font style="text-decoration: none">
{{IndicText}}
The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is a transliterationTransliteration is a subset of the science of hermeneutics. It is a form of translation, and is the practice of converting a text from one script into another...
scheme that allows a lossless romanizationIn linguistics, romanization or latinization is the representation of a written word or spoken speech with the Roman script, or a system for doing so, where the original word or language uses a different writing system . Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written...
of Indic scriptsThe Brahmic or Indic scripts are a family of abugida writing systems. They are used throughout South Asia , Southeast Asia, and parts of Central and East Asia, and are descended from the Brāhmī script of the ancient Indian subcontinent...
as employed by the SanskritSanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand...
language.
Popularity
IAST is the most popular transliteration scheme for romanization of SanskritSanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand...
and Pāḷi
. It is often used in printed publications, especially for books dealing with ancient Sanskrit and Pāḷi topics related to Indian religions. With the wider availability of UnicodeUnicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems...
fonts, it is also increasingly used for electronic texts.
The script is, however, insufficient to represent both SanskritSanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand...
and Pāḷi
on the same page properly, owing to confusion of the vowel l sign in Sanskrit (here ḷ) and the need for the same sign for the retroflexive consonant ḷ, which is found in Pāḷi. Here it is better to follow UnicodeUnicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems...
and ISO 15919ISO 15919 Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters is an international standard for the transliteration of Indic scripts to the Latin alphabet formed in 2001...
, which is in any case a more comprehensive scheme.
IAST is based on a standard established by the International Congress of Orientalists at GenevaGeneva In the national languages of Switzerland the city is known as Genf , Ginevra and Genevra is the second-most-populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandie, the French-speaking part of Switzerland...
in 1894. It allows a lossless transliteration of DevanāgarīThere are several methods of transliteration from Devanāgarī to the Roman script, which is a process also known as Romanization in the Indian subcontinent...
(and other Indic scriptsThe Brahmic or Indic scripts are a family of abugida writing systems. They are used throughout South Asia , Southeast Asia, and parts of Central and East Asia, and are descended from the Brāhmī script of the ancient Indian subcontinent...
, such as Śāradā scriptThe Śāradā, or Sharada, script is an abugida writing system of the Brahmic family of scripts, developed around the 8th century. It was used for writing Sanskrit and Kashmiri. The Gurmukhī script was developed from Śāradā...
), and as such represents not only the phonemes of SanskritSanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand...
, but allows essentially phonetic transcriptionPhonetic transcription is the visual representation of speech sounds . The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, e.g., the International Phonetic Alphabet....
(e.g. Visarga {{unicode|ḥ}} is an allophoneIn phonology, an allophone is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds used to pronounce a single phoneme. For example, and are allophones for the phoneme in the English language...
of word-final r and s).
The National Library at Kolkata romanizationThe National Library at Kolkata romanization is the most widely used transliteration scheme in dictionaries and grammars of Indic languages. This transliteration scheme is also known as Library of Congress and is nearly identical to one of the possible ISO 15919 variants.The tables below mostly use...
, intended for the romanization of all Indic scriptsThe Brahmic or Indic scripts are a family of abugida writing systems. They are used throughout South Asia , Southeast Asia, and parts of Central and East Asia, and are descended from the Brāhmī script of the ancient Indian subcontinent...
, is an extension of IAST.
IAST sign inventory and conventions
The sign inventory of IAST (both small and capital letters) shown with DevanāgarīDevanagari |deva]]" and "nāgarī" ), also called Nagari , is an abugida alphabet of India and Nepal...
equivalents and phonetic values in IPAThe International Phonetic Alphabet "The acronym 'IPA' strictly refers [...] to the 'International Phonetic Association'. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself that resistance seems pedantic...
, is as follows (valid for SanskritSanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand...
; for HindiStandard Hindi, or more precisely Modern Standard Hindi, also known as Manak Hindi , High Hindi, Nagari Hindi, and Literary Hindi, is a standardized and sanskritized register of the Hindustani language derived from the Khariboli dialect of Delhi...
and other modern languages that use Devanagari script, some phonological changes have occurred):
{{Unicode|अ}} [ɐ]
{{unicode|a A}} |
{{Unicode|आ}} [ɑː]
{{unicode|ā Ā}} |
{{Unicode|इ}} [i]
{{unicode|i I}} |
{{Unicode|ई}} [iː]
{{unicode|ī Ī}} |
{{Unicode|उ}} [u]
{{unicode|u U}} |
{{Unicode|ऊ}} [uː]
{{unicode|ū Ū}} |
{{Unicode|ऋ}} [ɹ̩]
{{unicode|ṛ Ṛ}} |
{{Unicode|ॠ}} [ɹ̩ː]
{{unicode|ṝ Ṝ}} |
{{Unicode|ऌ}} [l̩]
{{unicode|ḷ Ḷ}} |
{{Unicode|ॡ}} [l̩ː]
{{unicode|ḹ Ḹ}} |
vowelIn phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language, such as English ah! or oh! , pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis. This contrasts with consonants, such as English sh! , where there is a constriction or closure at some...
