ICER
Encyclopedia
ICER is a wavelet
-based image compression file format used by the NASA
Mars Rover
s. ICER has both lossy and lossless compression modes.
The Mars
Exploration Rovers “Spirit” (MER-A) and “Opportunity” (MER-B) both use ICER. Onboard image compression is used extensively to make best use of the downlink resources.
Most of the MER images are compressed with the ICER image compression software. The remaining MER images that are compressed make use of modified Low Complexity Lossless Compression (LOCO) software, a lossless submode of ICER.
ICER is a wavelet-based image compressor that allows for a graceful trade-off between the amount of compression (expressed in terms of compressed data volume in bit
s/pixel
) and the resulting degradation in image quality (distortion). ICER has some similarities to JPEG2000, with respect to select wavelet operations.
The development of ICER was driven by the desire to achieve high compression performance while meeting the specialized needs of deep space
applications.
This arrangement provides added flexibility compared to compressors (like the JPEG compressor used on Mars Pathfinder) that provide only a single parameter to control image quality. Using ICER, when the primary concern is the bandwidth available to transmit the compressed image, one can set the quality goal to lossless and the given byte quota will determine the amount of compression obtained.
At the other extreme—when the only important consideration is a minimum acceptable image quality it is possible to specify sufficiently large byte quota and the amount of compression will be determined by the quality level specified.
To achieve error containment, ICER produces the compressed bitstream in separate pieces or segments that can be decoded independently. These segments represent rectangular regions of the original image, but are defined in the transform domain.
If the image were partitioned directly and the wavelet transform separately applied to each segment, under lossy compression the boundaries between segments would tend to be noticeable in the reconstructed image even when no
compressed data is lost.
Since ICER provides a facility for automated flexibility in choosing the number of segments, compression effectiveness can be traded against packet loss protection, thereby accommodating different channel error rates.
Note also that more segments are not always bad for compression effectiveness: many images are most effectively compressed using 4 to 6 segments (for megapixel images) because disparate regions of the image end up in different segments.
rovers.
ICER (like JPEG 2000) is wavelet-based and provides
ICER overall provides lossy compression performance
competitive with the JPEG2000 image compression standard.
ICER-JPEG 2000 Common Features
JPEG2000 has been used by many image processing applications in near real time. However there are intellectual property issues with JPEG2000 relating to using JPEG2000 libraries and with one of the wavelet transforms. These intellectual issues must be considered when choosing a wavelet compression format.
Hewlett-Packard
's Remote Graphics Software
uses a video codec called HP3 (codec) which claims to derive from Mars Rover compression - this could be a real-time implementation of ICER.
ICER offers a new mode called Spectral+ICER that makes possible lower rate distortion levels (aka grey level errors) with ICER images. This mode is only so far being used with the Mars Pathfinders, but may see wider implementation in the ICER standard http://web99.arc.nasa.gov/~vgulick/GSOM/LPSC2000/SPEC_Path.pdf.
In ICER-3D, contexts are defined based on two neighboring coefficients in the spectral dimension and no neighboring coefficients in the same spatial plane. This contrasts with the context modeling scheme used by ICER, which makes use of previously encoded information from spatially neighboring coefficients.
ICER-3D exploits 3D data dependencies in part by using a 3-D wavelet decomposition. The particular
decomposition used by ICER-3D includes additional spatial decomposition steps compared to a 3-D Mallat
decomposition. This modified decomposition provides benefits in the form of quantitatively improved
rate-distortion performance and in the elimination of spectral ringing artifacts.
ICER-3D takes advantage of the correlation properties of wavelet-transformed hyperspectral data by
using a context modeling procedure that emphasizes spectral (rather than spatial) dependencies in the
wavelet-transformed data. This provides a significant gain over the alternative spatial context modeler considered.
ICER-3D also inherits most of the important features of ICER, including progressive compression, the ability to perform lossless and lossy compression, and an effective error-containment scheme to limit the effects of data loss on the deep-space channel.
