In chemistry,
hydron is the general name for the positive
hydrogenHydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highly flammable diatomic gas with the molecular formula H
2...
H
+ cation.
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In chemistry,
hydron is the general name for the positive
hydrogenHydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highly flammable diatomic gas with the molecular formula H
2...
H
+ cation.
Hydron is the name for positive
hydrogen ionHydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished:-Cation :...
s without regard to nuclear mass, or positive ions formed from natural hydrogen (hydrogen that has not been subjected to
isotope separationIsotope separation is the process of concentrating specific isotopes of a chemical element by removing other isotopes, for example separating natural uranium into enriched uranium and depleted uranium. This is a crucial process in the manufacture of uranium fuel for nuclear power stations, and is...
).
Traditionally, the term "
protonThe proton is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of +1 elementary charge. It is found in the nucleus of each atom but is also stable by itself and has a second identity as the hydrogen ion, H
+...
" was and is used in place of "hydron", by itself and in many chemical terms. However, such usage is technically incorrect, as only 99.999% of natural hydrogen nuclei are protons; the rest are deuterons and rare
tritonsTritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. The nucleus of tritium contains one proton and two neutrons, whereas the nucleus of protium contains one proton and no neutrons...
.
Hydron was defined by IUPAC in 1988.
The hydrated form of the hydrogen cation is the
hydroniumIn chemistry, hydronium is the common name for the aqueous cation , the simplest type of oxonium ion, produced by protonation of water. It is the positive ion present when an Arrhenius acid is dissolved in water, as Arrhenius acid molecules in solution give up a proton to the surrounding water...
ion, H
3O
+(aq)
The negatively-charged counterpart of the hydron is the
hydrideHydride is the name given to the negative ion of hydrogen, H−. Practically, the term hydride has two distinct but overlapping meanings. In the chemical vernacular the term hydride refers to a hydrogen atom that formally reacts as a hydrogen anion under common conditions as well as...
anion, H
-.
Specific varieties of hydron
ProtonThe proton is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of +1 elementary charge. It is found in the nucleus of each atom but is also stable by itself and has a second identity as the hydrogen ion, H
+...
, having the symbol p or
1H
+, refers only to the +1 ion of protium,
1H.
Deuteron, having the symbol
2H
+ or D
+, refers only to the +1 ion of
deuteriumDeuterium, also called heavy hydrogen, is a stable isotope of hydrogen with a natural abundance in the oceans of Earth of approximately one atom in of hydrogen...
,
2H or D.
Triton, having the symbol
3H
+ or T
+, refers only to the +1 ion of
tritiumTritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. The nucleus of tritium contains one proton and two neutrons, whereas the nucleus of protium contains one proton and no neutrons...
,
3H or T.