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ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
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ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to represent countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. They are the most widely used of the country codes published by ISO, and are used most prominently for the Internet's country code top-level domains (with a few exceptions). They were first included as part of the ISO 3166 standard in its first edition in 1974.
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are used in different environments and are also part of other standards.

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Encyclopedia
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to represent countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. They are the most widely used of the country codes published by ISO, and are used most prominently for the Internet's country code top-level domains (with a few exceptions). They were first included as part of the ISO 3166 standard in its first edition in 1974.
Uses and applications
The ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are used in different environments and are also part of other standards. In some cases they are not perfectly implemented.
Perfect implementations
The ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are used in the following standards:
Imperfect implementations
Starting in 1985, ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes have been used in the Domain Name System as country code top-level domains (ccTLDs). The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority currently assigns the ccTLDs mostly following the alpha-2 codes, but with a few exceptions. For example, the United Kingdom, whose alpha-2 code is GB, uses .uk instead of .gb as its ccTLD (UK is currently exceptionally reserved on the request of the United Kingdom).
The WIPO coding standard ST.3 is based on ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes, but includes a number of additional codes for international intellectual property organizations. For these additional codes, see the section Codes currently agreed not to use.
The European Commission uses ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes with two exceptions: EL (not GR) is used to represent Greece, and UK (not GB) is used to represent the United Kingdom. This notwithstanding, the Official Journal of the European Communities specified that GB and GR be used to represent the United Kingdom and Greece respectively.
The United Nations uses a combination of ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and alpha-3 codes, along with codes that pre-date the creation of ISO 3166, for international vehicle registration codes, the codes on the oval stickers used to identify foreign road vehicles. For some of these additional codes, see the section Indeterminate reservations.
IETF language tags are also partially derived from ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes.
Current codes
Decoding table
The following is a colour-coded decoding table of all ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes (click on a cell to see the definition of the code):
| Decoding table of ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes |
|---|
