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Hyaluronidase
 
 
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The hyaluronidases are a family of enzyme
Enzyme

Enzymes are biomolecules that catalysis chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called Substrate , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products....
s that degrade hyaluronic acid.

In humans, there are six associated genes, including HYAL1
HYAL1

Hyaluronoglucosaminidase 1, also known as HYAL1, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
, HYAL2
HYAL2

Hyaluronoglucosaminidase 2, also known as HYAL2, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
 and HYAL3
HYAL3

Hyaluronoglucosaminidase 3, also known as HYAL3, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
.

a class="link1" onMouseover='showByLink("m3043025",this)' onMouseout='hide("m3043025")'href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Catalysis">catalyzing
Catalysis

Catalysis is the process in which the reaction rate of a chemical reaction is either increased or decreased by means of a chemical substance known as a catalyst....
 the hydrolysis
Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction during which one or more water are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions....
 of hyaluronic acid, a major constituent of the interstitial
Interstitial

Interstitial may refer to:* Interstitial program, short television programming which is often shown between movies or other events* Interstitial defect, a crystallographic defect that may be occupied by another atom...
 barrier, hyaluronidase lowers the viscosity
Viscosity

Viscosity is a measure of the Drag of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear stress or extensional stress. In everyday terms , viscosity is "thickness"....
 of hyaluronic acid, thereby increasing tissue
Biological tissue

Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism. Hence, a tissue is an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function....
 permeability. It is, therefore, used in medicine in conjunction with other drugs
Medication

A pharmaceutical drug, also referred to as medicine or medicament, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease....
 in order to speed their dispersion and delivery.






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Encyclopedia


The hyaluronidases are a family of enzyme
Enzyme

Enzymes are biomolecules that catalysis chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called Substrate , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products....
s that degrade hyaluronic acid.

In humans, there are six associated genes, including HYAL1
HYAL1

Hyaluronoglucosaminidase 1, also known as HYAL1, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
, HYAL2
HYAL2

Hyaluronoglucosaminidase 2, also known as HYAL2, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
 and HYAL3
HYAL3

Hyaluronoglucosaminidase 3, also known as HYAL3, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
.

Use as a drug

By catalyzing
Catalysis

Catalysis is the process in which the reaction rate of a chemical reaction is either increased or decreased by means of a chemical substance known as a catalyst....
 the hydrolysis
Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction during which one or more water are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions....
 of hyaluronic acid, a major constituent of the interstitial
Interstitial

Interstitial may refer to:* Interstitial program, short television programming which is often shown between movies or other events* Interstitial defect, a crystallographic defect that may be occupied by another atom...
 barrier, hyaluronidase lowers the viscosity
Viscosity

Viscosity is a measure of the Drag of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear stress or extensional stress. In everyday terms , viscosity is "thickness"....
 of hyaluronic acid, thereby increasing tissue
Biological tissue

Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism. Hence, a tissue is an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function....
 permeability. It is, therefore, used in medicine in conjunction with other drugs
Medication

A pharmaceutical drug, also referred to as medicine or medicament, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease....
 in order to speed their dispersion and delivery. The most common application is in ophthalmic
Ophthalmic

Ophthalmic can refer to:* Ophthalmology* Ophthalmic nerve* Ophthalmic artery* Ophthalmic veins...
 surgery
Surgery

Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, or sometimes for some other reason....
, in which it is used in combination with local anesthetic
Local anesthetic

A local anesthetic is a medication that causes reversible local anesthesia and a loss of nociception. When it is used on specific nerve pathways , effects such as analgesia and paralysis can be achieved....
s. It also increases the absorption rate of parenteral
Parenteral

Parenteral refers to a route of administration that involves piercing the skin or mucous membrane.Total parenteral nutrition refers to providing nutrition via the veins....
 fluids given by wikt:hypodermoclysis, and is an adjunct in subcutaneous urography for improving resorption of radiopaque agents. Hyalurodinase is also used for extravasation of hyperosmolar solutions. usually a 0.2 ml of the drug is injected around the area of extravasation, Total of 1 ml is used.

Brand names of animal-derived hyaluronidase include HydaseTM (developed and manufactured by , distributed by ) which has been FDA approved as a "Thimerosal free" animal-derived hyaluronidase, Vitrase (ISTA Pharmaceuticals), Amphadase (Amphastar Pharmaceuticals) and Wydase. Wydase, however, is no longer manufactured.

On December 2, 2005, the FDA approved a synthetic (recombinant or rDNA) "human" hyaluronidase, Hylenex (Halozyme Therapeutics
Halozyme Therapeutics

*

Pathogenic production

Some bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of staph infections. It is a spherical Bacteria, frequently found in the nose and skin of a person....
, Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus pyogenes

'Streptococcus pyogenes' is a coccus gram-positive bacteria that grows in long chains and is the cause of Group A streptococcal infections. S....
, and Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic bacterium, Endospore bacterium of the genus Clostridium. C. perfringens is ubiquitous in nature and can be found as a normal component of decaying vegetation, marine sediment, the Intestine of humans and other vertebrates, insects, and soil....
, produce hyaluronidase as a means for greater mobility through the body's tissues and as an antigen
Antigen

An antigen is a substance that prompts the generation of antibodies and can cause an immune response. The word originated from the notion that they can stimulate antibody generation....
ic disguise that prevents their being recognized by phagocytes of the immune system
Immune system

An immune system is a collection of biological processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumour cells....
.

Role in fertilization

In most mammalian fertilization, hyaluronidase is released by the acrosome
Acrosome

In spermatozoon of many animals, the Acrosome is an organelle that develops over the anterior half of the sperm's head. It is a cap-like structure derived from the Golgi apparatus....
 of the sperm
Spermatozoon

A sperm, from the ancient Greek word sp???a and and more commonly known as a sperm cell, is the ploidy cell that is the male gamete. It Fertilization an ovum to form a zygote....
 cell after it has reached the oocyte
Oocyte

An oocyte, ovocyte, or rarely ocyte, is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in biological reproduction. In other words, it is an immature ovum, or ovum cell....
, by digesting proteins in the zona pellucida
Zona pellucida

The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte. It is a vital constitutive part of the latter, external but not extraneous to it....
, thus enabling conception.

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