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Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups

 

 
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Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
 
 
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In human genetics
Human genetics

Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics, and genetic counseling....
, a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup
Haplogroup

In the study of molecular evolution, a haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single nucleotide polymorphism mutation....
 defined by differences in the non-recombining
Genetic recombination

Genetic recombination is the process by which a strand of genetic material is broken and then joined to a different DNA molecule. In eukaryotes recombination commonly occurs during meiosis as chromosomal crossover between paired chromosomes....
 portions of DNA
DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetics instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses....
 from the Y chromosome
Y chromosome

The Y chromosome is the Sex-determination system chromosome in most mammals, including humans. In mammals, it contains the gene SRY, which triggers testicle development, thus determining sex....
 (called Y-DNA).

The Y Chromosome Consortium has established a system of defining Y-DNA haplogroups by letters A through to T, with further subdivisions using numbers and lower case letters.

Y-chromosomal Adam
Y-chromosomal Adam

In human genetics, Y-chromosomal Adam is the Patrilineality human most recent common ancestor from whom all Y chromosomes in living men are descended....
 is the name given by researchers to a theoretical male who is the most recent common patrilineal (male-lineage) ancestor
Most recent common ancestor

In genetics, the most recent common ancestor of any set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all organisms in the group are directly Common descent....
 of all living humans.






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In human genetics
Human genetics

Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics, and genetic counseling....
, a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup
Haplogroup

In the study of molecular evolution, a haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single nucleotide polymorphism mutation....
 defined by differences in the non-recombining
Genetic recombination

Genetic recombination is the process by which a strand of genetic material is broken and then joined to a different DNA molecule. In eukaryotes recombination commonly occurs during meiosis as chromosomal crossover between paired chromosomes....
 portions of DNA
DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetics instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses....
 from the Y chromosome
Y chromosome

The Y chromosome is the Sex-determination system chromosome in most mammals, including humans. In mammals, it contains the gene SRY, which triggers testicle development, thus determining sex....
 (called Y-DNA).

The Y Chromosome Consortium has established a system of defining Y-DNA haplogroups by letters A through to T, with further subdivisions using numbers and lower case letters.

Y-chromosomal Adam
Y-chromosomal Adam

In human genetics, Y-chromosomal Adam is the Patrilineality human most recent common ancestor from whom all Y chromosomes in living men are descended....
 is the name given by researchers to a theoretical male who is the most recent common patrilineal (male-lineage) ancestor
Most recent common ancestor

In genetics, the most recent common ancestor of any set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all organisms in the group are directly Common descent....
 of all living humans. Estimations of the date of this common ancestor have varied significantly in different studies.

Major haplogroups

Major Y-chromosome haplogroups include:

Table view


Groups A and B

Haplogroups A and B are only found in sub-Saharan Africa (and in populations extracted from there in modern times, primarily via Atlantic slave trade
Atlantic slave trade

The Atlantic slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of primarily African people supplied to the colonies of the New World that occurred in and around the Atlantic Ocean....
). The first to branch off was A, with defining mutation M91. All other haplogroups are summarized as BT
Haplogroup BT (Y-DNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup BT, also known as Haplogroup YxA is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup BT split off from Haplogroup A 70,000 years Before Present , probably originating in North East Africa....
  (also referred to as YxA).

  • Haplogroup A
    Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup A is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup A is found in the Nile River & South Africa. It represents the oldest and most diverse of the human Y-chromosome haplogroups....
     (M91) Found in Africa
    Africa

    Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km? including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area....
    , especially the Khoisan, Ethiopia
    Ethiopia

    Ethiopia , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country situated in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east and Djibouti to the northeast....
    ns (especially Beta Israel
    Beta Israel

    The Beta Israel is the Jewish community originating in Ethiopia, but now most of which lives in Israel. They are also known as Falasha by non-Jewish Ethiopians, but this term is considered pejorative....
    ) and Nilotes
  • BT
    Haplogroup BT (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup BT, also known as Haplogroup YxA is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup BT split off from Haplogroup A 70,000 years Before Present , probably originating in North East Africa....
     (M42, M94, M139, M299) ca. 55 ka BP
    Before Present

    Before Present years are a time scale used in archaeology, geology, and other science disciplines to specify when events in the past occurred. Because the "present" time changes, standard practice is to use 1950 Common_Era as the arbitrary origin of the age scale....
    • Haplogroup B
      Haplogroup B (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup B is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.Haplogroup B is localized to sub-Saharan Africa, especially to tropical forests of West-Central Africa....
       (M60) Found in Africa, especially the Pygmies and Hadzabe
      Hadzabe

      The Hadza people, or Hadzabe'e, are an ethnic group in central Tanzania, living around Lake Eyasi in the central Rift Valley and in the neighboring Serengeti Plateau....
    • CT (see below)


Groups with mutation M168 (CT)

The defining mutations separating CT (all haplogroups excepting A and B) are M168 and M294. These mutations predate the "Out of Africa
Recent single-origin hypothesis

In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans is one of two hypothesis of the origin of anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens sapiens....
" migration. The defining mutations of DE probably occurred in Northeastern Africa some 50,000 years ago. The P143 mutation that defines Haplogroup CF may have occurred somewhat earlier, perhaps even as early as 55,000 years ago, after the first Out of Africa migration brought Homo sapiens to the southern coast of Southwest Asia.

