Human height

Ask a question about 'Human height' Start a new discussion about 'Human height' Answer questions from other users Full Discussion Forum

Can the height decrease in the age of 28 female( because for me it has happened), & why

Piease help, can the height decrease in the age of 28. for me it has happened. please please help me...

Average height around the world

Determinants of growth and height

2002). Other studies have found no association, or suggest that shorter stature is associated with better health (Samaras & Elrick, 1999). On the other hand, being excessively tall can cause various medical problems, including cardiovascular issues, due to the increased load on the heart to supply the body with blood, and issues resulting from the increased time it takes the brain to communicate with the extremities. For example, Robert Wadlow, the tallest man known to verifiable history, developed walking difficulties as his height continued to increase throughout his life. In many of the pictures of the later portion of his life, Wadlow can be seen gripping something for support. Late in his life he was forced to wear braces on his legs and to walk with a cane, and he died after developing an infection in his legs because he was unable to feel the irritation and cutting caused by his leg braces (it is important to note that he died in 1940, before the widespread use of modern antibiotic

Antibiotic

In common usage, an antibiotic is a substance or compound that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics belong to the group of antimicrobial compounds used to treat infections caused by microorganisms, including fungus and protozoa....
s). Height extremes of either excessive tallness or shortness can cause social exclusion and discrimination for both men and women (heightism

Heightism

Heightism is a form of discrimination based on Human height. In principle it can refer to unfavorable treatment of either unusually tall or short people....
).

Epidemiological

Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine....
 studies have also demonstrated a positive correlation between height and intelligence

Intelligence

Intelligence is an umbrella term used to describe a property of the mind that encompasses many related abilities, such as the capacities to reason, to plan, to problem solving, to think abstraction, to comprehend ideas, to use language, and to Learning....
. The reasons for this association appear to include that height serves as a biomarker of nutritional status or general mental and physical health during development, that common genetic factors

Gene

A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. All living things depend on genes. Genes hold the information to build and maintain their cell and pass genetic trait to offspring....
 may influence both height and intelligence, and that both height and intelligence are affected by adverse early environmental exposures.

In addition, an individual's height can be largely a part of what social clique, or group that they fall in to, though this is usually associated with pre-teens and teenagers. For example, in some schools, students on the basketball team might be "cool," and those with short stature wouldn't likely make the team. Therefore, in some cases, this could contribute to them being classified as "uncool," which can be detrimental to that particular individual's self-esteem. A study done on men in Sweden has shown that there is a strong correlation between subnormal stature and suicide.

This can also sometimes be translated over into the corporate world. Individuals with short stature can sometimes appear to not have any leadership ability or power, since some people might not take them seriously due to their short stature. However, this is not always the case with most employers. Historically this assumption has not always reflected reality; for instance Napoleon

Napoleon I of France

Napoleon Bonaparte later known as Emperor Napoleon I, was a military and political leader of France whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century....
 was not much taller than 1.5 m (5 ft) according to sources (though Napoleon's height is subject to great debate, and he may have been as tall as 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in), see Napoleon's height

Napoleon I of France

Napoleon Bonaparte later known as Emperor Napoleon I, was a military and political leader of France whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century....
 for further information). Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuit order was 1.5 m (5 ft). Both Lenin and Stalin were of below average height. A modern example would be Deng Xiaoping

Deng Xiaoping

Deng Xiaoping was a prominent Chinese revolutionary, politician, pragmatist and reformer, as well as the late leader of the Communist Party of China ....
 of China

China

China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
 who undertook massive reforms to the Chinese economy in the 1980s and was reported to have only been 1.55 m (5 ft 2 in).

In sports

Height often plays a crucial role in sports. For most sports, height is useful as it affects the leverage between muscle volume and bones towards greater speed of movement. However, in some sports, such as horse racing

Jockey

In sport, a jockey is one who rides horses in horse racing or steeplechase racing, primarily as a profession. The word also applies to camel riders in camel racing; however, camel jockey profession is slowly being replaced by robotics....
, auto racing

Auto racing

Auto racing is a motorsport involving racing cars. It is one of the world's most watched television sports....
, figure skating

Figure skating

Figure skating is a sport in which individuals, pairs, or groups perform figure skating spins, figure skating jumps, moves in the field and other intricate and challenging moves on ice....
, diving

Diving

Diving refers to the sport of performing acrobatics while jumping or falling into water from a platform or springboard of a certain height. Diving is an internationally-recognized sport that is part of the Olympic Games....
 and gymnastics

Gymnastics

Gymnastics is a sport involving performance of exercises requiring physical strength, flexibility, agility and coordination. Artistic Gymnastics is the best known and most popular of the gymnastics sports governed by the F?d?ration Internationale de Gymnastique ....
, a smaller frame is more valuable.

Basketball

In Basketball the "short" players are almost always well above average in height compared to the general population. In men's professional basketball, the guards, the smallest players, are usually around 6'0" to 6'7" (1.83 to 2.01 m), and the centers

Center (basketball)

The center, colloquially known as the five or the pivot, is one of the standard positions in a regulation basketball game. The center is normally the tallest on the team, and often has a great deal of strength and body mass as well....
, the tallest players, are generally from 6'10" to 7'2" (2.08 to 2.18 m).

Weightlifting

In weightlifting

Weightlifting

Weightlifting, also called Weightlifting at the Summer Olympics or Olympic-style weightlifting, is a sport in which participants attempt a maximum weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates....
 shorter levers are advantageous and taller than average competitors usually compete in the 105 kg + group. In amateur wrestling

Amateur wrestling

Amateur wrestling is the most widespread form of sport wrestling. There are two international wrestling styles performed in the Olympic Games under the supervision of International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles : Greco-Roman wrestling and Freestyle wrestling....
 shorter competitors weigh less thus having the advantage of being able to compete at lower weight classes.