| AA | AB | AC | AD | AE | AF | AG | AH | AI | AJ | AK | AL | AM | AN | AO | AP | AQ | AR | AS | AT | AU | AV | AW | AX | AY | AZ | | BA | BB | BC | BD | BE | BF | BG | BH | BI | BJ | BK | BL | BM | BN | BO | BP | BQ | BR | BS | BT | BU | BV | BW | BX | BY | BZ | | CA | CB | CC | CD | CE | CF | CG | CH | CI | CJ | CK | CL | CM | CN | CO | CP | CQ | CR | CS | CT | CU | CV | CW | CX | CY | CZ | | DA | DB | DC | DD | DE | DF | DG | DH | DI | DJ | DK | DL | DM | DN | DO | DP | DQ | DR | DS | DT | DU | DV | DW | DX | DY | DZ | | EA | EB | EC | ED | EE | EF | EG | EH | EI | EJ | EK | EL | EM | EN | EO | EP | EQ | ER | ES | ET | EU | EV | EW | EX | EY | EZ | | FA | FB | FC | FD | FE | FF | FG | FH | FI | FJ | FK | FL | FM | FN | FO | FP | FQ | FR | FS | FT | FU | FV | FW | FX | FY | FZ | | GA | GB | GC | GD | GE | GF | GG | GH | GI | GJ | GK | GL | GM | GN | GO | GP | GQ | GR | GS | GT | GU | GV | GW | GX | GY | GZ | | HA | HB | HC | HD | HE | HF | HG | HH | HI | HJ | HK | HL | HM | HN | HO | HP | HQ | HR | HS | HT | HU | HV | HW | HX | HY | HZ | | IA | IB | IC | ID | IE | IF | IG | IH | II | IJ | IK | IL | IM | IN | IO | IP | IQ | IR | IS | IT | IU | IV | IW | IX | IY | IZ | | JA | JB | JC | JD | JE | JF | JG | JH | JI | JJ | JK | JL | JM | JN | JO | JP | JQ | JR | JS | JT | JU | JV | JW | JX | JY | JZ | | KA | KB | KC | KD | KE | KF | KG | KH | KI | KJ | KK | KL | KM | KN | KO | KP | KQ | KR | KS | KT | KU | KV | KW | KX | KY | KZ | | LA | LB | LC | LD | LE | LF | LG | LH | LI | LJ | LK | LL | LM | LN | LO | LP | LQ | LR | LS | LT | LU | LV | LW | LX | LY | LZ | | MA | MB | MC | MD | ME | MF | MG | MH | MI | MJ | MK | ML | MM | MN | MO | MP | MQ | MR | MS | MT | MU | MV | MW | MX | MY | MZ | | NA | NB | NC | ND | NE | NF | NG | NH | NI | NJ | NK | NL | NM | NN | NO | NP | NQ | NR | NS | NT | NU | NV | NW | NX | NY | NZ | | OA | OB | OC | OD | OE | OF | OG | OH | OI | OJ | OK | OL | OM | ON | OO | OP | OQ | OR | OS | OT | OU | OV | OW | OX | OY | OZ | | PA | PB | PC | PD | PE | PF | PG | PH | PI | PJ | PK | PL | PM | PN | PO | PP | PQ | PR | PS | PT | PU | PV | PW | PX | PY | PZ | | QA | QB | QC | QD | QE | QF | QG | QH | QI | QJ | QK | QL | QM | QN | QO | QP | QQ | QR | QS | QT | QU | QV | QW | QX | QY | QZ | | RA | RB | RC | RD | RE | RF | RG | RH | RI | RJ | RK | RL | RM | RN | RO | RP | RQ | RR | RS | RT | RU | RV | RW | RX | RY | RZ | | SA | SB | SC | SD | SE | SF | SG | SH | SI | SJ | SK | SL | SM | SN | SO | SP | SQ | SR | SS | ST | SU | SV | SW | SX | SY | SZ | | TA | TB | TC | TD | TE | TF | TG | TH | TI | TJ | TK | TL | TM | TN | TO | TP | TQ | TR | TS | TT | TU | TV | TW | TX | TY | TZ | | UA | UB | UC | UD | UE | UF | UG | UH | UI | UJ | UK | UL | UM | UN | UO | UP | UQ | UR | US | UT | UU | UV | UW | UX | UY | UZ | | VA | VB | VC | VD | VE | VF | VG | VH | VI | VJ | VK | VL | VM | VN | VO | VP | VQ | VR | VS | VT | VU | VV | VW | VX | VY | VZ | | WA | WB | WC | WD | WE | WF | WG | WH | WI | WJ | WK | WL | WM | WN | WO | WP | WQ | WR | WS | WT | WU | WV | WW | WX | WY | WZ | | XA | XB | XC | XD | XE | XF | XG | XH | XI | XJ | XK | XL | XM | XN | XO | XP | XQ | XR | XS | XT | XU | XV | XW | XX | XY | XZ | | YA | YB | YC | YD | YE | YF | YG | YH | YI | YJ | YK | YL | YM | YN | YO | YP | YQ | YR | YS | YT | YU | YV | YW | YX | YY | YZ | | ZA | ZB | ZC | ZD | ZE | ZF | ZG | ZH | ZI | ZJ | ZK | ZL | ZM | ZN | ZO | ZP | ZQ | ZR | ZS | ZT | ZU | ZV | ZW | ZX | ZY | ZZ | | Color legend |
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| | Officially assigned: assigned to a country, territory, or area of geographical interest | | | User-assigned: free for assignment at the disposal of users | | | Exceptionally reserved: reserved on request for restricted use | | | Transitionally reserved: deleted from ISO 3166-1 but maintained transitionally | | | Indeterminately reserved: used in coding systems associated with ISO 3166-1 | | | Not used at present stage: not used in ISO 3166-1 at the present stage | | | Un-assigned: free for assignment by the ISO 3166/MA only |
Officially assigned code elements
The following is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes, with four columns:
- Alpha-2 — ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code (with link to each country's ISO 3166-2 codes)