Wavelet
A wavelet is a wave-like oscillation with an amplitude that starts out at zero, increases, and then decreases back to zero. It can typically be visualized as a "brief oscillation" like one might see recorded by a seismograph or heart monitor. Generally, wavelets are purposefully crafted to have...
-based image compression file format used by the NASA
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is the agency of the United States government that is responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research...
Mars Rover
Mars Rover
A Mars rover is an automated motor vehicle which propels itself across the surface of the planet Mars after landing.Rovers have several advantages over stationary landers: they examine more territory, they can be directed to interesting features, they can place themselves in sunny positions to...
s. ICER has both lossy and lossless compression modes.
The Mars
Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. The planet is named after the Roman god of war, Mars. It is often described as the "Red Planet", as the iron oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish appearance...
Exploration Rovers “Spirit” (MER-A) and “Opportunity” (MER-B) both use ICER. Onboard image compression is used extensively to make best use of the downlink resources.
Most of the MER images are compressed with the ICER image compression software. The remaining MER images that are compressed make use of modified Low Complexity Lossless Compression (LOCO) software, a lossless submode of ICER.
ICER is a wavelet-based image compressor that allows for a graceful trade-off between the amount of compression (expressed in terms of compressed data volume in bit
Bit
A bit is the basic unit of information in computing and telecommunications; it is the amount of information stored by a digital device or other physical system that exists in one of two possible distinct states...
s/pixel
Pixel
In digital imaging, a pixel, or pel, is a single point in a raster image, or the smallest addressable screen element in a display device; it is the smallest unit of picture that can be represented or controlled....
) and the resulting degradation in image quality (distortion). ICER has some similarities to JPEG2000, with respect to select wavelet operations.
The development of ICER was driven by the desire to achieve high compression performance while meeting the specialized needs of deep space
Deep Space
- Star Trek :* Battle of Deep Space Nine, the first major battle of the Dominion War* Deep Space Nine , space station in the fictional Star Trek universe* Deep Space Nine relaunch, number of novels released since 2000...
applications.
Practical considerations
To control the image quality and amount of compression in ICER, the user specifies a byte quota (the nominal number of bytes to be used to store the compressed image) and a quality level parameter (which is essentially a quality goal).- ICER attempts to produce a compressed image that meets the quality level using as few compressed bytes as possible.
- ICER stops producing compressed bytes once the quality level or byte quota is met, whichever comes first.
This arrangement provides added flexibility compared to compressors (like the JPEG compressor used on Mars Pathfinder) that provide only a single parameter to control image quality. Using ICER, when the primary concern is the bandwidth available to transmit the compressed image, one can set the quality goal to lossless and the given byte quota will determine the amount of compression obtained.
At the other extreme—when the only important consideration is a minimum acceptable image quality it is possible to specify sufficiently large byte quota and the amount of compression will be determined by the quality level specified.
To achieve error containment, ICER produces the compressed bitstream in separate pieces or segments that can be decoded independently. These segments represent rectangular regions of the original image, but are defined in the transform domain.
If the image were partitioned directly and the wavelet transform separately applied to each segment, under lossy compression the boundaries between segments would tend to be noticeable in the reconstructed image even when no
compressed data is lost.
Since ICER provides a facility for automated flexibility in choosing the number of segments, compression effectiveness can be traded against packet loss protection, thereby accommodating different channel error rates.
Note also that more segments are not always bad for compression effectiveness: many images are most effectively compressed using 4 to 6 segments (for megapixel images) because disparate regions of the image end up in different segments.
Design commonalities with the JPEG2000 compressor
JPEG 2000 has some design commonalities with the ICER image compression format that is used to send images back from the MarsMars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. The planet is named after the Roman god of war, Mars. It is often described as the "Red Planet", as the iron oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish appearance...
rovers.
ICER (like JPEG 2000) is wavelet-based and provides
- progressive compression.
- lossless compression (using the LOCO compressor).
- lossy compression.
- image context error correction to limit the effects of data loss on the deep-space channel.
ICER overall provides lossy compression performance
competitive with the JPEG2000 image compression standard.
ICER-JPEG 2000 Common Features
- Both offer a variable number of image tiles to increase compression effectiveness over the deep space channel. Image tiles reduce demands on memory and processing time.