s |
{{Unicode|ए}} [eː]
{{unicode|e E}} |
{{Unicode|ऐ}} [aːi]
{{unicode|ai Ai}} |
{{Unicode|ओ}} [oː]
{{unicode|o O}} |
{{Unicode|औ}} [aːu]
{{unicode|au Au}} |
diphthong A diphthong , also known as a gliding vowel, refers to two adjacent vowel sounds occurring within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: That is, the tongue moves during the pronunciation of the vowel...
s |
{{Unicode|अं}} [ⁿ]
{{unicode|ṃ Ṃ}} |
anusvara Anusvara is the diacritic used to mark a type of nasalization used in a number of Indic languages. Depending on the location of the anusvara in the word and the language within which it is used, its exact pronunciation can vary greatly....
|
{{Unicode|अः}} [h]
{{unicode|ḥ Ḥ}} |
visarga Visarga is a Sanskrit word meaning "sending forth, discharge". In Sanskrit phonology , is the name of a phone, , written as IAST , Harvard-Kyoto , Devanagari . Visarga is an allophone of and in pausa...
|
velarsVelars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum)....
|
palatalsPalatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate...
|
retroflexes A retroflex consonant is a coronal consonant where the tongue has a flat, concave, or even curled shape, and is articulated between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate. They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants, especially in Indology...
|
dentals |
labials Labial consonants are consonants in which one or both lips are the active articulator. This precludes linguolabials, in which the tip of the tongue reaches for the posterior side of the upper lip and which are considered coronals...
|
{{Unicode|क}} [k]
{{unicode|k K}} |
{{Unicode|च}} IPA c]
{{unicode|c C}} |
{{Unicode|ट}} [ʈ]
{{unicode|ṭ Ṭ}} |
{{Unicode|त}} [t̪]
{{unicode|t T}} |
{{Unicode|प}} [p]
{{unicode|p P}} |
unvoiced stops |
{{Unicode|ख}} [kʰ]
{{unicode|kh Kh}} |
{{Unicode|छ}} [cʰ]
{{unicode|ch Ch}} |
{{Unicode|ठ}} [ʈʰ]
{{unicode|ṭh Ṭh}} |
{{Unicode|थ}} [t̪ʰ]
{{unicode|th Th}} |
{{Unicode|फ}} [pʰ]
{{unicode|ph Ph}} |
aspirated In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of air that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin ...
unvoiced stops |
{{Unicode|ग}} [ɡ]
{{unicode|g G}} |
{{Unicode|ज}} [ɟ]
{{unicode|j J}} |
{{Unicode|ड}} [ɖ]
{{unicode|ḍ Ḍ}} |
{{Unicode|द}} [d̪]
{{unicode|d D}} |
{{Unicode|ब}} [b]
{{unicode|b B}} |
voiced stops |
{{Unicode|घ}} [ɡʱ]
{{unicode|gh Gh}} |
{{Unicode|झ}} [ɟʱ]
{{unicode|jh Jh}} |
{{Unicode|ढ}} [ɖʱ]
{{unicode|ḍh Ḍh}} |
{{Unicode|ध}} [d̪ʱ]
{{unicode|dh Dh}} |
{{Unicode|भ}} [bʱ]
{{unicode|bh Bh}} |
aspirated In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of air that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin ...
voiced stops |
{{Unicode|ङ}} [ŋ]
{{unicode|ṅ Ṅ}} |
{{Unicode|ञ}} [ɲ]
{{unicode|ñ Ñ}} |
{{Unicode|ण}} [ɳ]
{{unicode|ṇ Ṇ}} |
{{Unicode|न}} [n]
{{unicode|n N}} |
{{Unicode|म}} [m]
{{unicode|m M}} |
nasal A nasal consonant is a type of consonant produced with a lowered velum in the mouth, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. Examples of nasal consonants in English are and , in words such as nose and mouth.- Definition :...