- Country name — English short country name officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) (can be sorted by clicking on button)
- Year included — Year when the country was first officially included in ISO 3166-1 (1974 if it has been included since the first edition of ISO 3166)
- Notes — Any unofficial notes
| Alpha-2 | Country name | Year included | Notes |
|---|
| AD | Andorra | 1974 | | | AE | United Arab Emirates | 1974 | | | AF | Afghanistan | 1974 | | | AG | Antigua and Barbuda | 1974 | | | AI | Anguilla | 1983 | AI previously represented French Afar and Issas | | AL | Albania | 1974 | | | AM | Armenia | 1992 | | | AN | Netherlands Antilles | 1974 | | | AO | Angola | 1974 | | | AQ | Antarctica | 1974 | Code taken from name in | | AR | Argentina | 1974 | | | AS | American Samoa | 1974 | | | AT | Austria | 1974 | | | AU | Australia | 1974 | | | AW | Aruba | 1986 | | | AX | | 2004 | | | AZ | Azerbaijan | 1992 | | | BA | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1992 | | | BB | Barbados | 1974 | | | BD | Bangladesh | 1974 | | | BE | Belgium | 1974 | | | BF | Burkina Faso | 1984 | Name changed from Upper Volta (HV) | | BG | Bulgaria | 1974 | | | BH | Bahrain | 1974 | | | BI | Burundi | 1974 | | | BJ | Benin | 1977 | Name changed from Dahomey (DY) | | BL | Saint Barthélemy | 2007 | | | BM | Bermuda | 1974 | | | BN | Brunei Darussalam | 1974 | | | BO | Bolivia | 1974 | | | BR | Brazil | 1974 | | | BS | Bahamas | 1974 | | | BT | Bhutan | 1974 | | | BV | Bouvet Island | 1974 | | | BW | Botswana | 1974 | | | BY | Belarus | 1974 | Code taken from previous ISO country name: Byelorussian SSR (1974–1992) | | BZ | Belize | 1974 | | | CA | Canada | 1974 | | | CC | Cocos (Keeling) Islands | 1974 | | | CD | Congo, the Democratic Republic of the | 1997 | Name changed from Zaire (ZR) | | CF | Central African Republic | 1974 | | | CG | Congo | 1974 | | | CH | Switzerland | 1974 | | | CI | | 1974 | i.e., Ivory Coast | | CK | Cook Islands | 1974 | | | CL | Chile | 1974 | | | CM | Cameroon | 1974 | | | CN | China | 1974 | | | CO | Colombia | 1974 | | | CR | Costa Rica | 1974 | | | CU | Cuba | 1974 | | | CV | Cape Verde | 1974 | | | CX | Christmas Island | 1974 | | | CY | Cyprus | 1974 | | | CZ | Czech Republic | 1993 | | | DE | Germany | 1974 | Previous ISO country name: Germany, Federal Republic of (1974–1990) Code taken from name in | | DJ | Djibouti | 1977 | Name changed from French Afar and Issas (AI) | | DK | Denmark | 1974 | | | DM | Dominica | 1974 | | | DO | Dominican Republic | 1974 | | | DZ | Algeria | 1974 | Code taken from name in Berber: Ledzayer | | EC | Ecuador | 1974 | | | EE | Estonia | 1992 | | | EG | Egypt | 1974 | | | EH | Western Sahara | 1974 | Previous ISO country name: Spanish Sahara (1974–?) Code taken from former name in | | ER | Eritrea | 1993 | | | ES | Spain | 1974 | Includes Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla Code taken from name in | | ET | Ethiopia | 1974 | | | FI | Finland | 1974 | | | FJ | Fiji | 1974 | | | FK | Falkland Islands (Malvinas) | 1974 | | | FM | Micronesia, Federated States of | 1986 | Previous ISO country name: Micronesia (1986–1992) | | FO | Faroe Islands | 1974 | | | FR | France | 1974 | Includes Clipperton Island | | GA | Gabon | 1974 | | | GB | United Kingdom | 1974 | Code taken from part of official name: Great Britain (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) UK also exceptionally reserved on request of the United Kingdom | | GD | Grenada | 1974 | | | GE | Georgia | 1992 | GE previously represented Gilbert and Ellice Islands | | GF | French Guiana | 1974 | | | GG | Guernsey | 2006 | | | GH | Ghana | 1974 | | | GI | Gibraltar | 1974 | | | GL | Greenland | 1974 | | | GM | Gambia | 1974 | | | GN | Guinea | 1974 | | | GP | Guadeloupe | 1974 | | | GQ | Equatorial Guinea | 1974 | | | GR | Greece | 1974 | | | GS | South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | 1993 | | | GT | Guatemala | 1974 | | | GU | Guam | 1974 | | | GW | Guinea-Bissau | 1974 | | | GY | Guyana | 1974 | | | HK | Hong Kong | 1974 | | | HM | Heard Island and McDonald Islands | 1974 | | | HN | Honduras | 1974 | | | HR | Croatia | 1992 | | | HT | Haiti | 1974 | | | HU | Hungary | 1974 | | | ID | Indonesia | 1974 | | | IE | Ireland | 1974 | | | IL | Israel | 1974 | | | IM | Isle of Man | 2006 | | | IN | India | 1974 | | | IO | British Indian Ocean Territory | 1974 | Includes Diego Garcia | | IQ | Iraq | 1974 | | | IR | Iran, Islamic Republic of | 1974 | | | IS | Iceland | 1974 | | | IT | Italy | 1974 | | | JE | Jersey | 2006 | | | JM | Jamaica | 1974 | | | JO | Jordan | 1974 | | | JP | Japan | 1974 | | | KE | Kenya | 1974 | | | KG | Kyrgyzstan | 1992 | | | KH | Cambodia | 1974 | Code taken from previous ISO country name: Kampuchea (1974–1990) | | KI | Kiribati | 1979 | | | KM | Comoros | 1974 | Code taken from name in Comorian: Komori | | KN | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 1974 | Previous ISO country name: Saint Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla (1974–1983) | | KP | Korea, Democratic People's Republic of | 1974 | i.e., North Korea | | KR | Korea, Republic of | 1974 | i.e., South Korea | | KW | Kuwait | 1974 | | | KY | Cayman Islands | 1974 | | | KZ | Kazakhstan | 1992 | Previous ISO country name: Kazakstan (1992–2002) | | LA | Lao People's Democratic Republic | 1974 | | | LB | Lebanon | 1974 | | | LC | Saint Lucia | 1974 | | | LI | Liechtenstein | 1974 | | | LK | Sri Lanka | 1974 | | | LR | Liberia | 1974 | | | LS | Lesotho | 1974 | | | LT | Lithuania | 1992 | | | LU | Luxembourg | 1974 | | | LV | Latvia | 1992 | | | LY | Libyan Arab Jamahiriya | 1974 | | | MA | Morocco | 1974 | | | MC | Monaco | 1974 | | | MD | Moldova, Republic of | 1992 | Previous ISO country name: Moldova (2008–2009) | | ME | Montenegro | 2006 | | | MF | Saint Martin (French part) | 2007 | | | MG | Madagascar | 1974 | | | MH | Marshall Islands | 1986 | | | MK | Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of | 1993 | Designated as such due to naming dispute Code taken from name in Macedonian: Makedonija | | ML | Mali | 1974 | | | MM | Myanmar | 1989 | Name changed from Burma (BU) | | MN | Mongolia | 1974 | | | MO | Macao | 1974 | Previous ISO country name: Macau (1974–2002) | | MP | Northern Mariana Islands | 1986 | | | MQ | Martinique | 1974 | | | MR | Mauritania | 1974 | | | MS | Montserrat | 1974 | | | MT | Malta | 1974 | | | MU | Mauritius | 1974 | | | MV | Maldives | 1974 | | | MW | Malawi | 1974 | | | MX | Mexico | 1974 | | | MY | Malaysia | 1974 | | | MZ | Mozambique | 1974 | | | NA | Namibia | 1974 | | | NC | New Caledonia | 1974 | | | NE | Niger | 1974 | | | NF | Norfolk Island | 1974 | | | NG | Nigeria | 1974 | | | NI | Nicaragua | 1974 | | | NL | Netherlands | 1974 | | | NO | Norway | 1974 | | | NP | Nepal | 1974 | | | NR | Nauru | 1974 | | | NU | Niue | 1974 | | | NZ | New Zealand | 1974 | | | OM | Oman | 1974 | | | PA | Panama | 1974 | | | PE | Peru | 1974 | | | PF | French Polynesia | 1974 | | | PG | Papua New Guinea | 1974 | | | PH | Philippines | 1974 | | | PK | Pakistan | 1974 | | | PL | Poland | 1974 | | | PM | Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 1974 | | | PN | Pitcairn | 1974 | | | PR | Puerto Rico | 1974 | | | PS | Palestinian Territory, Occupied | 1999 | Consisting of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip | | PT | Portugal | 1974 | | | PW | Palau | 1986 | | | PY | Paraguay | 1974 | | | QA | Qatar | 1974 | | | RE | | 1974 | | | RO | Romania | 1974 | | | RS | Serbia | 2006 | Code taken from official name: Republic of Serbia | | RU | Russian Federation | 1992 | | | RW | Rwanda | 1974 | | | SA | Saudi Arabia | 1974 | | | SB | Solomon Islands | 1974 | Code taken from former name: British Solomon Islands | | SC | Seychelles | 1974 | | | SD | Sudan | 1974 | | | SE | Sweden | 1974 | | | SG | Singapore | 1974 | | | SH | Saint Helena | 1974 | Includes Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha | | SI | Slovenia | 1992 | | | SJ | Svalbard and Jan Mayen | 1974 | Consisting of Svalbard and Jan Mayen | | SK | Slovakia | 1993 | SK previously represented Sikkim | | SL | Sierra Leone | 1974 | | | SM | San Marino | 1974 | | | SN | Senegal | 1974 | | | SO | Somalia | 1974 | | | SR | Suriname | 1974 | | | ST | Sao Tome and Principe | 1974 | | | SV | El Salvador | 1974 | | | SY | Syrian Arab Republic | 1974 | | | SZ | Swaziland | 1974 | | | TC | Turks and Caicos Islands | 1974 | | | TD | Chad | 1974 | | | TF | French Southern Territories | 1979 | Covers the jurisdiction of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands except Adélie Land Code taken from name in | | TG | Togo | 1974 | | | TH | Thailand | 1974 | | | TJ | Tajikistan | 1992 | | | TK | Tokelau | 1974 | | | TL | Timor-Leste | 2002 | Name changed from East Timor (TP) | | TM | Turkmenistan | 1992 | | | TN | Tunisia | 1974 | | | TO | Tonga | 1974 | | | TR | Turkey | 1974 | | | TT | Trinidad and Tobago | 1974 | | | TV | Tuvalu | 1979 | | | TW | Taiwan, Province of China | 1974 | Covers the jurisdiction of the Republic of China except Kinmen and Lienchiang Designated as such due to its political status within the UN | | TZ | Tanzania, United Republic of | 1974 | | | UA | Ukraine | 1974 | Previous ISO country name: Ukrainian SSR (1974–1992) | | UG | Uganda | 1974 | | | UM | United States Minor Outlying Islands | 1986 | Consisting of Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Navassa Island, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Island | | US | United States | 1974 | | | UY | Uruguay | 1974 | | | UZ | Uzbekistan | 1992 | | | VA | Holy See (Vatican City State) | 1974 | Territory of the Holy See Previous ISO country name: Vatican City State (Holy See) (1974–1996) | | VC | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 1974 | | | VE | Venezuela | 1974 | | | VG | Virgin Islands, British | 1974 | | | VI | Virgin Islands, U.S. | 1974 | | | VN | Viet Nam | 1974 | | | VU | Vanuatu | 1980 | Name changed from New Hebrides (NH) | | WF | Wallis and Futuna | 1974 | | | WS | Samoa | 1974 | Code taken from former name: Western Samoa | | YE | Yemen | 1974 | Previous ISO country name: Yemen, Republic of (1990–1993) | | YT | Mayotte | 1993 | | | ZA | South Africa | 1974 | | | ZM | Zambia | 1974 | | | ZW | Zimbabwe | 1980 | Name changed from Southern Rhodesia (RH) |
User-assigned code elements
User-assigned code elements are codes at the disposal of users who need to add further names of countries, territories, or other geographical entities to their in-house application of ISO 3166-1, and the ISO 3166/MA will never use them in the updating process of the standard. The following alpha-2 codes can be user-assigned: AA, QM to QZ, XA to XZ, and ZZ. For example:
Reserved code elements
Reserved code elements are codes which have recently become obsolete, or are in use for some applications in conjunction with the official ISO 3166-1 codes. The ISO 3166/MA therefore reserves them, so that they are not used for new official codes during a limited or indeterminate period of time, thereby avoiding any transitional problems or conflicts between the ISO 3166-1 standard and those applications. The list of ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 reserved code elements is divided into the following four categories.
