebaldi Renata Tebaldi Renata Tebaldi was an Italian lirico-spinto soprano, popular in the post-World War II period. Acclaimed as one of the most beloved opera singers of all time, she primarily focused on the verismo roles of the lyric and dramatic repertoires.... , Giulietta Simionato Giulietta Simionato Giulietta Simionato is an Italy mezzo-soprano and one of the great singers of the post-war operatic stage. Her career spanned from the 1930s until her retirement in 1966.... , Giorgio Tozzi Giorgio Tozzi Giorgio Tozzi was for many years a leading basso with the Metropolitan Opera, and was seen playing lead roles in nearly every major opera house world-wide....	Alberto Erede Alberto Erede Alberto Erede was an Italy Conductor , particularly associated with opera work.Born in Genoa, Erede studied there before studying in Milan, then with Felix Weingartner at Basle, and after this with Fritz Busch at Dresden.... , Coro del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino Maggio Musicale Fiorentino File:????????????? ??????????? ???.jpgMaggio Musicale Fiorentino is an annual list of opera festivals which was founded in April 1933 by conductor Vittorio Gui with the aim of presenting contemporary and forgotten operas in visually dramatic productions.... , Orchestre du Grand Théâtre de Genève Grand Théâtre de Genève Grand Th??tre de Gen?ve is an opera house in Geneva, Switzerland.As is the case with many other opera houses, the Grand Th??tre de Gen?ve is both a venue and an institution....	Audio CD: DECCA Decca Records Decca Records is a British record label established in 1929 in music by Edward Lewis . Its U.S. label was established in late 1934; later the link with the British company was broken for several decades....
1956	Rolando Panerai Rolando Panerai Rolando Panerai Italian baritone, particularly associated with the Italian repertory, he enjoyed a long and distinguished career in both comic and dramatic roles.... , Giuseppe Di Stefano Giuseppe Di Stefano Giuseppe Di Stefano was an Italian operatic tenor whose career lasted from the late 1940s to the early 1970s. He was also known for his long association with the soprano Maria Callas, with whom he performed and recorded many times, and with whom he was romantically involved for a brief period.... , Maria Callas Maria Callas Maria Callas was an American-born Greeks soprano and one of the most renowned opera singers of the twentieth century. She combined an impressive bel canto technique with great dramatic gifts.... , Fedora Barbieri Fedora Barbieri Fedora Barbieri was an Italian mezzo-soprano.She made her official debut in Florence in 1940, but retired in 1943 because of her marriage. She re-emerged in 1945.... , Nicola Zaccaria Nicola Zaccaria Nicola Zaccaria was a Greece bass-baritone.Born in Piraeus, Zaccaria studied in Athens where he enjoyed his debut in 1949, aged 26. He sang at La Scala in 1953 and his position as a mainstay of the bass operatic repertoire was assured thereafter....	Herbert von Karajan Herbert von Karajan Herbert von Karajan was an Austrian orchestra and opera conducting, one of the most renowned 20th-century conductors. His obituary in The New York Times described him as "probably the world's best-known conductor and one of the most powerful figures in classical music." Karajan conducted the Berlin Philharmonic for thirty-five years.... , Teatro alla Scala Chorus and Orchestra	Audio CD: EMI EMI The EMI Group is a United Kingdom music company comprising the major record label EMI Music ? which operates several labels and is based in Kensington in London, England, United Kingdom ? and EMI Music Publishing, based in New York City.... , Cat: 56333 & 77365
1963	Ettore Bastianini Ettore Bastianini Ettore Bastianini was an Italian opera singer who began his professional career as a Bass , then earned worldwide acclaim as a baritone, particularly in Giuseppe Verdi roles, before dying of throat cancer at the age of forty-four.... , Carlo Bergonzi, Antonietta Stella Antonietta Stella Antonietta Stella is an Italian operatic soprano, one of the finest Italian spinto sopranos of the 1950s and 1960s, possessing a beautiful and ample voice, and particularly associated with Verdi and Puccini roles.... , Fiorenza Cossotto Fiorenza Cossotto Fiorenza Cossotto is an Italian mezzo soprano. She is considered by many to be one of the great mezzo-sopranos of the 20th century, a natural successor to Giulietta Simionato.... , Ivo Vinco	Tullio Serafin Tullio Serafin Tullio Serafin was an Italy Conducting.... , Teatro alla Scala Chorus and Orchestra	Audio CD: Deutsche Grammophon Deutsche Grammophon Deutsche Grammophon is a Germany classical record label, now part of the Universal Music Group. The company has long been known for its high standards of high fidelity.... Cat: B000J233I0