Australian football

Height (or vertical leap) is a considerable advantage in Australian rules football, due to the focus on aerial Mark

Mark (Australian football)

A mark is a skill in Australian rules football where a player cleanly catches a kicked ball that has travelled more than 15 metres without anyone else touching it or the ball hitting the ground....
ing kicks as a key tactic. Players with the ability to consistently take high or spectacular high marks

Specky

A spectacular mark is a term for a type of mark in Australian rules football. A spectacular mark involves a player jumping up on the back of another player in order to take the mark, or catch....
 are often the most sought after. Height is particularly important at professional Australian Football League

Australian Football League

The 'Australian Football League' is the professional Australian national competition in the sport of Australian Rules Football.The league comprises sixteen teams which play 22 home and away rounds between late March and late August or early September....
 level.

The Followers

Followers

Followers is a term given to a group of playing positions in the game of Australian rules football.Also known as the on-ball division, the followers consist of three players - a Ruckman , ruck rover, and rover....
 in Australian rules football represent the wide range of heights required for specialist positions. Each team has at least one ruckman

Ruckman (Australian rules football position)

In Australian rules football, a ruckman is typically a tall and athletic player who contests at centre bounces and stoppages . The ruckman is one of the most important players on the field....
 (and sometimes up to 3 or 4), which is a specialist position requiring height and leap. In the AFL, the average height of ruckmen is over tall and weight of over . Aaron Sandilands

Aaron Sandilands

Aaron Sandilands is an Australian rules footballer. At 211 cm tall and weighing 125 kg , he is the equal tallest. Sandilands plays as a Football positions#Ruckman for the Fremantle Football Club....
 and Peter Street

Peter Street

Peter Street is an Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League.He is one of the two tallest players to ever play in the VFL/AFL at 211cm , the other being Aaron Sandilands....
 are both tall (the tallest in the history of the game) while Dean Cox

Dean Cox

Dean Cox also known as "Big Cox" is a Australian rules footballer who plays for the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League....
, Dean Brogan

Dean Brogan

Dean Scott Brogan is an Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League. He was also a former basketballer with the Adelaide 36ers....
, David Hille

David Hille

David Hille is an Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League.He debuted in 2001 with the Essendon Football Club and has been a solid Ruckman for a number of years....
, Josh Fraser

Josh Fraser

Josh Fraser is an Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League.From Mansfield Football Club via Murray U18, Fraser was the number one pick in the 1999 AFL Draft, going to Collingwood Football Club....
, Brad Ottens

Brad Ottens

Brad "Otto" Ottens is an Australian Rules Football player for the Geelong Football Club....
 and David Hale

David Hale (footballer)

David Hale is an Australian rules football in the Australian Football League....
 are all notable current AFL players over in height. Jim Stynes

Jim Stynes

Jim Stynes Order of Australia is a well known Irish Australian who came to fame as a gaelic footballer who converted to Australian rules football at the age of eighteen....
, Adam Goodes

Adam Goodes

Adam Goodes is an Australian rules football player and dual Brownlow Medal winner who plays for the Sydney Swans.Goodes holds an elite place in AFL/VFL history as a dual Brownlow Medallist, premiership player and member of the Indigenous Team of the Century....
 and Scott Wynd

Scott Wynd

Scott Wynd is a former Australian rules footballer who played in the Australian Football League, playing with Footscray Football Club which changed its name to Western Bulldogs in 1997....
 are ruckmen who have been awarded the game's highest honour, the Brownlow Medal

Brownlow Medal

The Chas Brownlow Trophy ? better known as the Brownlow Medal , is awarded to the "best and fairest" player in the Australian Football League during the regular season as determined by votes cast by the officiating umpires after each game....
 in recent years. New centre square rules have had a huge advantage for taller players. Several professional athletic basketball players have been recruited by the AFL to play in the ruck.

The term key position player is used to define typically very tall players whose primary role is to take contested marks. There are usually 4 or more in a team including the full-forward

Full-forward

Full-forward is a position in Australian rules football and Gaelic football with a key focus on kicking goals.Leading full-forwards of the Australian Football League are usually among those awarded with the Coleman Medal for the most goals in an AFL season....
, full-back

Fullback (Australian rules football)

In Australian rules football, the fullback position has traditionally been a purely defensive role, with the aim of preventing the full-forward from marking the ball and scoring....
, Centre half-back

Centre half-back

In Australian rules football, the centre half-back refers to a position in the half-back line of a football field.Centre half back is considered a key position in defence....
 and Centre half-forward

Centre half-forward

In Australian rules football, the centre half-forward is a position on the half-forward line of a football field.The centre half-forward's role is usually the most demanding of any player on field, with a tall frame, strength and most importantly, athleticism, required....
. In the AFL in 2008, the average centre half position is over and the average full position player is about . The dominance of height in professional Aussie Rules is further evidenced by the top 5 goalkickers in the history of the AFL

AFL All-time Goalkicking records

The following is a listing of the highest all-time goalkickers in the Australian Football League . Players who have kicked 500 goals or more are listed....
 were all over 6 foot tall and no player less than 6 feet tall has ever kicked more than 1,000 AFL goals.

Historically short players have been used for "crumbing", that is to pick the ball up at ground level when it is brought to ground by taller players. Short players usually occupy the rover (follower) midfield position and the forward and back pockets where this situation is most likely to happen. Small fast and elusive forwards in particular are highly sought after as they can be effective goalkickers and are often called "goalsneaks". Examples include Aaron Davey

Aaron Davey

Aaron Davey is an Indigenous Australian rules football player. He currently plays for the Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League....
, David Rodan

David Rodan

David Rodan is a professional Australian rules footballer.Rodan was recruited by Australian Football League club Richmond Tigers at the end of...
, Cyril Rioli

Cyril Rioli

Cyril Rioli is an Australian rules football player for the Hawthorn Football Club in the Australian Football League. He wears the number 33 and was chosen at pick 12 in the 2007 AFL Draft....
, Jeff Farmer

Jeff Farmer (footballer)

Jeff Farmer is a former Australian rules footballer of Indigenous Australians descent. He was the first indigenous player to kick 400 goals and is the current all time leading goal scorer for indigenous footballers in the Australian Football League....
, Brent Harvey