  • Haplogroup CF
    Haplogroup CF (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup CF is a human male Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups whose defining mutation is P143. Along with & parallel to Haplogroup DE , it is a descendant of Haplogroup CT ....
     (P143) Found outside of Africa, throughout Eurasia, Oceania, and the Americas
    • Haplogroup C
      Haplogroup C (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup C is a Y-chromosome haplogroup, defined by UEPs M130/RPS4Y711, M216, P184, P255, P260, which are all SNP mutations....
       (M130, M216) Found in eastern Eurasia
      Eurasia

      Eurasia is a large landmass covering about 53,990,000 km? or about 10.6% of the Earth's surface . Often considered a single continent, Eurasia comprises the traditional continents of Europe and Asia, concepts which date back to classical antiquity and the borders for which are somewhat arbitrary....
      , Oceania
      Oceania

      Oceania is a geography, often geopolitics, region consisting of numerous lands—mostly islands in the Pacific Ocean and vicinity. The term "Oceania" was coined in 1831 by French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville....
      , Japan
      Japan

      Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
      , and North America
      North America

      North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and almost totally in the western hemisphere....
      • Haplogroup C1 (M8, M105, M131) Found in Japan
        Japan

        Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
      • Haplogroup C2 (M38) Found in Indonesia
        Indonesia

        The Republic of Indonesia , is a transcontinental country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Comprising Islands of Indonesia, it is the world's largest Archipelago state....
        , New Guinea
        New Guinea

        New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the List of islands by area, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded after the last glacial period....
        , Melanesia
        Melanesia

        Melanesia literally means "islands of the black-skinned people". It is a subregion of Oceania extending from the western side of the West Pacific to the Arafura Sea, north and northeast of Australia....
        , Micronesia
        Micronesia

        Micronesia , from the Greek language mikros and nesos , is a subregion of Oceania, comprising hundreds of small islands in the Pacific Ocean....
        , and Polynesia
        Polynesia

        Polynesia is a subregion of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean....
      • Haplogroup C3
        Haplogroup C3 (Y-DNA)

        In human genetics, Haplogroup C3 is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups mainly found in indigenous Mongols. Haplogroup C3 is the most widespread and frequently occurring branch of the greater Haplogroup C ....
         (M217, P44) Found throughout Eurasia
        Eurasia

        Eurasia is a large landmass covering about 53,990,000 km? or about 10.6% of the Earth's surface . Often considered a single continent, Eurasia comprises the traditional continents of Europe and Asia, concepts which date back to classical antiquity and the borders for which are somewhat arbitrary....
         and North America
        North America

        North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and almost totally in the western hemisphere....
        , but especially among Mongols
        Mongols

        The name Mongol specifies one or several ethnic groups, now mainly located in Mongolia, China, and Russia....
        , Kazakhs
        Kazakhs

        The Kazakhs are a Turkic peoples of the northern parts of Central Asia ....
        , Tungusic peoples
        Tungusic peoples

        The term Tungusic peoples is used to describe peoples speaking a Tungusic languages....
        , Paleosiberians, and Na-Dené
        Na-Dené languages

        Na-Dene is a Indigenous peoples of the Americas language family which includes at least the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit language languages....
        -speaking peoples
      • Haplogroup C4 (M347) Found among the indigenous peoples
        Indigenous Australians

        Indigenous Australians are the first human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands and their descendants. Indigenous Australians are distinguished as either Australian Aborigines or Torres Strait Islanders, who currently together make up about 2.6% of Australia's population....
         in Australia
        Australia

        Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans....
      • Haplogroup C5 (M356) Found in the Indian subcontinent
        Indian subcontinent

        The Indian subcontinent is a large section of the Asian continent consisting of the land lying substantially on the Indian Plate. The subcontinent includes parts of various countries in South Asia, including those on the continental crust , an Island#Continental islands country on the continental shelf , and an Island#Oceanic islands countr...
         and the Arabian Peninsula
        Arabian Peninsula

        The Arabian Peninsula , Arabia, Arabistan, and the Arabian subcontinent is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia. The area is an important part of the Middle East and plays a critically important geopolitics role because of its vast reserves of petroleum and natural gas....
    • Haplogroup F (M89, M213) Found in Southern India
      India

      India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
      , Sri Lanka
      Sri Lanka

      Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is an island country in South Asia, located about off the southern coast of India....
      , Yunnan
      Yunnan

      is a political divisions of China of the People's Republic of China, located in the far southwest of the country spanning approximately 394,000 square kilometers ....
      , Korea
      Korea

      Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries, a civilization, and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia....
      • GT (see below)
  • Haplogroup DE
    Haplogroup DE (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup DE is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is defined by the SNP mutations, or UEPs, M1, M145, M203, P144, P153, P165, P167, P183...
     (M1, M145, M203) ca. 65 ka
    • Haplogroup D
      Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup D is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Both D and E lineages also exhibit the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism M168 which is present in all Y-chromosome haplogroups except haplogroup A and haplogroup B , as well as the YAP Unique Event Polymorphism, which is unique to Haplogroup DE....
       (M174) Found in Tibet
      Tibet

      Tibet is a Tibetan Plateau in Asia, north of the Himalayas, and the home to the indigenous Tibetan people and its related ethnic groups. With an average elevation of 4,900 metres , it is the highest region on Earth and has in recent decades increasingly been referred to as the "Roof of the World"....
      , Japan
      Japan

      Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
      , the Andaman Islands
      Andaman Islands