1970	Sherrill Milnes Sherrill Milnes Sherrill Milnes is an United States operatic baritone most famous for his Giuseppe Verdi roles. From 1965 until 1997 he was associated with the Metropolitan Opera.... , Plácido Domingo Plácido Domingo Jos? Pl?cido Domingo Embil Order of the British Empire , better known as Pl?cido Domingo, is a Spanish tenor, known for his versatile and strong voice, possessing a ringing and dramatic tone throughout its range.... , Leontyne Price Leontyne Price Mary Violet Leontyne Price in Laurel, Mississippi in the United States is one of America's most beloved and widely recorded operatic sopranos.... , Fiorenza Cossotto Fiorenza Cossotto Fiorenza Cossotto is an Italian mezzo soprano. She is considered by many to be one of the great mezzo-sopranos of the 20th century, a natural successor to Giulietta Simionato.... , Bonaldo Giaiotti Bonaldo Giaiotti Bonaldo Giaiotti is an Italian operatic Bass , particularly associated with the Italian repertory.Born in Udine, he studied in his native city and later in Milan with Alfredo Starno, where he made his debut at the Teatro Nuovo in 1957....	Zubin Mehta Zubin Mehta Zubin Mehta is an Indian conducting of Western classical music.... , New Philharmonia Orchestra New Philharmonia Orchestra New Philharmonia Orchestra may refer to:The 1964-1977 incarnation of the Philharmonia Orchestra, a London-based professional orchestraNew Philharmonia Orchestra of Massachusetts, a non-professional orchestra based in Newton, Massachusetts...	Audio CD: RCA RCA RCA Corporation, founded as Radio Corporation of America, was an electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986. Today, the RCA is owned by the France conglomerate Thomson SA through RCA Trademark Management S.A., a company owned by Thomson.... Cat: 74321-39504-2
1976	Ingvar Wixell Ingvar Wixell Ingvar Wixell is a Sweden baritone opera singer.Wixell made his debut 1955 as Papageno in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's The Magic Flute. He worked at the Royal Swedish Opera in Stockholm 1955–1967.... , Luciano Pavarotti Luciano Pavarotti Luciano Pavarotti Italian orders of merit was an Italian opera tenor, who also crossed over into popular music. He was the most commercially successful tenor of all.... , Joan Sutherland Joan Sutherland Dame Joan Alston Sutherland, Order of Merit, Order of Australia, Order of the British Empire is an Australian voice type soprano noted for her contribution in the renaissance of the bel canto repertoire in the late 1950s, 1960s and 1970s.... , Marilyn Horne Marilyn Horne Marilyn Horne is an United States mezzo-soprano opera singer who is particularly associated with the music of Gioacchino Rossini and George Frideric Handel.... , Nicolai Ghiaurov Nicolai Ghiaurov Nicolai Ghiaurov was a Bulgarian opera singer and one of the most famous basso singers of the postwar period. He was admired for his powerful, sumptuous voice, and was particularly associated with roles of Giuseppe Verdi....	Richard Bonynge Richard Bonynge Richard Bonynge, Order of the British Empire , is an Australian conductor and pianist.He was born in Sydney, Australia and educated at Sydney Boys High School before studying piano at the Royal College of Music in London.... , Kingsway Hall Kingsway Hall The Kingsway Hall, Holborn, London, built in 1912, was the home of the West London Mission of the Methodist Church of Great Britain, and eventually became one of the most important recording venues for european classical music and film music.... , National Philharmonic Orchestra National Philharmonic Orchestra The National Philharmonic Orchestra is a United Kingdom orchestra created exclusively for Sound recording and reproduction purposes. It was founded by RCA Records producer Charles Gerhardt and orchestra leader Sidney Sax due in part to the requirements of the Reader's Digest recording project....	CD: Decca Audio CD ASIN: B000N4SJI8
