Hypereides

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Hypereides

Hypereides (Greek

Greek alphabet

The Greek alphabet is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th century BC or early 8th century BCE....
; c. 390–322 BC) was a logographer

Logographer (legal)

The title of logographer was applied to professional authors of judicial discourse in Ancient Greece. The modern term speechwriter is roughly equivalent....
(orator for the courts) in Ancient Greece. He was one of the ten Attic orators

Attic orators

The ten Attic orators were considered the greatest orators and logographer s of the classical antiquity . They are included in the "Alexandrian Canon" compiled by Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus of Samothrace....
included in the Alexandrian Canon compiled by Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus of Samothrace in the third century BC.

William Noel, the curator of manuscripts and rare books at the Walters Art Museum

Walters Art Museum

The Walters Art Museum, located in Baltimore, Maryland's Mount Vernon, Baltimore neighborhood, is a public art museum founded in 1934. The museum's collection was amassed substantially by two men, William Thompson Walters , who began serious collecting when he moved to Paris at the outbreak of the American Civil War, and Henry Walters , who r...
in Baltimore, Maryland

Baltimore, Maryland

Baltimore is an independent city and the largest city in the U.S. state of Maryland in the United States. Baltimore is located in central Maryland along the tidal portion of the Patapsco River, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay....
and the director of the Archimedes Palimpsest

Archimedes Palimpsest

The Archimedes Palimpsest is a palimpsest on parchment in the form of a codex. It originally was a copy of an otherwise unknown work of the ancient mathematician, physicist, and engineer Archimedes of Syracuse, Italy and other authors, which was overwritten with a religious text....
project, called Hyperides "one of the great foundational figures of Greek democracy and the golden age of Athenian democracy, the foundational democracy of all democracy.”

le is known about his early life except that he was the son of Glaucippus, of the deme

Deme

In Ancient Greece, a deme was a subdivision of Attica, the region of Greece surrounding Classical Athens. Demes as simple subdivisions of land in the countryside seem to have existed in the 6th century BC and earlier, but did not acquire particular significance until the reforms of Cleisthenes in 508 BC....
of Collytus and that he studied logography under Isocrates

Isocrates

File:Isocrates pushkin.jpgIsocrates , an ancient Greek rhetorician, was one of the ten Attic orators. In his time, he was probably the most influential rhetorician in Greece and made many contributions to rhetoric and education through his teaching and written works....
.

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Hypereides (Greek

Greek alphabet

The Greek alphabet is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th century BC or early 8th century BCE....
; c. 390–322 BC) was a logographer

Logographer (legal)

Attic orators

Walters Art Museum

Baltimore, Maryland

Archimedes Palimpsest

Rise to power

Little is known about his early life except that he was the son of Glaucippus, of the deme

Deme

Isocrates

Autocles

Autocles , son of Strombichides, was one of the Athens envoys empowered to negotiate peace with Sparta in 371 BC. Xenophon reports a somewhat injudicious speech of his, which was delivered on this occasion before the congress at Sparta, and which by no means confirms the character, ascribed to him in the same passage, of a skilful orator....
for treason. During the Social War (358–355 BC) he accused Aristophon, then one of the most influential men at Athens

Athens

Athens , the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery; as one of the List of cities by time of continuous habitation, its recorded history spans around 3,400 years....
, of malpractices, and impeached Philocrates (343 BC) for high treason. Although Hypereides supported Demosthenes

Demosthenes

Demosthenes was a prominent Greeks statesman and orator of History of Athens. His oratorys constitute a significant expression of contemporary Athenian intellectual prowess and provide an insight into the politics and culture of ancient Greece during the 4th century BC....
in the struggle against Phillip II of Macedon; that support was withdrawn after the Harpalus

Harpalus

Harpalus son of Machatas was an aristocrat of Macedon and boyhood friend of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. Being lame in a leg, and therefore exempt from military service, Harpalus did not follow Alexander in his advance within the Persian Empire but received nonetheless a post in Asia Minor....
affair. After Demosthenes' exile Hypereides became the head of the patriotic party

Patriotic Party

Patriotic Party was a Poland political movement during the Four-Year Sejm of 1788-1792 that sought reforms aimed at bolstering Poland's independence from Russia....
(324 BC).