- Both offer a 'byte' quota.
- Both offer a 'quality' quota.
ICER-JPEG 2000 differences
JPEG2000 and ICER have many important internal differences- JPEG 2000 uses floating point math, where ICER uses only integer math. Thus ICER will have good performance on integer only CPUs like the T414 Transputer, whereas JPEG 2000 will not perform as well as it is forced into floating point emulation.
- ICER reverts to a separate internal LOCO (Low Complexity Lossless Compression) compressor for lossless image compression.
- JPEG 2000 implements a low complexity symmetrical wavelet lossless compressor, but ICER uses an integer only non-wavelet lossless compressor.
- ICER and JPEG 2000 encode color spaces differently.
- ICER in its current form does compress monochrome images better than colour images due to its origins as an internal NASA Deep Space NetworkDeep Space NetworkThe Deep Space Network, or DSN, is a world-wide network of large antennas and communication facilities that supports interplanetary spacecraft missions. It also performs radio and radar astronomy observations for the exploration of the solar system and the universe, and supports selected...
file format. - ICER is subject to less than 1% overshoot when byte and quality quotas are in effect. On the other hand JPEG2000 codecs are typically designed never to overshoot their byte quotas.
When should one use ICER or ICER 3D
ICER was created for low end 32 bit CPUs (essentially embedded computers) on spacecraft. It was finally used for the Mars Exploration Rovers. It has never been used for any real time application, only near real time.JPEG2000 has been used by many image processing applications in near real time. However there are intellectual property issues with JPEG2000 relating to using JPEG2000 libraries and with one of the wavelet transforms. These intellectual issues must be considered when choosing a wavelet compression format.
Hewlett-Packard
Hewlett-Packard
Hewlett-Packard Company or HP is an American multinational information technology corporation headquartered in Palo Alto, California, USA that provides products, technologies, softwares, solutions and services to consumers, small- and medium-sized businesses and large enterprises, including...
's Remote Graphics Software
Remote Graphics Software
Remote Graphics Software is a client-server remote desktop software solution developed by Hewlett-Packard, to enable remote access to high-performance workstations from a thin-client machine. This access includes control of the graphics hardware on the server, enabling manipulation of large,...
uses a video codec called HP3 (codec) which claims to derive from Mars Rover compression - this could be a real-time implementation of ICER.
ICER offers a new mode called Spectral+ICER that makes possible lower rate distortion levels (aka grey level errors) with ICER images. This mode is only so far being used with the Mars Pathfinders, but may see wider implementation in the ICER standard http://web99.arc.nasa.gov/~vgulick/GSOM/LPSC2000/SPEC_Path.pdf.
ICER 3D
Error-containment segments in ICER-3D are defined spatially (in the wavelet transform domain) similarly to JPEG 2000. The wavelet-transformed data are partitioned in much the same way as in ICER, except that in ICER-3D the segments extend through all spectral bands. Error-containment segments in ICER and ICER-3D are defined using an unmodified form of the ICER rectangle partitioning algorithm.In ICER-3D, contexts are defined based on two neighboring coefficients in the spectral dimension and no neighboring coefficients in the same spatial plane. This contrasts with the context modeling scheme used by ICER, which makes use of previously encoded information from spatially neighboring coefficients.
ICER-3D exploits 3D data dependencies in part by using a 3-D wavelet decomposition. The particular
decomposition used by ICER-3D includes additional spatial decomposition steps compared to a 3-D Mallat
decomposition. This modified decomposition provides benefits in the form of quantitatively improved
rate-distortion performance and in the elimination of spectral ringing artifacts.
ICER-3D takes advantage of the correlation properties of wavelet-transformed hyperspectral data by
using a context modeling procedure that emphasizes spectral (rather than spatial) dependencies in the
wavelet-transformed data. This provides a significant gain over the alternative spatial context modeler considered.
ICER-3D also inherits most of the important features of ICER, including progressive compression, the ability to perform lossless and lossy compression, and an effective error-containment scheme to limit the effects of data loss on the deep-space channel.