Brent Harvey

Brent "Boomer" Harvey is an Australian rules footballer with the North Melbourne Football Club and is also the grandson of North Melbourne footballer Bill Harvey Footballer....
, Stephen Milne

Stephen Milne

Stephen Milne is an Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League. Milne plays for the St Kilda Football Club and also runs Saintly Entertainment with teammate Steven Baker....
, Mathew Stokes

Mathew Stokes

Mathew Stokes is an Australian Rules Football player for the Geelong Football Club....
 and Leon Davis

Leon Davis (footballer)

Leon Davis is an Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League.Drafted to Collingwood Magpies in 1999 AFL Draft as a small forward, Davis is of Indigenous Australian heritage....
. Tony Liberatore

Tony Liberatore

Anthony Liberatore is a former Australian rules footballer.Liberatore is the only player to have won the best-and-fairest medals in the Victorian under-19, Reserves and VFL/AFL....
 at was one of the shortest players to have been awarded the Brownlow Medal

Brownlow Medal

The Chas Brownlow Trophy ? better known as the Brownlow Medal , is awarded to the "best and fairest" player in the Australian Football League during the regular season as determined by votes cast by the officiating umpires after each game....
. Crumbers are particularly useful in wet weather matches when the ball is on the ground more often than in the air.

Trends of height in the AFL have changed over the years. In 2006, the average height of an AFL player grew to . The term "prototype footballer" or "model footballer" is used to describe a player who could play almost any position on the ground. In 2005, Anthony Koutoufides

Anthony Koutoufides

Anthony Koutoufides was a highly athletic and much decorated Australian rules footballer with the Carlton Football Club and onfield leader.Of Greeks and Italians descent, Koutoufides has been an Australian celebrity making numerous television appearances both during and after his football career....
 was seen as the model

Prototype

A prototype is an original type, form, or instance of something serving as a typical example, basis, or standard for other things of the same category....
 footballer - tall and athletic. The professional game has since evolved, with more successful teams employing a open run and carry style of play with use of faster runners and using handball

Handball (Australian rules football)

A handball or handpass is a method of disposal in the sport of Australian rules football. It is the most frequently used alternative to kick ing the ball as a means of passing the ball to a teammate....
 and low short kicks to maintain possession and avoid marking contests. Despite the increase of height of ruckmen, the average height for AFL players has dropped back to in 2008 and the new prototype footballer is generally considered to be Chris Judd

Chris Judd

Chris Judd is a professional Australian rules footballer for the Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League . A tall midfielder at 189cm and 85kg, Judd is an AFL Premiership captain, Brownlow Medallist, Leigh Matthews Trophy winner, and Norm Smith Medallist....
 - above average height and exceptionally quick off the mark. The shortest in the history of the AFL, James "Nipper" Bradford, was just . However player under are now extremely rare in the AFL. With few exceptions, players shorter than are ignored in the AFL Draft

AFL Draft

The AFL Draft is the annual draft of new unsigned players by Australian rules football teams that participate in the main competition of that sport, the Australian Football League....
. Shorter players in the AFL are now exceptionally quick and rather than simply crumb, they must be capable of finding open space on a lead to mark the ball uncontested.

Football (Association Football)

In football (association football), tall goalkeepers

Goalkeeper (football)

In association football, the goalkeeper occupies a association football positions that represents the last line of defence between the opponent's offence and his own team's Football pitch#Goals....
 have an advantage because they have greater armspans and can jump higher easily, examples include Zeljko Kalac, Edwin van der Sar

Edwin van der Sar

Edwin van der Sar is a Netherlands professional association football who plays as a Goalkeeper for England Premier League club Manchester United F.C.....
, Petr Cech

Petr Cech

File:Petr Cech.jpgPetr Cech , is a Czech Republic national football team Association football Goalkeeper who is currently contracted to English Premier League football club Chelsea F.C., for whom he has played since July 2004....
, Doni

Donieber Alexander Marangon

Doni?ber Alexander Marangon , or simply Doni as he is more frequently known, is a Brazilian football goalkeeper who currently plays for A.S....
 and the tallest active goalkeeper, Vanja Iveša

Vanja Iveša

Vanja Ive?a is a Croatian football goalkeeper , currently playing for Eskisehirspor.At 205 cm in height, Ive?a is currently the tallest active goalkeeper in the world, and joint tallest player with China striker Yang Changpeng....
. As such, one will rarely see a short goalkeeper at the professional level. A relatively short goalkeeper today is Yoshikatsu Kawaguchi

Yoshikatsu Kawaguchi

, sometimes referred to as Yoshi Kawaguchi, is a Japanese Association football. He is a Goalkeeper and a member of the Japanese national football team....
. However, it should be noted that (relatively) short goalkeepers will have an easier time reaching low shots as they can reach the ground fractionally sooner than taller keepers. In wide positions and certain attacking ones, height is not always important, with some of the best players in the world (e.g. Garrincha

Garrincha

Manuel Francisco dos Santos , known by the nickname "Garrincha" , was a Brazilian football right Midfielder#Winger and Striker who helped the Brazil national football team win the Football World Cup of 1958 FIFA World Cup and 1962 FIFA World Cup....
, Messi, Romário

Romário

Rom?rio de Souza Faria , better known simply as Romario, is a Brazilian football center forward who helped the Brazil national football team win the 1994 FIFA World Cup and is one of the most prolific strikers in the world....
 and Maradona

Diego Maradona

Diego Armando Maradona is a former Argentina Association football player, and current coach of the Argentina national football team. For the FIFA Player of the Century award, he finished first in the internet voting portion, sharing the overall award with Pel?....
) being shorter than average and in many cases gaining an advantage with their low center of gravity. However, height is generally considered advantageous for central defenders

Defender (football)

In association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary role is to prevent the opposition from scoring.There are four types of defender - centre back, sweeper, full back, and wing back....
 (e.g. Per Mertesacker

Per Mertesacker

Per Mertesacker is a Germany association football who plays as a defender for SV Werder Bremen and Germany national football team....
, Naldo