Downfall

After the death of Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great , also known as Alexander III of Macedon was an ancient Greeks King of Macedon . He was one of the most successful military commanders of all time and is presumed undefeated in battle....
, Hypereides was one of the chief promoters of war against Macedonian rule. His speeches are believed to have led to the outbreak of the Lamian war

Lamian War

The ?Lamian War?, also referred to as the ?Hellenic War? and the ?War against Antipater? , was fought by the Athenians and their Aetolian, Locrian, and Phocian allies against the Macedonians in Thessaly during the winter of ....
(323–322 BC) in which Athens, Aetolia

Aetolia

Aetolia is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth, forming the eastern part of the modern prefectures of Greece of Aetolia-Acarnania....
, and Thessaly

Thessaly

Thessaly is one of the 13 Peripheries of Greece of Greece, and is further sub-divided into 4 Prefectures of Greece. The capital of the periphery and traditional Regions of Greece is Larissa....
revolted against Macedon rule. After the decisive defeat at Crannon

Battle of Crannon

The Battle of Crannon , fought between the Macedonian forces of Antipater and Craterus and rebellious Greek forces led by the Athens, was the decisive battle of the Lamian War....
(322 BC) in which Athens and her allies lost their independence, Hypereides and the other orators, were condemned to death by the Athenian supporters of Macedon

Macedon

Macedon or Macedonia was the name of a monarchy centred in the northernmost part of ancient Greece. The homeland of the ancient Macedonians, it was bordered by the kingdom of Epirus to the west and the region of Thrace to the east....
ia.

Hypereides fled to Aegina

Aegina

Aegina is one of the Greek islands of Greece in the Saronic Gulf, 17 miles from Athens. Tradition derives the name from Aegina, the mother of Aeacus, who was born in and ruled the island....
only to be captured at the temple of Poseidon

Poseidon

In Greek mythology, Poseidon was the god of the sea and, as "Earth-Shaker," of earthquakes. The name of the god Nethuns in Etruscan mythology was adopted in Latin for Neptune in Roman mythology: both were sea gods analogous to Poseidon....
. After being put to death his body (according to others) was taken to Cleonae

Cleonae

Cleonae or Cleon? or Kleonai may refer to any of several ancient cities, including:*Cleonae formerly Cleonae, in Argolis, now in Corinthia, Greece...
and shown to the Macedonian general Antipater

Antipater

Antipater was a Macedonian general and a supporter of kings Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great. In 320 BC, he became regent of all of Alexander's empire....
before being returned to Athens for burial.

Personality and oration style

Hypereides was an ardent pursuer of "the beautiful," which in his time generally meant pleasure and luxury. His temper was easy-going and humorous; and hence, though in his development of the periodic sentence

Periodic sentence

A periodic sentence is a sentence that is not grammatically complete until its end. Periodicity is accomplished by the use of parallel phrases or clauses at the opening or by the use of dependent clauses preceding the independent clause; that is, the kernel of thought contained in the subject /verb group appears at the end of a succession of...
he followed Isocrates

Isocrates

Lysias

Lysias was an Attic orators....
, whom he surpassed, however, in the richness of his vocabulary and in the variety of his powers. His diction was plain and forcible, though he occasionally indulged in long compound words probably borrowed from the Middle Comedy, with which, and with the everyday life of his time, he was in full sympathy. His composition was simple. He was especially distinguished for subtlety of expression, grace and wit, as well as for tact in approaching his case and pseudo-Longinus

Surviving speeches

Seventy-seven speeches have been attributed to Hypereides, of which seventy-five were regarded as spurious by his contemporaries. It is said that a manuscript of most of the speeches survived as late as the 15th century in the library of Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary

Hungary

Hungary , officially in English the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia....
, but was later destroyed after the capture of Buda

Buda

Buda is the western part of the Hungary capital Budapest on the west bank of the Danube. The name Buda takes its name from the name of Bleda the Hun ruler, whose name is also Buda in Hungarian....
by the Turks in the 16th century. Only a few fragments were known until relatively recent times. In 1847 large fragments of his speeches, Against Imosthenes and For Lycophron (incidentally interesting clarifying the order of marriage processions and other details of Athenian life, and the Athenian government of Lemnos

Lemnos

Lemnos is an island in the northern part of the Aegean Sea. It is part of the prefecture of Greece of Lesbos Prefecture and has a considerable area, about 477 km?....
) and the sole

Sole

Sole may refer to:* Sole , the bottom of the foot* Sole , the bottom supporting member of the shoe* Sole , several species and groups of flatfishes:...
of the For Euxenippus (c. 330, a locus classicus
Locus classicus

