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Hugh Samuel Johnson

 
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Hugh Samuel Johnson (August 5, 1882 - April 15, 1942) American
United States

The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
 soldier and National Recovery Administration
National Recovery Administration

The National Recovery Administration , created in the United States of America under the 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act, was one of the New Deal programs of President of the United States Franklin D....
 official.

He was born in Fort Scott, Kansas
Fort Scott, Kansas

Fort Scott is a city in Bourbon County, Kansas, Kansas, United States, 88 miles south of Kansas City, Kansas, on the Marmaton River. The population was 8,297 at the United States Census, 2000, and it was estimated to be in the year ....
 in 1882. After graduating from the United States Military Academy
United States Military Academy

The United States Military Academy at West Point is a four-year coeducational United States Service academies located at West Point, New York, New York....
 in 1903, Johnson became an officer in the US Army
United States Army

The United States Army is the branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for Army operations. It is the largest and oldest established branch of the U.S....
. Johnson served under General John J. Pershing
John J. Pershing

John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing, Order of the Bath was an officer in the United States Army. He is the only person to be promoted in his own lifetime to the highest rank ever held in the United States Army?General of the Armies....
 in Mexico
Mexico

The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federalism constitutionalism republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico....
 during 1916 and the following year became deputy provost marshal general in Washington.

When the United States entered the First World War
World War I

World War I, or the First World War , was a global military conflict which involved the Great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War I and the Central Powers....
, Johnson helped draft the Selective Service Act of 1917
Selective Service Act of 1917

The Selective Service Act or Selective Draft Act was passed by the Congress of the United States on May 18, 1917.It was drafted by Brigadier General Hugh Johnson after the United States entered The Great War....
.






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1933
Hugh Samuel Johnson (August 5, 1882 - April 15, 1942) American
United States

The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
 soldier and National Recovery Administration
National Recovery Administration

The National Recovery Administration , created in the United States of America under the 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act, was one of the New Deal programs of President of the United States Franklin D....
 official.

He was born in Fort Scott, Kansas
Fort Scott, Kansas

Fort Scott is a city in Bourbon County, Kansas, Kansas, United States, 88 miles south of Kansas City, Kansas, on the Marmaton River. The population was 8,297 at the United States Census, 2000, and it was estimated to be in the year ....
 in 1882. After graduating from the United States Military Academy
United States Military Academy

The United States Military Academy at West Point is a four-year coeducational United States Service academies located at West Point, New York, New York....
 in 1903, Johnson became an officer in the US Army
United States Army

The United States Army is the branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for Army operations. It is the largest and oldest established branch of the U.S....
. Johnson served under General John J. Pershing
John J. Pershing

John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing, Order of the Bath was an officer in the United States Army. He is the only person to be promoted in his own lifetime to the highest rank ever held in the United States Army?General of the Armies....
 in Mexico
Mexico

The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federalism constitutionalism republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico....
 during 1916 and the following year became deputy provost marshal general in Washington.

When the United States entered the First World War
World War I

World War I, or the First World War , was a global military conflict which involved the Great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War I and the Central Powers....
, Johnson helped draft the Selective Service Act of 1917
Selective Service Act of 1917

The Selective Service Act or Selective Draft Act was passed by the Congress of the United States on May 18, 1917.It was drafted by Brigadier General Hugh Johnson after the United States entered The Great War....
. By 1918 Johnson had reached the rank of brigadier general
Brigadier general (United States)

A brigadier general in the United States Army, United States Air Force, and United States Marine Corps, is a 1 star rank general officer, with the U.S....
. His main duty was coordinating Army's purchases with the War Industries Board
War Industries Board

The War Industries Board was a United States government agency established on July 28, 1917, during World War I, to coordinate the purchase of war supplies....
. He retired in 1919 and became an executive of Moline Plow Company. He left to become an advisor to Bernard Baruch
Bernard Baruch

Bernard Mannes Baruch was an American financier, stock market speculator, statesman, and presidential advisor. After his success in business, he devoted his time toward advising Democratic presidents Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D....
 in 1927, and campaigned for Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election
United States presidential election, 1932

The United States presidential election of 1932 took place as the effects of the 1929 Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression were being felt intensely across the country....