Ronaldo Aparecido Rodrigues

Ronaldo Aparecido Rodrigues, also known as Naldo , is a Brazilian football player who plays for Werder Bremen in the German Bundesliga....
, Brede Hangeland

Brede Hangeland

Brede Paulsen Hangeland is an United States born Norway Association football, currently playing for Fulham F.C. and the Norway national football team, of which he is the captain....
) and for forwards who usually aim to score with their head, for instance: Jan Koller

Jan Koller

Jan Koller is a Czech football player, who plays for the Russian Premier League club Krylya Sovetov Samara in Russia and also played as a striker for the Czech Republic national football team....
, Nikola Žigic

Nikola Žigic

Nikola ?igic is a Serbian association football who currently plays for Racing de Santander on loan from Valencia CF, as a Striker.At tall, ?igic is one of the tallest footballers in the world playing for a top flight football club....
, Ruud van Nistelrooy

Ruud van Nistelrooy

Rutgerus Johannes Martinus "Ruud" van Nistelrooij is a Netherlands association football who plays as a Forward for Spanish La Liga club Real Madrid C.F.....
, John Carew

John Carew

John Alieu Carew is a Norwegian Association football partly of Gambian descent who plays for Aston Villa F.C. of England's Premier League. His father is Gambian and his mother is Norwegian; he was born and raised in Norway....
, Zlatan Ibrahimovic

Zlatan Ibrahimovic

Zlatan Ibrahimovic is a Sweden association football striker of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croats descent who plays for Italian Serie A club F.C....
, Luca Toni

Luca Toni

Luca Toni Varchetta Delle Cave, Italian orders of merit is an Italians FIFA World Cup-winning Association football who plays for German Fu?ball-Bundesliga club FC Bayern Munich....
, Peter Crouch

Peter Crouch

Peter James Crouch is an English international Association football player. He currently plays for Portsmouth F.C. as a striker. His height of 6 ft 7 in makes him the tallest man ever to play for the England national football team, as well as the tallest outfield player currently in the Premier League....
, and the tallest active outfield player, Yang Changpeng

Yang Changpeng

Yang Changpeng is a Chinese football , currently playing for Wuhan Guanggu. In October 2006, Bolton Wanderers took Yang Changpeng, dubbed 'China's Peter Crouch', on a one-month trial....
.

Cricket

In cricket

Cricket

Cricket is a Bat-and-ball games team sport that originated in southern England. The earliest definite reference is dated 1598, and it is now played in more than 100 countries....
, some great batsmen like Donald Bradman

Donald Bradman

Sir Donald George Bradman, Order of Australia , often referred to as The Don, was an Australian cricketer, widely acknowledged as the greatest batsman of all time....
 , Sachin Tendulkar

Sachin Tendulkar

Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar , born April 24, 1973 in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, is an Indian cricket team widely regarded as one of the greatest batsmen in the history of cricket....
 , Brian Lara

Brian Lara

Brian Charles Lara is a former West Indian cricketer, who is widely regarded as one of the finest batsmen ever. This elegant left handed batsman topped the Test cricket batting LG ICC cricket ratings on several occasions and holds several cricketing records....
 , Sunil Gavaskar

Sunil Gavaskar

Sunil Manohar "Sunny" Gavaskar , was a cricketer during the 1970s and 1980s for Mumbai cricket team and Indian cricket team. Widely regarded as one of the greatest batting order #Openers in Test cricket history, Gavaskar set world records during his career for the most runs and most centuries scored by any batsman....
  and Aravinda De Silva

Aravinda de Silva

Pinnaduwage Aravinda de Silva is a former Sri Lankan cricketer, who is considered one of the finest batsmen produced by the country and one of the finest players in world cricket....
  are/were short. On the other hand, many successful fast bowlers are/were well over ; for example past greats Joel Garner

Joel Garner

Joel Garner also known as "Big Joel" or "Big Bird", is a former West Indies cricketer, and a member of the highly regarded late 1970s and early '80s West Indies cricket teams....
, Courtney Walsh

Courtney Walsh

Courtney Andrew Walsh is a former international cricketer who represented the West Indian cricket team from 1984 to 2001, captaining the West Indies in 22 Test cricketes....
, and Curtly Ambrose

Curtly Ambrose

Curtly Elconn Lynwall Ambrose , nicknamed the 'Little Bird' following on from Joel Garner who was nicknamed "Big Bird" owing to his height, was a famous West Indies cricketer....
 were all 6'6" (198 cm) or taller. Glenn McGrath is also 6'5½" (197 cm). In general, taller bowlers have a higher point of release in their bowling action, making it easier for them to make the ball rear-up from a length. Also, they can generate more pace with longer arms and the sling action associated with bowling. But, taller batsmen also have greater ease of hitting the ball compared to short-heighted. Some greats like Clive Lloyd

Clive Lloyd

Clive Hubert Lloyd Commander of the British Empire born 31 August 1944 in Georgetown, Guyana, British Guiana , is a former West Indies cricketer....
 are above . As far as bowler's speed goes some of the fastest Modern Cricket bowlers have ranged from 1.68 m (5'6") Lasith Malinga

Lasith Malinga

Separamadu Lasith Malinga is a Sri Lanka national cricket team cricketer. He is a specialist fast bowler with a rare round-arm action, sometimes referred to as a sling action, which leads to his nickname, "Slinger Malinga"....
, 1.87 m (6'1 1/2") Brett Lee

Brett Lee

Brett Lee is an Australian cricketer.After breaking into the Australian Test team, Lee was recognised as one of the fastest bowlers in world cricket....
, though a wider range of 1.80 m (5'11") Shoaib Akhtar

Shoaib Akhtar

Shoaib Akhtar is a Pakistani cricket team cricketer, and is the fastest bowler in the world, earning him the name Rawalpindi Express. He set a world record by clocking 100mph twice....
 to 1.63 m (5'4) Michael Holding

Michael Holding

Michael Anthony Holding is a former West Indies cricketer. One of the fastest bowlers ever to play Test match cricket, he was nicknamed 'Whispering Death' by umpires due to his quiet approach to the bowling crease....
 has been observed. However it is rare to see very fast bowlers outside the range of 1.8 m to 2.0 m (5'11" to 6'7").