Pronunciation:'Function:'Inflected Form:'Etymology:'Date:...
on state prosecutions), were found in a tomb at Thebes in Egypt

Thebes, Egypt

Thebes was a city in Ancient Egypt located about 800 km south of the Mediterranean, on the east bank of the river Nile . It was the capital of Waset, the fourth Upper Egyptian Nome ....
. In 1856 a considerable portion of a eulogy for Leosthenes

Leosthenes

Leosthenes was an Athens, commander of the combined Hellenistic Greece army in the Lamian War. We know not by what means he had obtained the high reputation which we find him enjoying when he first makes his appearance in history: it has been generally inferred, from a passage in Strabo, that he had first served under Alexander the Great in...
and his comrades who had fallen in the Lamian war. Currently this is the best surviving example of epideictic

Epideictic

Epideictic or praise and blame rhetoric is one of the three branches, or "species" , of rhetoric as outlined in Aristotle's Rhetoric ....
oratory.

Towards the end of the nineteenth century further discoveries were made including the conclusion of the speech Against Philippides (dealing with an indictment for the proposal of unconstitutional measure, arising out of the disputes of the Macedonian and anti-Macedonian parties at Athens), and of the whole the Against Athenogenes (a perfumer accused of fraud in the sale his business).

New discoveries

In 2002 Natalie Tchernetska of Trinity College, Cambridge

Trinity College, Cambridge

Trinity College is one of the 31 Colleges of the University of Cambridge of the University of Cambridge. Trinity has more members than any other college in Cambridge or University of Oxford, with around 700 undergraduates, 430 graduate students, and over 160 Fellows; however, counting only the student body it has somewhat fewer than Homert...
discovered fragments of two speeches of Hyperides that had been considered lost in the Archimedes Palimpsest

Archimedes Palimpsest

The Archimedes Palimpsest is a palimpsest on parchment in the form of a codex. It originally was a copy of an otherwise unknown work of the ancient mathematician, physicist, and engineer Archimedes of Syracuse, Italy and other authors, which was overwritten with a religious text....
. These were from the Against Timandros and Against Diondas. Dr Tchernetska's discovery led to a publication on the subject in the Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik,. This prompted the establishment of a working group under the auspices of the British Academy, which includes scholars from the UK, Hungary, and USA.

In 2006 the Archimedes Palimpsest

Archimedes Palimpsest

Stanford University

Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private university research university located in Stanford, California, California, United States....
used powerful X-ray fluorescence imaging to read the final pages of the Palimpsest, which contained the material by Hyperides. These were interpreted, transcribed and translated by the working group.

The new Hyperides revelations include two previously unknown speeches, effectively increasing the quantity of material known by this author by 20 percent. Previously most scholars believed only fragments of Hyperides survived beyond the Classical period.

Lost speeches

Among the speeches not yet recovered is the Deliacus in which the presidency of the Delian temple claimed by both Athens and Cos, which was adjudged by the Amphictyonic League

Amphictyonic League

In the Archaic period in Greece, an amphictyony or Amphictyonic League was an association of ancient Greek tribes formed in the dim past, before the rise of the Greek polis....
to Athens. Also missing is the speech in which he defended the illustrious courtesan

Courtesan

A courtesan is mainly what one may call a high-class prostitute. A courtesan would offer her charms and sexual pleasures, generally and more usually to people of substantial wealth, in return for a good and respectable living, especially during hard times of poverty....
Phryne

Phryne

Phryne was a famous hetaera of Ancient Greece ....
(said to have been his mistress) on a capital charge: according to Plutarch

Plutarch

Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus , c. AD 46 ? 120 ? commonly known in English as Plutarch ? was a Ancient Rome historian , biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonism....
and Athenaeus

Athenaeus

Athenaeus , of Naucratis in Egypt, Greeks rhetorician and grammarian, flourished about the end of the 2nd and beginning of the 3rd century A.D. The Suda only tells us that he lived in the times of Marcus ; but the contempt with which he speaks of Commodus shows that he survived that emperor....
the speech climaxed with Hyperides stripping off her clothing to reveal her naked breasts; in the face of which the judges found it impossible to condemn her.

Hypereides

Rise to power

Downfall

Personality and oration style

Surviving speeches

New discoveries

Lost speeches

See also