|
| |
{{Unicode|य}} [j]
{{unicode|y Y}} |
{{Unicode|र}} [r]
{{unicode|r R}} |
{{Unicode|ल}} [l]
{{unicode|l L}} |
{{Unicode|व}} [ʋ]
{{unicode|v V}} |
semi-vowels |
| |
{{Unicode|श }} [ɕ]
{{unicode|ś Ś}} |
{{Unicode|ष}} [ʂ]
{{unicode|ṣ Ṣ}} |
{{Unicode|स}} [s]
{{unicode|s S}} |
|
sibilants |
font style="text-decoration: none">
{{IndicText}}
The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is a transliterationTransliteration is a subset of the science of hermeneutics. It is a form of translation, and is the practice of converting a text from one script into another...
scheme that allows a lossless romanizationIn linguistics, romanization or latinization is the representation of a written word or spoken speech with the Roman script, or a system for doing so, where the original word or language uses a different writing system . Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written...
of Indic scriptsThe Brahmic or Indic scripts are a family of abugida writing systems. They are used throughout South Asia , Southeast Asia, and parts of Central and East Asia, and are descended from the Brāhmī script of the ancient Indian subcontinent...
as employed by the SanskritSanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand...
language.
Popularity
IAST is the most popular transliteration scheme for romanization of SanskritSanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand...
and Pāḷi
. It is often used in printed publications, especially for books dealing with ancient Sanskrit and Pāḷi topics related to Indian religions. With the wider availability of UnicodeUnicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems...
fonts, it is also increasingly used for electronic texts.
The script is, however, insufficient to represent both SanskritSanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand...
and Pāḷi
on the same page properly, owing to confusion of the vowel l sign in Sanskrit (here ḷ) and the need for the same sign for the retroflexive consonant ḷ, which is found in Pāḷi. Here it is better to follow UnicodeUnicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems...
and ISO 15919ISO 15919 Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters is an international standard for the transliteration of Indic scripts to the Latin alphabet formed in 2001...
, which is in any case a more comprehensive scheme.
IAST is based on a standard established by the International Congress of Orientalists at GenevaGeneva In the national languages of Switzerland the city is known as Genf , Ginevra and Genevra is the second-most-populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandie, the French-speaking part of Switzerland...
in 1894. It allows a lossless transliteration of DevanāgarīThere are several methods of transliteration from Devanāgarī to the Roman script, which is a process also known as Romanization in the Indian subcontinent...
(and other Indic scriptsThe Brahmic or Indic scripts are a family of abugida writing systems. They are used throughout South Asia , Southeast Asia, and parts of Central and East Asia, and are descended from the Brāhmī script of the ancient Indian subcontinent...
, such as Śāradā scriptThe Śāradā, or Sharada, script is an abugida writing system of the Brahmic family of scripts, developed around the 8th century. It was used for writing Sanskrit and Kashmiri. The Gurmukhī script was developed from Śāradā...
), and as such represents not only the phonemes of SanskritSanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand...
, but allows essentially phonetic transcriptionPhonetic transcription is the visual representation of speech sounds . The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, e.g., the International Phonetic Alphabet....
(e.g. Visarga {{unicode|ḥ}} is an allophoneIn phonology, an allophone is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds used to pronounce a single phoneme. For example, and are allophones for the phoneme in the English language...
of word-final r and s).
The National Library at Kolkata romanizationThe National Library at Kolkata romanization is the most widely used transliteration scheme in dictionaries and grammars of Indic languages. This transliteration scheme is also known as Library of Congress and is nearly identical to one of the possible ISO 15919 variants.The tables below mostly use...
, intended for the romanization of all Indic scriptsThe Brahmic or Indic scripts are a family of abugida writing systems. They are used throughout South Asia , Southeast Asia, and parts of Central and East Asia, and are descended from the Brāhmī script of the ancient Indian subcontinent...
, is an extension of IAST.
IAST sign inventory and conventions
The sign inventory of IAST (both small and capital letters) shown with DevanāgarīDevanagari |deva]]" and "nāgarī" ), also called Nagari , is an abugida alphabet of India and Nepal...
equivalents and phonetic values in IPAThe International Phonetic Alphabet "The acronym 'IPA' strictly refers [...] to the 'International Phonetic Association'. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself that resistance seems pedantic...
, is as follows (valid for SanskritSanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand...