Rowing

In rowing, being tall is a big advantage, because the taller a rower is, the longer his or her stroke can potentially be, thus moving the boat more effectively. The average male Olympic rower is 1.92 m (6'3.5"), and the average female Olympic rower is 1.73 m (5'8", well over the average height. Coxswains, on the other hand, tend to be considerably shorter and lighter than rowers.

Rugby union

In rugby union

Rugby union

Rugby union is a competitive outdoor contact sport, played with an oval ball, by two teams of 15 players. It is one of the two main codes of rugby football, the other being rugby league....
, lineout jumpers, generally s, are usually the tallest players on the pitch, as this increases their chance of winning clean ball, whereas are usually relatively short. As examples, current world-class locks Victor Matfield

Victor Matfield

Victor Matfield is a South African rugby union player for the South Africa national rugby union team rugby team as well as the Blue Bulls in the Currie Cup and the Bulls franchise in the Super 14....
, Chris Jack

Chris Jack

Christopher Raymond Jack is a New Zealand rugby union footballer who plays as a for Guinness Premiership club Saracens F.C.. Before moving to England, he played for Canterbury Rugby Football Union and the Tasman Rugby Union in the National Provincial Championship and its successor, the Air New Zealand Cup; the Crusaders in Super 14 ; and i...
, and Paul O'Connell

Paul O'Connell

Paul O'Connell is an Republic of Ireland rugby union player who plays Rugby union positions#4. & 5. Lock for Munster Rugby and Ireland national rugby union team....
 are all at least 6'6"/1.98 m, and Simon Shaw

Simon Shaw

Simon Dalton Shaw Member of the Order of the British Empire is a rugby union player who plays at Rugby union positions#4. & 5. Lock for London Wasps and England national rugby union team....
 even gets up to roughly 6'9", while the sport's all-time leader in international appearances

List of rugby union Test caps leaders

This is a list of the all-time leaders for cap in men's rugby union Test matches, with a minimum of 90 confirmed Test caps. A Test is a game played between played two national representative teams that both have "Test status"....
, scrum-half George Gregan

George Gregan

George Musarurwa Gregan Order of Australia is an Australian rugby union Rugby union positions#9. Scrum-half who has made more appearances for his national team than any other player in the sport's history....
, is 5'8"/1.73m. Currently the tallest professional players are Devin Toner and Andries Bekker, who are both 2.08 m (6'10"). The tallest man ever to have played was 2.13 m (7'0") tall Richard Metcalfe

Richard Metcalfe

Richard Metcalfe is a former Scottish rugby union footballer. He was world's tallest ever rugby player and United Kingdom's tallest athlete. At 7 feet , Metcalfe was the tallest player to play international rugby, about six inches taller than typical second row height of about 6 ft 6 in....
.

Rugby league

Unlike rugby union

Rugby union

Rugby union is a competitive outdoor contact sport, played with an oval ball, by two teams of 15 players. It is one of the two main codes of rugby football, the other being rugby league....
, height is not generally seen as important, often extreme height being a hindrance rather than a useful attribute. Second-row forwards are generally not as tall as their rugby union counterparts due to the absence of line-outs. However, recent tactics of cross-field kicking have resulted in the success of taller outside backs. Israel Folau

Israel Folau

Israel Folau is an Australian professional rugby league footballer currently contracted with the Brisbane Broncos of the National Rugby League....
 (196 cm), Greg Inglis

Greg Inglis

Greg Inglis is an indigenous Australian professional rugby league footballer for the Melbourne Storm of the National Rugby League. Inglis is a versatile player, playing in several positions during his career....
 (195 cm), Shaun Kenny-Dowall

Shaun Kenny-Dowall

Shaun Kenny-Dowall is a professional rugby league footballer for the Sydney Roosters in the Australian National Rugby League competition. He primarily plays on the Rugby league positions#Wing....
 (195 cm), Mark Gasnier

Mark Gasnier

Mark Gasnier is an Australian rugby union player for the Stade Francais in the Top 14 competition. Gasnier is formerly a rugby league representative player for New South Wales Rugby League team & Australian national rugby league team....
 (194 cm), Colin Best

Colin Best

Colin Best is an Australian rugby league player for the Canberra Raiders in the National Rugby League competition.In 2008, Best signed a two-year contract with the South Sydney Rabbitohs commencing in the 2009....
 (189 cm), Manu Vatuvei

Manu Vatuvei

Manu Vatuvei, pronounced VAH-tu-VAY , is a New Zealand rugby league player for the New Zealand Warriors in the National Rugby League competition....
 (189 cm), Jarryd Hayne

Jarryd Hayne

Jarryd Hayne is an Australian-Fijian professional rugby league player currently playing for the Parramatta Eels, in the National Rugby League. Described by Sydney Roosters forward Willie Mason as a "freakish talent", Hayne is widely regarded as one of rugby league's best young players....
 (188 cm), Krisnan Inu

Krisnan Inu

Krisnan Nevada Inu is a New Zealand professional rugby league player for the Parramatta Eels in the Australian National Rugby League competition....
 (185 cm) and Jason Nightingale

Jason Nightingale

Jason Nightingale born 20 September 1986 is a rugby league player in the National Rugby League competition, who plays for the St George Illawarra Dragons....
 (185 cm) are examples of the trend in taller wingers and centres, and are both known for their remarkable jumping skills in defense or attack.

American football (gridiron)

In American Football

American football

American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive team sport known for mixing strategy with physical play....
, a tall quarterback

Quarterback

Quarterback is a position in American football and Canadian football. Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the center , in the middle of the Lineman ....
 is at an advantage because it is easier for him to see over the heads of large offensive and defensive linemen while he is in the pocket in a passing situation. At 1.75 m (5'9"), Doug Flutie

Doug Flutie

Douglas Richard Flutie is a retired American football and Canadian football quarterback. Flutie played college football at Boston College, and played professionally in the National Football League, Canadian Football League, and United States Football League....
 was initially considered to be too short to become a NFL quarterback despite his Heisman Trophy

Heisman Trophy

The Heisman Memorial Trophy Award , was named after the former college football coach John Heisman, is awarded annually by the Heisman Trophy Trust to the most outstanding player in collegiate football....
-winning success at the college level.