      The Andaman Islands are a group of archipelago islands in the Bay of Bengal, and are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory of India....
      • Haplogroup D1
        Haplogroup D1 (Y-DNA)

        In human genetics, Haplogroup D1 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup D1 is a descendant branch of the greater Haplogroup D .Its phylogenetically closest relatives are found among the peoples of Japan, Central Asia, and the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal....
         (M15)
      • Haplogroup D2 (M55, M57, M64.1, M179, P12, P37.1, P41.1 (M359.1), 12f2.2)
      • Haplogroup D3 (P47)
    • Haplogroup E
      Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup E is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E, along with Haplogroup D make up the two main components of the older Haplogroup DE....
       (M40, M96)
      • Haplogroup E1 (P147)
        • Haplogroup E1a (M33, M132) Found in Africa; formerly E1
        • Haplogroup E1b (P177)
          • Haplogroup E1b1 (P2, DYS391p); formerly E3
            • Haplogroup E1b1a (M2) Found in Africa; formerly E3a
            • Haplogroup E1b1b (M215) Found in East Africa (Ethiopia
              Ethiopia

              Ethiopia , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country situated in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east and Djibouti to the northeast....
              ns and Somalis
              Somali people

              Somalis are an ethnic group located in the Horn of Africa, also known as the Somali Peninsula. The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic languages subgroup of the Afro-Asiatic languages language family....
              ), North Africa (Berbers
              Berber people

              Berbers are the indigenous ethnic groups of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are discontinuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River....
               and Arab
              Arab

              An Arab is a person who Identity as such on linguistic or cultural grounds. The plural form, Arabs , refers to the Ethnocultural group at large....
              s), the Middle East
              Middle East

              File:GreaterMiddleEast1.pngThe Middle East is a region that spans southwestern Asia, western Asia, and northeastern Africa. It has no clear boundaries, often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East....
              , Europe (especially the Mediterranean
              Mediterranean Sea

              The Mediterranean Sea is a sea or Ocean off the Atlantic Ocean surrounded by the Mediterranean region and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia....
               and the Balkans
              Balkans

              The Balkans is the historical name of a geographic subregion of southeastern Europe. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains, which run through the centre of Bulgaria into eastern Serbia....
              )              ; formerly E3b
      • Haplogroup E2 (M75) Found in Africa


Groups descended from Haplogroup F (GT)

The groups descending from haplogroup F are found in some 90% of the world's population, but almost exclusively outside of sub-Saharan Africa. The mutation of IJ corresponds to a wave of migration out of the Middle East or Western Asia some 45 ka that subsequently spread into Europe (Cro-Magnon
Cro-Magnon

Cro-Magnon is one of the main types of archaic Homo sapiens of the Paleolithic Europe Upper Paleolithic, living approximately 40,000 to 10,000 years ago....
). Haplogroup G originated in the Middle East or Caucasus, or perhaps further east as far as Pakistan
Pakistan

Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia and borders Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046 kilometre coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and People's Republic of China in th...
 some 30 ka, and spread to Europe with the Neolithic Revolution
Neolithic Revolution

The Neolithic Revolution was the first agricultural revolution—the transition from hunter-gatherer communities and bands, to agriculture and settlement ....
. Haplogroup H probably occurred in India
India

India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
 some 30-40 ka, and remains prevalent there, spreading westwards in historical times with the Roma
Roma people

The Romani are an ethnic group of Europe tracing their Origins of the Romani people to middle kingdoms of India.The Romani are Romani diaspora with their largest concentrated populations in Europe, especially the Roma of Central and Eastern Europe, with more recent diaspora populations in the Americas and, to a lesser extent, in other par...
 migration. Haplogroup K probably originated in southwestern Asia and spread widely to Africa, Eurasia, Australia and the South Pacific.

  • Haplogroup G
    Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup G is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is a branch of Haplogroup F . Haplogroup G appears to have arisen in the Caucasus region during the Ice Age, about 30,000 years ago....
     (M201) ca. 30 ka Found in many ethnic groups in Eurasia; most common in the Caucasus
    Caucasus

    The Caucasus or Caucas is a geopolitical region located between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. It is home to Europe's highest mountain ....
    , the Iranian plateau
    Iranian plateau

    The Iranian plateau, also known as the Persian plateau is a geological formation in Southwest Asia, Southern Asia and the Caucasus region....
    , and Anatolia
    Anatolia

    Anatolia or Asia Minor is a region of Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey. It is a geographic region bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Caucasus to the northeast, the Aegean Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Iranian plateau to the east and southeast....
    ; in Europe mainly in Sardinia
    Sardinia

    Sardinia is the Mediterranean islands#By area island in the Mediterranean Sea . The area of Sardinia is . The island is surrounded by the France island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Tunisia and the Balearic Islands....
    , Crete
    Crete

    Crete is the largest of the Greek islands and the List of islands in the Mediterranean largest island in the Mediterranean Sea at 8,336 km? ....
    , northern Italy
    Italy

    Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
    , northern Spain
    Spain

    Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
    , the Tyrol
    Tyrol

    Tyrol is a region in Western Central Europe, which included the present day States of Austria of Tyrol , the Regions of Italy Trentino-Alto Adige/S?dtirol and three Comunes of the Veneto Regions of Italy ....
    , as well as Bohemia
    Bohemia

    History...
    , Moravia
    Moravia

    Moravia is a Historical regions of Central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. It takes its name from the Morava River, Central Europe which rises in the northwest of the region....
    ; Britain and Norway
    Norway

    Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a constitutional monarchy in Northern Europe that occupies the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula....
     at only 2%
    • Haplogroup G1
    • Haplogroup G2
      • Haplogroup G2a
        • Haplogroup G2a1
      • Haplogroup G2b
      • Haplogroup G2c
        Haplogroup G2c (Y-DNA)

        In human genetics, Haplogroup G2c is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and is defined by the presence of the M377 mutation. It is a branch of Haplogroup G , which in turn is defined by the presence of the M201 mutation....
         (formerly Haplogroup G5)
        • Haplogroup G2c1
  • Haplogroup H
    Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup H is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups.This haplogroup is found at a high frequency in Indian Subcontinent. It is generally rare outside of the Indian subcontinent but is common among the Roma people, particularly the H-M82 subgroup....
     (M69) Found in India
    India

    India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
    , Sri Lanka
    Sri Lanka

    Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is an island country in South Asia, located about off the southern coast of India....
    • Haplogroup H1
    • Haplogroup H2
  • Haplogroup IJ
    Haplogroup IJ (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup IJ is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups.Haplogroup IJ is a descendant branch of Haplogroup IJK which in turn derives from the greater Haplogroup F ....
     (P123, P124, P125, P126, P127, P129, P130) ca. 45 ka
    • Haplogroup I
      Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup I is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup IJ , itself a derivative of Haplogroup IJK .Y-DNA Haplogroup I represents nearly one-fifth of the population of Europe....
       (M170, M258) Found in Europe
      Europe

      Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
       and parts of the Near East
      Near East

      Near East today is an ambiguous term that covers different countries for archeologists and historians, on one hand, and for political scientists, economists, and journalists, on the other....
      • Haplogroup I1
        Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA)

        In human genetics, Haplogroup I1 is a Y chromosome haplogroup occurring at greatest frequency in Scandinavia, associated with the mutations identified as M253, M307, P30, and P40....
         (M253) Found in northern Europe, Scandinavia
      • Haplogroup I2
        Haplogroup I2 (Y-DNA)

        In human genetics, Haplogroup I2 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Until 2008, it was formerly known as Haplogroup I1b....
         (P215) Found in southeast Europe, Sardinia
    • Haplogroup J
      Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup J is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is defined by the 12f2.1 genetic marker, or the equivalent M304 marker....
       (M304, S6, S34, S35)
      • Haplogroup J* (minimal distribution)
      • Haplogroup J1
        Haplogroup J1 (Y-DNA)

        In human genetics, Haplogroup J1 is a Y chromosome haplogroup which is a subdivision of haplogroup J ....
         Associated with Northeast Caucasian
        Northeast Caucasian languages

        The Northeast Caucasian languages, also called East Caucasian, Caspian, Nakho-Dagestanian, or Dagestanian, are a family of languages spoken in the Russian republics of Dagestan, Chechnya, and Ingushetia, in northern Azerbaijan, and in Georgia , as well as in diaspora populations....
         peoples in Dagestan
        Dagestan

        The Republic of Dagestan , older spelling Daghestan, is a federal subjects of Russia of the Russia ....
         and Semitic
        Semitic

        In linguistics and ethnology, Semitic was first used to refer to a language family of largely Middle Eastern origin, now called the Semitic languages....
         peoples in Mesopotamia, the Levant, the Arabian Peninsula, Ethiopia
        Ethiopia

        Ethiopia , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country situated in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east and Djibouti to the northeast....
        , and North Africa
        North Africa

        North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa.Geopolitically, the United Nations subregion of Northern Africa includes the following seven countries or territories:...
      • Haplogroup J2
        Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)

        In human genetics, Haplogroup J2 is a Y chromosome haplogroup which is a subdivision of haplogroup J . It is further divided into two complementary clades, J2a-M410 and J2b-M12....
         (M172) Found mainly in the Mediterranean basin (esp. Italy
        Italy

        Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
        , Greece
        Greece

        Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkans. It has borders with Albania, Bulgaria and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to the north, and Turkey to the east....
        , and the Balkans
        Balkans

        The Balkans is the historical name of a geographic subregion of southeastern Europe. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains, which run through the centre of Bulgaria into eastern Serbia....
        ), Turkey
        Turkey

        Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in southwest Asia and Thrace in the Balkans region of Southern Europe....
        , Georgia
        Georgia (country)

        Georgia is a transcontinental country in the Caucasus region, located at the dividing line between Europe and Asia. It is bordered by the Russia to the north, Azerbaijan to the east, Armenia to the south, and Turkey to the southwest....
        , Jews, Levant
        Levant

        The Levant describes, traditionally, the Eastern Mediterranean at large, but can be used as a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia formed by the lands bordering the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean, roughly bounded on the north by the Taurus Mountains, on the south by the Arabian Desert, and on the west by the M...
  • Haplogroup K
    Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup K is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. This haplogroup is a descendant of Haplogroup IJK . Its major descendant haplogroups are haplogroup L , haplogroup M , Haplogroup NO , haplogroup P , haplogroup S , and haplogroup T ....
     (M9) Found in New Guinea
    New Guinea

    New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the List of islands by area, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded after the last glacial period....
    , Australia
    Australia

    Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans....
    • LT (see below)
    • Haplogroup K1 Found in the Solomon Islands
      Solomon Islands