; for HindiStandard Hindi, or more precisely Modern Standard Hindi, also known as Manak Hindi , High Hindi, Nagari Hindi, and Literary Hindi, is a standardized and sanskritized register of the Hindustani language derived from the Khariboli dialect of Delhi...
and other modern languages that use Devanagari script, some phonological changes have occurred):
{{Unicode|अ}} [ɐ]
{{unicode|a A}} |
{{Unicode|आ}} [ɑː]
{{unicode|ā Ā}} |
{{Unicode|इ}} [i]
{{unicode|i I}} |
{{Unicode|ई}} [iː]
{{unicode|ī Ī}} |
{{Unicode|उ}} [u]
{{unicode|u U}} |
{{Unicode|ऊ}} [uː]
{{unicode|ū Ū}} |
{{Unicode|ऋ}} [ɹ̩]
{{unicode|ṛ Ṛ}} |
{{Unicode|ॠ}} [ɹ̩ː]
{{unicode|ṝ Ṝ}} |
{{Unicode|ऌ}} [l̩]
{{unicode|ḷ Ḷ}} |
{{Unicode|ॡ}} [l̩ː]
{{unicode|ḹ Ḹ}} |
vowelIn phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language, such as English ah! or oh! , pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis. This contrasts with consonants, such as English sh! , where there is a constriction or closure at some...
s |
{{Unicode|ए}} [eː]
{{unicode|e E}} |
{{Unicode|ऐ}} [aːi]
{{unicode|ai Ai}} |
{{Unicode|ओ}} [oː]
{{unicode|o O}} |
{{Unicode|औ}} [aːu]
{{unicode|au Au}} |
diphthong A diphthong , also known as a gliding vowel, refers to two adjacent vowel sounds occurring within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: That is, the tongue moves during the pronunciation of the vowel...
s |
{{Unicode|अं}} [ⁿ]
{{unicode|ṃ Ṃ}} |
anusvara Anusvara is the diacritic used to mark a type of nasalization used in a number of Indic languages. Depending on the location of the anusvara in the word and the language within which it is used, its exact pronunciation can vary greatly....
|
{{Unicode|अः}} [h]
{{unicode|ḥ Ḥ}} |
visarga Visarga is a Sanskrit word meaning "sending forth, discharge". In Sanskrit phonology , is the name of a phone, , written as IAST , Harvard-Kyoto , Devanagari . Visarga is an allophone of and in pausa...
|
velarsVelars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum)....
|
palatalsPalatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate...
|
retroflexes A retroflex consonant is a coronal consonant where the tongue has a flat, concave, or even curled shape, and is articulated between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate. They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants, especially in Indology...
|
dentals |
labials Labial consonants are consonants in which one or both lips are the active articulator. This precludes linguolabials, in which the tip of the tongue reaches for the posterior side of the upper lip and which are considered coronals...
|
{{Unicode|क}} [k]
{{unicode|k K}} |
{{Unicode|च}} IPA c]
{{unicode|c C}} |
{{Unicode|ट}} [ʈ]
{{unicode|ṭ Ṭ}} |
{{Unicode|त}} [t̪]
{{unicode|t T}} |
{{Unicode|प}} [p]
{{unicode|p P}} |
unvoiced stops |
{{Unicode|ख}} [kʰ]
{{unicode|kh Kh}} |
{{Unicode|छ}} [cʰ]
{{unicode|ch Ch}} |
{{Unicode|ठ}} [ʈʰ]
{{unicode|ṭh Ṭh}} |
{{Unicode|थ}} [t̪ʰ]
{{unicode|th Th}} |
{{Unicode|फ}} [pʰ]
{{unicode|ph Ph}} |
aspirated In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of air that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin ...
unvoiced stops |
{{Unicode|ग}} [ɡ]
{{unicode|g G}} |
{{Unicode|ज}} [ɟ]
{{unicode|j J}} |
{{Unicode|ड}} [ɖ]
{{unicode|ḍ Ḍ}} |
{{Unicode|द}} [d̪]
{{unicode|d D}} |
{{Unicode|ब}} [b]
{{unicode|b B}} |
voiced stops |
{{Unicode|घ}} [ɡʱ]
{{unicode|gh Gh}} |
{{Unicode|झ}} [ɟʱ]
{{unicode|jh Jh}} |
{{Unicode|ढ}} [ɖʱ]
{{unicode|ḍh Ḍh}} |
{{Unicode|ध}} [d̪ʱ]
{{unicode|dh Dh}} |
{{Unicode|भ}} [bʱ]
{{unicode|bh Bh}} |
aspirated In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of air that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin ...
voiced stops |
{{Unicode|ङ}} [ŋ]
{{unicode|ṅ Ṅ}} |
{{Unicode|ञ}} [ɲ]
{{unicode|ñ Ñ}} |
{{Unicode|ण}} [ɳ]
{{unicode|ṇ Ṇ}} |
{{Unicode|न}} [n]
{{unicode|n N}} |
{{Unicode|म}} [m]
{{unicode|m M}} |
nasal A nasal consonant is a type of consonant produced with a lowered velum in the mouth, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. Examples of nasal consonants in English are and , in words such as nose and mouth.- Definition :...