Tall wide receivers have an advantage of being able to jump considerably higher than shorter defensive backs to catch highly thrown passes. By contrast, shorter defensive backs are utilized because of their typically greater agility, as the ability to change directions instantly is a prerequisite for the position. Short running backs are at an advantage because their shorter stature and lower center of gravity generally makes them harder to tackle effectively. In addition, they can easily "hide" behind large offensive linemen, making it harder for defenders to react at the beginning of a play. Thus, in the NFL

National Football League

The National Football League is the Major North American professional sports leagues American football Sports league in the United States. It is an unincorporated 501#501.28c.29.286.29 association controlled by its members....
 and in NCAA

National Collegiate Athletic Association

The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a voluntary association of about 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations and individuals that organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and University in the United States ....
 Division I football, running backs under 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) are more common than running backs over 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m). Former Heisman Trophy winner and Pro Football Hall of Fame

Pro Football Hall of Fame

The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame of the National Football League . It opened in Canton, Ohio, Ohio, United States, on September 7 1963 with 17 charter inductees....
r Barry Sanders

Barry Sanders

Barry David Sanders is a former American football running back who spent all of his professional career with the Detroit Lions in the National Football League....
, thought by some to be the greatest running back in history, is a classic example of a running back with an extraordinarily low center of gravity, as he stood only 5 ft 7 1/2 in (1.71 m). However, Jim Brown

Jim Brown

James Nathaniel "Jim" Brown is an United States former professional American football player who has also made his mark as an actor and social activist....
, another player often considered the greatest running back of all time, was more than 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) tall, demonstrating benefits conferred by the greater power and leverage which height provides.

Punters are generally very tall because of longer legs achieving greater leg swing and this translates into more power on the ball.

Baseball

In baseball, pitchers tend to be taller than position players. Being taller means longer legs, which power pitchers use to generate velocity and a release point closer to the plate, which means the ball reaches the batter more quickly. While taller position players have a larger strike zone, most position players are at least of average height because the larger frame allows them to generate more power. Most successful modern pitchers are safely over 6 feet/1.83 m, some to extremes (e.g., the 6'10"/2.08 m Randy Johnson

Randy Johnson

For other people named Randy Johnson, see Randy Johnson 'Randall David Johnson' , nicknamed "'The Big Unit'," is a left-handed Major League Baseball pitcher....
), with the 5'11"/1.80 m Pedro Martínez

Pedro Martínez

Pedro Jaime Mart?nez is a Major League Baseball starting pitcher who is currently a free agent. He has won three Cy Young Awards and is considered to be one of the top pitchers of his era....
 a notable exception.

Tennis

Height can be advantageous to a tennis player as it allows players to create more power when serving, and it gives tall players a greater wingspan, allowing them to get to sharp-angled shots more easily. Examples of tall players are 2.08 m (6'10") Ivo Karlovic

Ivo Karlovic

Ivo Karlovic is a Croatian tennis player. He has won four ATP singles titles: three in 2007 and one in 2008. He has also defeated several highly ranked opponents including Roger Federer , Lleyton Hewitt, Novak Djokovic, Andy Roddick, Fernando Gonz?lez, and James Blake....
, and 2.06 m (6'9") John Isner

John Isner

John Isner is an American professional list of male tennis players. He achieved his career-high rank of # 81 on April 14, 2008....
, both known for their powerful serves. Venus Williams

Venus Williams

Venus Ebony Starr Williams is a former List of WTA number 1 ranked players American tennis player who, as of February 23, 2009, is ranked World No....
, Lindsay Davenport

Lindsay Davenport

Lindsay Ann Davenport is a former World No. 1 American professional tennis player. She has won three Grand Slam singles tournaments and an Olympic Games gold medal in singles....
, and Maria Sharapova

Maria Sharapova

Maria Yuryevna Sharapova is a Russian professional tennis player. A former List of WTA number 1 ranked players, she was on February 23, 2009, ranked World No....
 are successful tall players on the women's side, all measuring 1.85 m (6'1") or taller. However, being tall can have some disadvantages, like the difficulty of bending down to reach low volleys. There have also have been some successful players that were of average size, like Rod Laver

Rod Laver

Rodney George "Rod" Laver Order of the British Empire is a former tennis player from Australia who was the World number one male tennis player rankings player for seven consecutive years, from 1964 to 1970....
 and Justine Henin, or shorter than average, such as Pancho Segura

Pancho Segura

Pancho Segura, born Francisco Olegario Segura , was a leading tennis player of the 1940s and 1950s, both as an amateur and as a professional....
. It has been by stated several commentators that the "ideal" height for a male tennis player in today's game is between 1.84-1.90 m (6'1"-6'3") or so. Rafael Nadal

Rafael Nadal

Rafael Nadal Parera is a Spain professional tennis player who has been ATP Entry Ranking List of ATP number 1 ranked players since August 18, 2008....
 (1.85 m, 6'1"), Roger Federer

Roger Federer

Roger Federer is a Switzerland professional tennis player who is currently ranked World No. 2. He was the List of ATP number 1 ranked players ranked player for a ATP Tour records#Ranking, from February 2, 2004 to August 17, 2008....
 (1.85 m, 6'1"), Novak Djokovic

Novak Djokovic

He won his first Grand Slam singles title at the 2008 Australian Open. After beating World No. 1 and defending champion Roger Federer in the semifinals, Djokovic defeated Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the final, becoming the first player representing Serbia to win a Grand Slam singles title and the youngest player in the open era to have reached the sem...
 (1.87 m, 6'2), and Andy Murray (1.90 m, 6'3"), respectively the top four players in the world at the end of 2008, are all within this height range.