Johnson played a major role in the New Deal
New Deal

The New Deal was the name that United States President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt gave to a sequence of central economic planning and economic stimulus programs he initiated between 1933 and 1938 with the goal of giving aid to the unemployed, reform of business and financial practices, and recovery of the Economy of the Unite...
. In 1933 Roosevelt appointed Johnson to administer part of the National Recovery Administration
National Recovery Administration

The National Recovery Administration , created in the United States of America under the 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act, was one of the New Deal programs of President of the United States Franklin D....
 (NRA). Johnson has been said to have looked on Italian Fascist corporativism as a kind of model. He distributed copies of a Fascist tract called "The Corporate State" by one of Mussolini's favorite economists, including giving one to Labor Secretary Francis Perkins and asking her give copies to her cabinet. The NRA involved organizing thousands of businesses under codes drawn up by trade associations and industries. He was recognized for his efforts when Time Magazine named the colorful New Dealer Man of the Year
Person of the Year

Person of the Year is an annual issue of the United States newsmagazine Time that features and profiles a man, woman, couple, group, idea, place, or machine that "for better or for worse, ...has done the most to influence the events of the year."...
 of 1933. "Old Iron Pants" could mix theorizing about industrial reorganization with evangelism for the NRA's omnipresent symbol, the "Blue Eagle
Blue Eagle

The Blue Eagle, a blue-colored representation of the American "Thunderbird ," with outspread wings, was a symbol used in the United States by companies to show compliance with the National Industrial Recovery Act....
." He was faltering badly by 1934, which historians ascribe to the profound contradictions in NRA policies, compounded by heavy drinking on the job. Roosevelt replaced him in September 1934, reassigning him to a Works Progress Administration
Works Progress Administration

The Works Progress Administration was the largest New Deal agency, employing millions of people and affecting almost every locality in the United States, especially rural and western mountain populations....
 position. Johnson was criticized by Labor Secretary Frances Perkins
Frances Perkins

Frances Coralie Perkins was the United States Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the List of female United States Cabinet Secretaries appointed to the US Cabinet....
 for having Fascist inclinations. Johnson supported Roosevelt in the 1936 presidential election
United States presidential election, 1936

The United States presidential election of 1936 was the most lopsided presidential election in the history of the United States . The election took place as the Great Depression in the United States entered its eighth year....
, but when the Court-packing plan was announced in 1937 he denounced Roosevelt as a would-be dictator. He supported Wendell Willkie
Wendell Willkie

Wendell Lewis Willkie was a corporate lawyer in the United States and the United States Republican Party nominee for the United States presidential election, 1940, despite having never held a prior elected political office....
 the Republican candidate in the 1940 presidential election
United States presidential election, 1940

The United States presidential election of 1940 was fought in the shadow of World War II as the United States was emerging from the Great Depression....
, and in retaliation Roosevelt denied him any role in World War II
World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a Participants in World War II, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War II and the Axis powers....
.

An article in Time Magazine reported that during an NRA parade, as department store marches passed by waving their Blue Eagle placard, Johnson raised his hand in a "continuous Fascist salute". Johnson in his memoir on the event and article, claimed that the photograph had been altered and that someone else's body had been superimposed over his.:
I stood in the reviewing stand in that parade and there were hundreds of people I knew who waved as they went past. Down below were massed batteries of cameras, and I knew if I raised my hand higher than my shoulders, it would seem and be publicized as a "Fascist salute." So I never did raise it higher. I just stuck my arm out straight and wiggled my hand around. But that didn't help me—Time came out saying I had constantly saluted au Mussolini and even had a photograph to prove it, but it wasn't my arm on that photograph. It wore the taped cuff sleeve of a cut-away coat and a stiff round cuff with an old fashioned cuff button and I never wore either in my whole life. I think it was the arm of Mayor O'Brien who stood beside me which had been faked onto my body.


See also


External links

  • Retrieved on 2008-07-02
  • - Time's 1933 Man of Year article on Johnson