Exceptional reservations
Exceptionally reserved code elements are codes reserved permanently at the request of national ISO member bodies, governments and international organizations because they are needed for particular purposes. The ISO 3166/MA only authorizes their use for the particular purpose for which they were established. The following alpha-2 codes are currently exceptionally reserved:
The following alpha-2 codes were exceptionally reserved, but are now officially assigned:
| Alpha-2 | Area name or country name | Notes | Date of official assignment |
|---|
| AX | Åland | Reserved on request of Finland | 2004-02-13 | | GG | Guernsey | Reserved on request of UPU Used for the ccTLD .gg when reserved | 2006-03-29 | | IM | Isle of Man | Reserved on request of UPU Used for the ccTLD .im when reserved | 2006-03-29 | | JE | Jersey | Reserved on request of UPU Used for the ccTLD .je when reserved | 2006-03-29 |
Transitional reservations
Transitional reserved code elements are codes which were withdrawn from ISO 3166-1, but maintained during a transitional period of at least five years, for the sake of users who still need to refer to the former entity or whose systems have not yet been updated to refer to the new codes that may have replaced them. The following alpha-2 codes are currently transitionally reserved:
Indeterminate reservations
Indeterminately reserved code elements are codes used to identify vehicles under the 1949 and 1968 United Nations Road Traffic Conventions. These codes differ from those used in ISO 3166-1. The ISO 3166/MA hopes that these codes will eventually be phased out and that ISO 3166-1 codes will be used instead; but in the meantime they are reserved, to avoid conflicts between ISO 3166-1 and the Conventions, and to facilitate any transition from the Convention codes to ISO 3166-1 codes. However, they can be reassigned at any time by the ISO 3166/MA. The following alpha-2 codes are currently indeterminately reserved:
The following alpha-2 codes were indeterminately reserved, but have been reassigned:
Notes
Codes currently agreed not to use
In addition, the ISO 3166/MA has undertaken, for the time being, not to use the following alpha-2 codes from WIPO Standard ST.3; however, these codes are not classified as either exceptional, transitional, or indeterminate reservations, since they represent international intellectual property organizations, instead of the names of countries, territories, or areas of geographical interest:
WIPO Standard ST.3 actually uses EA to represent the Eurasian Patent Organization. However, The ISO 3166/MA has stated it cannot guarantee to reserve EA from use, since it is already used to represent Ceuta and Melilla for customs purposes (EA is currently exceptionally reserved). The ISO 3166/MA proposed in 1995 that EV be used by WIPO to represent the Eurasian Patent Organization; however, this request was not honoured by WIPO.
Withdrawn codes
Besides the codes currently transitionally reserved, and FX and SU (currently exceptionally reserved), the following alpha-2 codes have also been withdrawn from ISO 3166-1:
After an alpha-2 code is withdrawn, an entry for the corresponding former country name will be added to ISO 3166-3.
See also
Sources and external links
- , International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
- [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-d.html Appendix D – Cross-Reference List of Country Data Codes], from The World Factbook (public domain), Central Intelligence Agency
- , Statoids.com
- (last modified: 2003-07-25)
- , published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (2002-06-10)
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