Ice hockey

While the history of the NHL is filled with diminutive players who achieved greatness (Theo Fleury, Martin St. Louis

Martin St. Louis

Martin St. Louis is a French Canadian professional ice hockey Winger with the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League....
), and arguably the greatest player of all time, Wayne Gretzky

Wayne Gretzky

Wayne Douglas Gretzky, Order of Canada is a retired Canada professional ice hockey player. He is the current part-owner, head of hockey operations, and coach of the Phoenix Coyotes of the National Hockey League ....
, is 1.83 m (6 feet) tall and played at 185 pounds (84 kg), the game's increasing physical style has put a premium on imposing players, particularly over 1.8 m (6 feet) tall and over 100kg (220 pounds) (Mario Lemieux

Mario Lemieux

Mario Lemieux is a retired Canada professional ice hockey Centre who played 17 seasons for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League between 1984?85 NHL season and 2004?05 NHL season....
, Chris Pronger

Chris Pronger

Christopher Robert Pronger is a Canada professional ice hockey defenceman with the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League. Pronger was originally selected 2nd overall by the Hartford Whalers in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft and played for them from 1993–95, followed by the St....
). Taller, bigger players have a longer reach, are more able to give out and sustain body checks, and have greater leverage on their shooting such as a slap shot. The average height of an NHLer is just over 1.8 m (6 feet) tall. Zdeno Chára

Zdeno Chára

Zdeno Ch?ra is a Slovakia ice hockey defenceman and team Captain of the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League . At 6 ft 9 in , he is the tallest player ever to play in the NHL....
, at 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m), is the tallest player ever to play in the NHL.

Amateur Wrestling

Height can be both helpful and detrimental in wrestling. Since taller people have more bone mass, they will generally be slightly weaker than shorter people in the same weight class. This difference is made up in part by their longer arms, which allow them a longer reach and cradle easier. Long legs are detrimental in that they can easily be attacked by a lolly. They do, however, assist in performing some actions and positions such as throwing (or riding) legs. The heights of amateur wrestlers vary greatly with successful athletes being as short as Alireza Dabir at 171 cm (5" 7') and as tall as Alexander Karelin at roughly 193 cm (6" 4').

Sumo

Professional sumo wrestlers are required to be at least 173 cm (5' 8") tall. Some aspiring sumo athletes have silicon implants added to the tops of their heads to reach the necessary height. The average height for a sumo wrestler is 180 cm, far above the national average in Japan.

Swimming

Height is generally considered advantageous in swimming. Taller swimmers with longer arms are like bicycles set to a higher gear. This is especially true for freestyle. An example of a tall swimmer is Michael Phelps

Michael Phelps

Michael Fred Phelps is an United States swimming. He has won 14 career Olympic Games gold medals, the most by any Olympian. As of 2008, Phelps holds seven List of world records in swimming....
, at 6'4" who won eight gold medals at the 2008 Olympic Games. The average height of the 8 finalists in the 100 meter Freestyle final at the US Olympic Trials was 6'5". Another exceptionally tall swimmer is American backstroker Matt Grevers.

History of human height

Average height of troops born in the mid-nineteenth century, by country or place.

Country	Metric Height
Frisia	179 cm
Australia	172 cm
U.S.	171 cm
Norway	169 cm
Ireland	168 cm
Scotland	168 cm
Sweden	168 cm
Bohemia	167 cm
Lower Austria	167 cm
Moravia	166 cm
U.K.	166 cm
France	165 cm
Russia	165 cm
Germany	164 cm
Netherlands	164 cm
Spain	162 cm
Italy	161 cm
Japan	155 cm

Source

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Europeans in North America

North America

North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and almost totally in the western hemisphere....
 were far taller than those in Europe

Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
 and were the tallest in the world. The original indigenous population of Plains Native Americans was also among the tallest populations of the world at the time. Several nations, including many nations in Europe, have now surpassed the US, particularly the Netherlands

Netherlands

The Netherlands is a country that is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands is located in North-West Europe, and bordered by the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east....
, and the Scandinavia

Scandinavia

Scandinavia is a historical and geographical subregion in northern Europe that includes the Scandinavian Peninsula. It consists of the kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark; some authorities also include Finland and some might even include Iceland....
n nations.

In the late nineteenth century, the Netherlands was a land renowned for its short population, but today it has the second tallest average in the world, with young men averaging 183 cm (6'0 ft) tall and in Europe are only shorter than the peoples of the Dinaric Alps

Dinaric Alps

The Dinaric Alps or Dinarides form a mountain chain in southern Europe, spanning areas of Slovenia, Croatia, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro and the Republic of Macedonia....
 (a section largely within the former Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia

File:LocationYugoslavia2.pngYugoslavia is a term that describes three political entities that existed successively on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century....
), where males average 185.6 cm (6 ft 1.1 in) tall. The Dinarians and Dutch are now well known in Europe for extreme tallness. In Africa

Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km? including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area....
, the Maasai

Maasai

The Maasai are an Indigenous peoples African ethnic group of semi-nomadic people located in Kenya and northern Tanzania. Due to their distinctive customs and dress and residence near the many game parks of East Africa, they are among the most well-known African ethnic groups internationally....
, Dinka

Dinka

The Dinka are a group of tribes of south Sudan, inhabiting the Bahr el Ghazal region of the Nile basin, Jonglei and parts of southern Kordufan and Upper Nile, Sudan regions....
 and Tutsi

Tutsi

The Tutsi are one of three native peoples of the nations of Rwanda and Burundi in central Africa, the other two being the Twa and the Hutu....
 populations are known for their tallness, with some reports indicating an average male height of up to 190cm (almost 6 ft 3).

Colonial populations present an interesting case in the evolution of human height. Though the European population in South Africa is principally descended from Dutch and British settlers of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries (at a period when both England and Holland reported average male heights of under 5 foot 6), the present European descended population has shown a similar increase in height as have the nations from which they are descended. A 1998 survey recorded an average height of 177cm for European descended South African males, and 164 cm for European descended South African females . Australians likewise are taller than their ancestors, averaging over 178cm, and women 163.9cm in a survey conducted in 1995 . By comparison, a British survey from a similar period averages the male population height at 174.4cm, and the female population at 161cm . This means that despite many Australians and European descended South Africans having descended from British people, their current average height is over an inch greater than the present UK average (approximately 0.4 Standard Deviations).