      For the group of islands rather than the nation, see Solomon Islands .The Solomon Islands is a country in Melanesia, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands....
       and Fiji
      Fiji

      Fiji , officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands , is an island nation in the South Pacific Ocean east of Vanuatu, west of Tonga and south of Tuvalu....
    • Haplogroup T
      Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)

      Haplogroup T is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. From 2002 to 2008, it was known as Haplogroup K2. It should not be confused with the Haplogroup T , of the same name....
       Found in Africa (mainly Afro-Asiatic
      Afro-Asiatic languages

      The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a language family with about 375 living languages and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and Southwest Asia ....
      -speaking peoples), the Middle East
      Middle East

      File:GreaterMiddleEast1.pngThe Middle East is a region that spans southwestern Asia, western Asia, and northeastern Africa. It has no clear boundaries, often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East....
      , the Mediterranean, South Asia
      South Asia

      South Asia, also known as Southern Asia, is the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan countries and, for some authorities , also includes the adjoining countries on the west and the east....
      ; formerly known as       Haplogroup K2
    • Haplogroup K3 Found in two individuals in South Asia
    • Haplogroup K4
    • Haplogroup S
      Haplogroup S (Y-DNA)

      Haplogroup S is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. From 2002 to 2008, it was known as Haplogroup K5....
       Found in New Guinea; formerly known as Haplogroup K5
    • Haplogroup K6 Found in Melanesia
    • Haplogroup K7 Found in Melanesia


Groups descended from Haplogroup K (LT)

Haplogroup L is mainly found in South Asia
South Asia

South Asia, also known as Southern Asia, is the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan countries and, for some authorities , also includes the adjoining countries on the west and the east....
. Haplogroup M is most prevalent in Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea , officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands ....
. The NO haplogroup appeared ca. 35-40 ka in Central Asia
Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
. Haplogroup N probably originated in Mongolia
Mongolia

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia and Central Asia. It borders Russia to the north and People's Republic of China to the south, east and west....
 and spread both east into Siberia
Siberia

Siberia , is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of North Asia and for the most part currently serving as the massive central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, having served in the same capacity previously for the Soviet Union from its beginning, and the Russian Empire beginning in the 16th century....
 and west, being the most common group found in Uralic peoples. Haplogroup O is found at its highest frequency in East Asia
East Asia

East Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either Geography or cultural terms. Geography and geopolitically, it covers about 12,000,000 km?, or about 28 percent of the Asian continent, about 15 percent bigger than the area of Europe, though some categorize Tibet, Xinjiang, and Mongolia as Central Asia....
 and Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India and north of Australia....
, with lower frequencies in the South Pacific
Oceania

Oceania is a geography, often geopolitics, region consisting of numerous lands—mostly islands in the Pacific Ocean and vicinity. The term "Oceania" was coined in 1831 by French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville....
, Central Asia
Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
, and South Asia
South Asia

South Asia, also known as Southern Asia, is the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan countries and, for some authorities , also includes the adjoining countries on the west and the east....
. Haplogroup P gave rise to groups Q and R, and is rarely found in its undifferentiated stage. It probably originated in Central Asia or the Altai region. Haplogroup Q also originated in Central Asia, migrating east to North America.

  • Haplogroup L
    Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup L is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup....
     (M20) Found in South Asia, Central Asia, Southwest Asia, the Mediterranean
    • Haplogroup L1
    • Haplogroup L2
    • Haplogroup L3


  • Haplogroup M
    Haplogroup M (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup M is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The Karafet's 2008 paper introduced a number of changes, compared to the previous ....
     (P256) Found in New Guinea and Melanesia
    • Haplogroup M1
    • Haplogroup M2
    • Haplogroup M3


  • Haplogroup NO
    Haplogroup NO (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup NO is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups.Haplogroup NO is a descendant branch of the greater Haplogroup K and a phylogenetic sibling of Haplogroup P ....
     (M214) 35-40 ka (minimal distribution)
    • Haplogroup N
      Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup N is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup....
       (M231) Found in northernmost Eurasia, especially among the Uralic peoples
    • Haplogroup O
      Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup O is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O is a close cladistic brother group with Haplogroup N , and is one of several descendants of haplogroup K ....
       (M175) Found in East Asia, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific


  • Haplogroup P
    Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup P is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.This haplogroup contains the patrilineal ancestors of most European ethnic groupss and almost all of the indigenous peoples of the Americas....
     (M45) (minimal distribution)
    • Haplogroup Q
      Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup Q is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup Q is a branch of Haplogroup P . It is believed to have arisen in Siberia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years ago....
       (MEH2, M242, P36) Found in Siberia
      Siberia

      Siberia , is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of North Asia and for the most part currently serving as the massive central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, having served in the same capacity previously for the Soviet Union from its beginning, and the Russian Empire beginning in the 16th century....
       and the Americas
      Americas

      The Americas are the region of the Western hemisphere that consists of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions....
    • Haplogroup R
      Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup R is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup P , associated with the M207 mutation....
       (M207, M306) Found in Europe
      Europe

      Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
      , West Asia, Central Asia
      Central Asia

      Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
      , and South Asia
      South Asia

      South Asia, also known as Southern Asia, is the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan countries and, for some authorities , also includes the adjoining countries on the west and the east....