1978	Piero Cappuccilli Piero Cappuccilli Piero Cappuccilli was an Italian operatic baritone, particularly associated with Giuseppe Verdi roles, especiallyMacbeth and Simon Boccanegra, he was renowned for his extraordinary breath control and smooth legato.... , Plácido Domingo Plácido Domingo Jos? Pl?cido Domingo Embil Order of the British Empire , better known as Pl?cido Domingo, is a Spanish tenor, known for his versatile and strong voice, possessing a ringing and dramatic tone throughout its range.... , Raina Kabaivanska Raina Kabaivanska Raina Kabaivanska is a Bulgarian opera singer, one of the leading lirico-spinto sopranos of her generation, particularly associated with Verdi and Puccini, although she sang a wide range of roles.... , Fiorenza Cossotto Fiorenza Cossotto Fiorenza Cossotto is an Italian mezzo soprano. She is considered by many to be one of the great mezzo-sopranos of the 20th century, a natural successor to Giulietta Simionato.... , José van Dam José van Dam Joseph, Baron van Damme , known under the pseudonym Jos? van Dam, is a Belgium bass-baritone.Jos? van Dam was born in Brussels on August 25, 1940....	Herbert von Karajan Herbert von Karajan Herbert von Karajan was an Austrian orchestra and opera conducting, one of the most renowned 20th-century conductors. His obituary in The New York Times described him as "probably the world's best-known conductor and one of the most powerful figures in classical music." Karajan conducted the Berlin Philharmonic for thirty-five years.... , Vienna State Opera Vienna State Opera The Vienna State Opera is an opera house - and opera company - with a history dating back to the mid 19th century. It is located in the centre of Vienna, Austria.... , Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra The Vienna Philharmonic is an orchestra in Austria, regularly considered one of the finest in the world .Its home base is the Musikverein, Vienna....	DVD: TDK TDK , formerly , is a Japan company that manufactures electronic materials, electronic components, and recording and Data storage device, and markets them globally.... DVD Video ASIN: B00068NVL6
1984	Giorgio Zancanaro Giorgio Zancanaro Giorgio Zancanaro is an Italian baritone, particularly associated with the Italian repertory, especially Verdi.Quickly invited to sing at all the major opera houses of Italy, establishing himself as the eminent "Verdi baritone" of his generation, notably in I masnadieri, Luisa Miller, La traviata.... , Plácido Domingo Plácido Domingo Jos? Pl?cido Domingo Embil Order of the British Empire , better known as Pl?cido Domingo, is a Spanish tenor, known for his versatile and strong voice, possessing a ringing and dramatic tone throughout its range.... , Rosalind Plowright Rosalind Plowright Rosalind Anne Plowright OBE is an English opera singer who spent much of her career as a soprano but later returned to the stage in mezzo-soprano roles.... , Brigitte Fassbaender Brigitte Fassbaender Brigitte Fassbaender , is mezzo-soprano opera singer, and in recent years, an artistic director. She has received the Bavarian State Opera's honorific title of 'Kammers?nger' or 'Court Singer.'...	Carlo Maria Giulini Carlo Maria Giulini Carlo Maria Giulini was an Italy conducting, and viola.... , Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia The Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia is one of the best-known orchestras in Italy. It is based at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome....	Audio CD: Deutsche Grammophon Deutsche Grammophon Deutsche Grammophon is a Germany classical record label, now part of the Universal Music Group. The company has long been known for its high standards of high fidelity.... ASIN: B000001G9Y
1991	Vladimir Chernov Vladimir Chernov Vladimir Chernov is a Russia baritone, particularly associated with the Russian and Italian opera repertories.Vladimir Nikola?evitch Chernov was born in a small village near the city of Krasnodar in southern Russia.... , Plácido Domingo Plácido Domingo Jos? Pl?cido Domingo Embil Order of the British Empire , better known as Pl?cido Domingo, is a Spanish tenor, known for his versatile and strong voice, possessing a ringing and dramatic tone throughout its range.... , Aprile Millo, Dolora Zajick Dolora Zajick Dolora Zajick is an United States mezzo-soprano who specializes in the Giuseppe Verdi repertoire. Zajick is arguably the leading exponent in the dramatic Verdian mezzo-soprano repertoire....	James Levine James Levine James Lawrence Levine is an United States orchestral conducting and piano. He is currently the music director of the Metropolitan Opera and of the Boston Symphony Orchestra.... , Metropolitan Opera Metropolitan Opera The Metropolitan Opera Association of New York City, founded in April 1880, is a major presenter of all types of opera including Grand Opera. Peter Gelb is the company's general manager and James Levine is music director.... orchestra and chorus	Audio CD: Sony Sony is a multinational corporation list of conglomerates corporation headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan, and one of the world's largest media conglomerates with revenue exceeding US$99.1 billion .... ASIN: B0000027UA

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