Average male height in impoverished Vietnam

Vietnam

Vietnam , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam , is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east....
 and North Korea

North Korea

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea , is a state in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula....
 remains comparatively small at 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) and 165 cm (5 ft 5 in), respectively. Currently, young adult North Korean males are actually significantly shorter. This contrasts greatly with the extreme growth occurring in surrounding Asian populations with correlated increasing standards of living. Young South Korea

South Korea

South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea , ), often referred to as Korea and the "names of Korea#Revival of the names", is a Semi-presidential system republic in East Asia, located in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula....
ns are about 12 cm (4.7 inches) taller than their North Korea

North Korea

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea , is a state in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula....
n counterparts, on average. There is also an extreme difference between older North Koreans and young North Koreans who grew up during the famines of the 1990s-2000s. North Korean and South Korean adults older than 40, who were raised when the North and South's economies were about equal, are generally of the same average height.

In the early 1970s, when anthropologist Barry Bogin

Barry Bogin

Barry Bogin is an American physical anthropologist trained at Temple University that researches Child_development#Physical_growth in Maya_peoples#Guatemala children, and is a theorist upon the human evolution of human childhood....
 first visited Guatemala

Guatemala

Guatemala is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize and the Caribbean to the northeast, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast....
, he observed that Mayan Indian men averaged only 157.5 cm (5 ft 2 in) in height and the women averaged 142.2 cm (4 ft 8 in). Bogin took another series of measurements after the Guatemalan Civil War

Guatemalan Civil War

The Guatemalan Civil War, the longest civil war in Latin American history, ran from 1960 to 1996, and had a profound impact on Guatemala....
 had erupted, during which up to a million Guatemalans had fled to the United States. He discovered that Mayan refugees, who ranged from six to twelve years old, were significantly taller than their Guatemalan counterparts. By 2000, the American Maya were 10.24 cm (4 in) taller than the Guatemalan Maya of the same age, largely due to better nutrition and access to health care

Health care

File:Ear surgery on a patient.jpgFile:Monoclonal antibodies3.jpgHealth care, or healthcare, refers to the treatment and management of illness, and the preservation of health through services offered by the Medicine, pharmaceutical, Dentistry, clinical laboratory sciences , nursing, and allied health professions....
. Bogin also noted that American Maya children had a significantly lower sitting height ratio, (i.e. relatively longer legs, averaging 7.02 cm longer) than the Guatemalan Maya.

In certain countries like the Philippines

Philippines

The Philippines, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines, is a country in Southeast Asia with Manila as its capital city. It comprises 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean....
 , younger generations are significantly shorter than those born in the 1970s and 1980s despite the economic growth and better standard of living

Standard of living

The standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people, and the way these goods and services are distributed within a population....
. In Malaysia

Malaysia

Malaysia is a federation that consists of States of Malaysia in Southeast Asia with a total landmass of . The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government....
 and Thailand

Thailand

The Kingdom of Thailand is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Laos and Myanmar, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and Myanmar....
, younger generations have experienced increased height.

See also

• Heightism
  Heightism
  
  Heightism is a form of discrimination based on Human height. In principle it can refer to unfavorable treatment of either unusually tall or short people....
  
• Anthropometry
  Anthropometry
  
  Anthropometry , in physical anthropology, refers to the measurement of the human individual for the purposes of understanding human physical variation....
  
• Height and intelligence
  Height and intelligence
  
  A positive correlation exists between human Intelligence quotient and human height within national populations. Correlation coefficients of the effect observed in these studies are typically about 0.2, meaning that variation in height explains about 4% of the variation in IQ....
  
• Human weight
• Human variability
  Human variability
  
  Human variability, or human variation, is the range of possible values for any measurable characteristic, physical or mental, of human beings....
  
• Human biology
  Human biology
  
  Human biology is an interdisciplinary academic field of biology, biological anthropology, nutrition and medicine which focuses on humans; it is closely related to primate biology, and a number of other fields....
  
• List of tallest people
  List of tallest people
  
  This is a list of the tallest people, living and dead, in the world....
  
• List of shortest people
  List of shortest people
  
  List of shortest people This is a list of people who have been described or claimed as "shortest" in their lifetime or profession....
  
• Pygmies

Bibliography

• Fitting the Task to the Man, 1987 (for heights in U.S. and Japan)
• Eurostats Statistical Yearbook 2004 (for heights in Germany)
• Netherlands Central Bureau for Statistics, 1996 (for average heights)
• A collection of data on human height, referred to here as "karube" but originally collected from other sources, was originally available but is no longer. A copy is available . (an English translation of this Japanese page would make it easier to evaluate the quality of the data...).
• Blaha, P. et al.: 6. Celostatni antropologicky vyzkum deti a mladeze 2001, Ceska republika [6th Nationwide anthropological research of children and youth 2001, Czech republic], Charles University in Prague 2005
• Bogin, B.A. (1999) Patterns of human growth. 2nd ed Cambridge U Press
• Bogin, B.A. (2001) The growth of humanity Wiley-Liss
• Cavelaars, A.E.J.M., Kunst, A.E., Geurts, J.J.M., Crialesi, R., Grotvedt, L., Helmert U. Persistent variations in average height between countries and between socio-economic groups: an overview of 10 European countries. Annals of Human Biology. 27(4),407–421.* Eveleth, P.B. & Tanner, J.M. (1990) Worldwide variation in human growth, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.*
• Ruff, C. (2002) Variation in human body size and shape. Ann. Rev. Anthropol. 31:211–232.**

External links

• Height to weight charts according to small, medium and large frame for both men and women.
• Calculate a persons Body Mass Index
  Body mass index
  
  The body mass index , or Quetelet index, is a statistical measurement which compares a person's weight and height. Though it does not actually measure the Body fat percentage, it is a useful tool to estimate a healthy body weight based on how tall a person is....