  • Haplogroup S
    Haplogroup S (Y-DNA)

    Haplogroup S is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. From 2002 to 2008, it was known as Haplogroup K5....
     (formerly Haplogroup K5) Found in the highlands of New Guinea


  • Haplogroup T
    Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)

    Haplogroup T is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. From 2002 to 2008, it was known as Haplogroup K2. It should not be confused with the Haplogroup T , of the same name....
     (formerly Haplogroup K2) (M184, M70, M193, M272) Found in a significant minority of Somalis, Ethiopians
    Demographics of Ethiopia

    This article is about the demographics features of the population of Ethiopia, including population density, Ethnic group, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....
    , Fulbe
    Fula people

    Fula or Fulani or Fulbe are an ethnic group of people spread over many countries, predominantly in West Africa, but found also in Central Africa and Sudanese North Africa....
    , Egyptians, Oman
    Oman

    Oman , officially the Sultanate of Oman , is an Arab country in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders the United Arab Emirates on the northwest, Saudi Arabia on the west and Yemen on the southwest....
    i & Serbs
    Serbs

    Serbs are a South Slavs people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in Croatia....
    ; also found at low frequency throughout the Mediterranean and parts of India
    India

    India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
    • Haplogroup T1 (M320)
    • Haplogroup T2 (P77)


Groups descended from Haplogroup NO (M214)

The NO haplogroup appeared ca. 35-40 ka in Central Asia
Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
. Haplogroup N probably originated in Mongolia
Mongolia

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia and Central Asia. It borders Russia to the north and People's Republic of China to the south, east and west....
 and spread both east into Siberia
Siberia

Siberia , is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of North Asia and for the most part currently serving as the massive central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, having served in the same capacity previously for the Soviet Union from its beginning, and the Russian Empire beginning in the 16th century....
 and west, being the most common group found in Uralic peoples. Haplogroup O is found at its highest frequency in East Asia
East Asia

East Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either Geography or cultural terms. Geography and geopolitically, it covers about 12,000,000 km?, or about 28 percent of the Asian continent, about 15 percent bigger than the area of Europe, though some categorize Tibet, Xinjiang, and Mongolia as Central Asia....
 and Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India and north of Australia....
, with lower frequencies in the South Pacific
Oceania

Oceania is a geography, often geopolitics, region consisting of numerous lands—mostly islands in the Pacific Ocean and vicinity. The term "Oceania" was coined in 1831 by French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville....
, Central Asia
Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
, and South Asia
South Asia

South Asia, also known as Southern Asia, is the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan countries and, for some authorities , also includes the adjoining countries on the west and the east....
.

  • Haplogroup NO
    Haplogroup NO (Y-DNA)

    In human genetics, Haplogroup NO is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups.Haplogroup NO is a descendant branch of the greater Haplogroup K and a phylogenetic sibling of Haplogroup P ....
     (M214) 35-40 ka (minimal distribution)
    • Haplogroup N
      Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup N is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup....
       (M231) Found in northernmost Eurasia, especially among the Uralic peoples
      • Haplogroup N1 (LLY22g)
        • Haplogroup N1a
        • Haplogroup N1b
        • Haplogroup N1c
    • Haplogroup O
      Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup O is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O is a close cladistic brother group with Haplogroup N , and is one of several descendants of haplogroup K ....
       (M175) Found in East Asia, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific
      • Haplogroup O1
        Haplogroup O1 (Y-DNA)

        In human genetics, Haplogroup O1 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. Haplogroup O1 is a descendent branch of the greater Haplogroup O .The great majority of Y-chromosomes within Haplogroup O1 belong to its subgroup O1a ....
         (MSY2.2) Found in eastern and southern China
        China

        China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
        , Taiwan
        Taiwan

        Taiwan is an island in East Asia. "Taiwan" is also commonly used to refer to the country governed by the Republic of China and to the ROC itself, which governs the island of Taiwan, Orchid Island and Green Island, Taiwan in the Pacific Ocean off the Taiwan coast, the Penghu islands in the Taiwan Strait, and Kinmen and the Matsu Islands...
        , and Southeast Asia
        Southeast Asia

        Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India and north of Australia....
        , especially among Austronesian
        Austronesian people

        Austronesian people are a population group present in Oceania and Southeast Asia who speak, or had ancestors who spoke, one of the Austronesian languages....
         and Kradai peoples
      • Haplogroup O2
        Haplogroup O2 (Y-DNA)

        In human genetics, Haplogroup O2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup O2 is a descendent branch of the greater Haplogroup O ....
         (P31, M268)
        • Haplogroup O2a
          Haplogroup O2a (Y-DNA)

          In genetics, Haplogroup O2a is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. Haplogroup O2a is a descendent branch of Haplogroup O2 . Its closest extant phylogenetic relatives are the Haplogroup O2* Y-chromosomes found at a low frequency throughout most of East Eurasia and the Haplogroup O2b Y-chromosomes found at low frequencies among the indigen...
           (M95) Found in Japan
          Japan

          Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
          , southern China, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent
          Indian subcontinent

          The Indian subcontinent is a large section of the Asian continent consisting of the land lying substantially on the Indian Plate. The subcontinent includes parts of various countries in South Asia, including those on the continental crust , an Island#Continental islands country on the continental shelf , and an Island#Oceanic islands countr...
          , especially among Austro-Asiatic
          Austro-Asiatic languages

          The Austro-Asiatic languages are a large language family of Southeast Asia, and also scattered throughout India and Bangladesh. The name comes from the Latin word for "south" and the Greek language name of Asia, hence "South Asia." Among these languages, only Vietnamese language, Khmer language, and Mon language have a long established record...
           peoples, Kradai peoples, Malays, and Indonesians
          Indonesia