|
| |
{{Unicode|य}} [j]
{{unicode|y Y}} |
{{Unicode|र}} [r]
{{unicode|r R}} |
{{Unicode|ल}} [l]
{{unicode|l L}} |
{{Unicode|व}} [ʋ]
{{unicode|v V}} |
semi-vowels |
| |
{{Unicode|श }} [ɕ]
{{unicode|ś Ś}} |
{{Unicode|ष}} [ʂ]
{{unicode|ṣ Ṣ}} |
{{Unicode|स}} [s]
{{unicode|s S}} |
|
sibilants |
| font style="text-decoration: none">{{Unicode |
|
|
|
|
voiced fricative |
Note: Unlike ASCIIThe American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a character-encoding scheme based on the ordering of the English alphabet. ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text...
-only romanizations such as ITRANSThe "Indian languages TRANSliteration" is an ASCII transliteration scheme for Indic scripts, particularly for Devanagari script. It was developed by Avinash Chopde. The latest version of ITRANS is version 5.30 released in July, 2001...
or Harvard-KyotoThe Harvard-Kyoto Convention is a system for transliterating in ASCII the Sanskrit language and other languages that use the Devanāgarī script...
, the diacritics used for IAST allow capitalization of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially ({{IAST|Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ}}) are only useful in {{unicode|Pāṇini}} contexts, where the convention is to typeset the IT sounds as capital letters (see {{unicode|Aṣṭādhyāyī}}).
Comparison with ISO 15919
For the most part, IAST is a subset of ISO 15919ISO 15919 Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters is an international standard for the transliteration of Indic scripts to the Latin alphabet formed in 2001...
. The following five exceptions are due to the ISO standard accommodating an extended repertoire of symbols to allow transliteration of Devanāgarī and other Indic scripts as used for languages other than Sanskrit.
| Devanāgarī |
IAST |
ISO 15919 |
Comment |
| {{lang|hi|ए/ े}} |
e |
ē |
ISO e represents {{lang|hi|ऎ/ ॆ}}. |
| {{lang|hi|ओ/ो}} |
o |
ō |
ISO o represents {{lang|hi|ऒ/ॊ}}. |
| {{lang|sa| ं}} |
{{unicode|ṃ}} |
{{unicode|ṁ}} |
ISO {{unicode|ṃ}} represents Gurmukhi Tippi {{lang|pa| ੰ}}. |
| {{lang|hi|ऋ/ ृ}} |
{{unicode|ṛ}} |
{{unicode|r̥}} |
ISO {{unicode|ṛ}} represents ड़ /ɽ/. |
| {{lang|hi|ॠ/ ॄ}} |
{{unicode|ṝ}} |
{{unicode|r̥̄}} |
for consistency with {{unicode|r̥}}. |
See also
- Devanagari transliteration
There are several methods of transliteration from Devanāgarī to the Roman script, which is a process also known as Romanization in the Indian subcontinent...
- Hunterian transliteration
The Hunterian transliteration system is the "national system of romanization in India" and the one officially adopted by the Government of India. Hunterian transliteration was sometimes also called the Jonesian transliteration system because it derived closely from a previous transliteration method...
- Harvard-Kyoto
The Harvard-Kyoto Convention is a system for transliterating in ASCII the Sanskrit language and other languages that use the Devanāgarī script...
- ITRANS
The "Indian languages TRANSliteration" is an ASCII transliteration scheme for Indic scripts, particularly for Devanagari script. It was developed by Avinash Chopde. The latest version of ITRANS is version 5.30 released in July, 2001...
- National Library at Kolkata romanization
The National Library at Kolkata romanization is the most widely used transliteration scheme in dictionaries and grammars of Indic languages. This transliteration scheme is also known as Library of Congress and is nearly identical to one of the possible ISO 15919 variants.The tables below mostly use...
- ISO 15919
ISO 15919 Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters is an international standard for the transliteration of Indic scripts to the Latin alphabet formed in 2001...
- Shiva Sutra
The Shiva Sutras or Māheshvara Sutras are fourteen verses that organize the phonemes of the Sanskrit language as referred to in the of , the foundational text of Sanskrit grammar...
- International Phonetic Alphabet chart with pronunciation guide
External links
- Typing a macron - page from Penn State University about typing with accents
External links
{{DEFAULTSORT:International Alphabet Of Sanskrit Transliteration}}
| |