          The Republic of Indonesia , is a transcontinental country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Comprising Islands of Indonesia, it is the world's largest Archipelago state....
        • Haplogroup O2b
          Haplogroup O2b (Y-DNA)

          Haplogroup O2b is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. It is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup O2 . Haplogroup O2b is found mainly in the northeastern parts of East Asia, from the Daur people of Inner Mongolia to the Japanese people of Japan; however, haplogroup O2b has also been found at significant frequency among some populations of...
           (SRY465, M176) Found in Japan, Korea
          Korea

          Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries, a civilization, and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia....
          , Manchuria
          Manchuria

          Manchuria is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria either falls entirely within People's Republic of China, or is divided between China and Russia....
          , and Southeast Asia
      • Haplogroup O3
        Haplogroup O3 (Y-DNA)

        In human genetics, Haplogroup O3 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup....
         (M122) Found throughout East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Austronesia
        Austronesia

        Austronesia, in historical terms, refers to the homeland of the Austronesian people who speak Austronesian languages, to which Malay language, Filipino language, Indonesian language, Maori language, Malagasy language, native Hawaiian, the Fijian language and around a thousand other languages belong....


Groups descended from Haplogroup P (M45)

Haplogroup P haplogroup P (M45)
Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup P is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.This haplogroup contains the patrilineal ancestors of most European ethnic groupss and almost all of the indigenous peoples of the Americas....
 is comprised of two branches. They are Q and R. They share the common marker M45.

Haplogroup Q
Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup Q is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup Q is a branch of Haplogroup P . It is believed to have arisen in Siberia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years ago....


Q is defined by the SNP M242. It is believed to have arisen in Central Asia
Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
 approximately 35-40 000 years ago. The subclade
Subclade

In genetics, subclade is a term used to describe a subgroup of a subgenus or haplogroup. It is commonly used today in describing genealogical DNA tests of human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups....
s of Haplogroup Q with their defining mutation(s), according to are provided below. ss4 bp, rs41352448, is not represented in the ISOGG 2008 tree because it is a value for an STR. This low frequency value been found as a novel Q lineage (Q5) in Indian populations http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2258157 BMC Evol Biol 2007.

The 2008 ISOGG tree

  • Q (M242)
    • Q*
    • Q1 (P36.2)
      • Q1*
      • Q1a (MEH2)
        • Q1a*
        • Q1a1 (M120, M265/N14) Found at low frequency among Chinese
          Han Chinese

          Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to China and, by most modern definitions, the largest single ethnic group in the Earth.Han Chinese constitute about 92 percent of the population of the People's Republic of China , 98 percent of the population of the Republic of China , 75 percent of the population of Singapore, and about 19 percent...
          , Koreans, Dungan
          Dungan

          Dungan is a term used in territories of the former Soviet Union to refer to a Muslim people of hui origin. Turkic-speaking peoples in Xinjiang Province in China also refer to members of this ethnic group as Dungans....
          s, Hazara, and Tibetans
        • Q1a2 (M25, M143) Found at low to moderate frequency among some populations of Southwest Asia
          Southwest Asia

          Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia is the southwestern subregion of Asia. The term West Asia is sometimes used in the United Nations subregion geoscheme and in writings about the archeology and the late prehistory of the region....
          , Central Asia
          Central Asia

          Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
          , and Siberia
          Siberia

          Siberia , is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of North Asia and for the most part currently serving as the massive central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, having served in the same capacity previously for the Soviet Union from its beginning, and the Russian Empire beginning in the 16th century....
        • Q1a3 (M346)
          • Q1a3* Found at low frequency in Pakistan
            Pakistan

            Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia and borders Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046 kilometre coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and People's Republic of China in th...
            , India
            India

            India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
            , and Tibet
            Tibet

            Tibet is a Tibetan Plateau in Asia, north of the Himalayas, and the home to the indigenous Tibetan people and its related ethnic groups. With an average elevation of 4,900 metres , it is the highest region on Earth and has in recent decades increasingly been referred to as the "Roof of the World"....
          • Q1a3a
            Haplogroup Q3 (Y-DNA)

            In human genetics Haplogroup Q1a3a is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup Q1a3a is a subclade of Haplogroup Q . Haplogroup Q1a3a was previously known as Haplogroup Q3....
             (M3) Typical of indigenous peoples of the Americas
            Indigenous peoples of the Americas

            The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas, their descendants, and many ethnic groups who identify with those peoples....
             but also found at low frequencies in Europe and across Northern Asia
            • Q1a3a*
            • Q1a3a1 (M19) Found among some indigenous peoples of South America
              South America

              South America is the southern continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere....
              , such as the Ticuna and the Wayuu
              Wayuu

              Wayuu is an Amerindian ethnic group of the La Guajira Desert in northern Colombia and northwest Venezuela. They are part of the Maipurean linguistic family....
            • Q1a3a2 (M194)
            • Q1a3a3 (M199, P106, P292)
        • Q1a4 (P48)
        • Q1a5 (P89)
        • Q1a6 (M323) Found in a significant minority of Yemeni Jews
          Yemenite Jews

          Yemenite Jews are those Jews who live, or whose recent ancestors lived, in Yemen , on the southern tip of the Arabian peninsula. Virtually the entire Jewish population emigrated from Yemen between June 1949 and September 1950 in what was deemed Operation Magic Carpet ....
      • Q1b (M378) Found at low frequency among samples of Hazara and Sindhis
        Sindhi people

        Sindhis are a Sindhi language speaking socio-ethnic group of people originating from Sindh, now a province of Pakistan. Today Sindhis that live in Pakistan are predominantly Muslim but there are also smaller minorities of Hindus and Christians....


Haplogroup R
Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup R is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup P , associated with the M207 mutation....


Haplogroup R is defined by the SNP M207. The bulk of Haplogroup R
Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup R is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup P , associated with the M207 mutation....
 is represented in lineages R1a and R1b. R1a likely originated in the Eurasian Steppes, and is associated with the Kurgan
Kurgan

Kurgan is the Russian language word for a tumulus, a type of burial mound or barrow, heaped over a burial chamber, often of wood.The distribution of such tumuli in Eastern Europe corresponds closely to the area of the Pit Grave or Kurgan culture in South-Eastern Europe....
 culture and Proto-Indo-European
Proto-Indo-Europeans

The Proto-Indo-Europeans were the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, and likely lived around 4000 BC, during the Copper Age and the Bronze Age, or possibly earlier, during the Neolithic or Paleolithic eras....
 expansion. It is primarily found in Central Asia, South Asia, and the Slavic peoples
Slavic peoples

The Slavic Peoples are a linguistic branch of Indo-European peoples, living mainly in eastern Europe. From the early 6th century they spread from their original homeland to inhabit most of eastern Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the Balkans....
 of Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a term that applies to the geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the Europe. Throughout history and to a lesser extent today, parts of Eastern Europe has been distinguishable from Western Europe and other regions due to cultural, religious, economic, and historical reasons, even though there i...
. R1b originated prior to or during the last glaciation, when it was concentrated in refugia in southern Europe; it is also found sparsely distributed among various peoples of Asia
Asia

Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area and, with over 4 billion people, it contains more than 60% of the world's current human population....
 and Africa
Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km? including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area....
. Some form of R1b, perhaps R1b1* (P25), probably migrated westward to populate Western Europe around 35,000 ybp. Its subclade R1b1c (M269) is the haplogroup that is most commonly found among modern European populations, especially those of Western Europe
Western Europe

Western Europe refers to the countries in the western most half of Europe. This concept has had different meanings, political and cultural as well as geographical issues have influenced the area....
.

  • Haplogroup R1 (M173) Found throughout western Eurasia
    • Haplogroup R1a
      Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)

      A subclade of Haplogroup R #R, R1a is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups is "currently found in central and western Asia, India, and in Slavic populations of Eastern Europe"....
       (M17) Found in Central Asia, South Asia, and Central, Northern and Eastern Europe
    • Haplogroup R1b
      Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)

      In human genetics, Haplogroup R1b is the most frequent Y chromosome haplogroup in Western Europe, where its frequency is highest.More specifically, its frequency is highest in Atlantic Europe and, due to European emigration, in North America, South America, and Australia....
       (M343) Found in Western Europe, West Asia, Central Asia
      Central Asia

      Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
      , North Africa
      North Africa

      North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa.Geopolitically, the United Nations subregion of Northern Africa includes the following seven countries or territories:...
      , and northern Cameroon
      Cameroon

      The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary state of central and western Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south....
  • Haplogroup R2
    Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA)

    R2 is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups characterized by genetic marker M124, and is rarely found outside India, Pakistan, Iran, and southern Central Asia....
     (M124) Found in South Asia, Caucasus, Central Asia, and Eastern Europe


See also

  • Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups
    Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups

    Listed here are notable ethnic groups by Y-DNA haplogroups based on relevant studies. The data is presented in two colums for each haplogroup with the first being the sample size and the second the percentage in the haplogroup designated by the column header....
  • List of Y-DNA single nucleotide polymorphisms
    List of Y-DNA single nucleotide polymorphisms

    External links *...
  • List of DYS markers
    List of DYS markers

    The following list of DYS markers are commonly used in genealogical DNA testing.#DYS454 is the least diverse, and multi-copy marker #DYS464 is the most diverse Y-STR marker....
  • Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
    Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups

    In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in Human mitochondrial genetics. These haplogroups have led some researchers to trace the matrilineal inheritance of modern humans back to human origins in Africa and the subsequent spread across the globe....
  • * (haplogroup)
    * (haplogroup)

    In human genetics, Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup and Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup are designated by letters of the alphabet. When a person takes a genealogical DNA test, the presence of an asterisk in their test result indicates that they are a member of a particular haplogroup, but not of a known subclade ....
  • molecular phylogeny
    Molecular phylogeny

    Molecular phylogenetics, also known as molecular systematics, is the use of the structure of molecules to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships....
  • genetic genealogy
    Genetic genealogy

    Genetic genealogy is the application of genetics to Genealogy. Genetic genealogy involves the use of genealogical DNA testing to determine the level of genetic relationship between individuals....
  • genealogical DNA test
    Genealogical DNA test

    A genealogical DNA test examines the nucleotides at specific locations on a person's DNA for genetic genealogy purposes. The test results are not meant to have any informative medical value and do not determine specific genetic diseases or disorders ; they are intended only to give genealogical information....


External links

  • [https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html Atlas of the Human Journey], from the Genographic Project, National Geographic
  • [https://home.comcast.net/~whitathey/predictorinstr.htm Haplogroup Predictor]
  • (PDF)
  • Semino et al. (2000) Paper that defined "Eu" haplogroups