Hoxhaism
Encyclopedia
"Hoxhaism" is an informal term used to refer to a variant of anti-revisionist
Marxism-Leninism
that developed in the late 1970s due to a split in the Maoist movement, appearing after the ideological row
between the Communist Party of China
and the Party of Labour of Albania in 1978.
The Albanians rallied a new separate international tendency. This tendency would demarcate itself by a strict defense of the legacy of Joseph Stalin and fierce criticism of virtually all other Communist groupings as revisionist. Critical of the United States, the Soviet Union, China, and Yugoslavia, Enver Hoxha
declared the latter three to be social-imperialist and condemned the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia by withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact
in response.
Hoxha declared Albania to be the world's only state legitimately adhering to Marxism-Leninism
after 1978. The Albanians were able to win over a large share of the Maoists, mainly in Latin America
such as the Popular Liberation Army and Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador
, as well as the Communist Party of Brazil
, but also had a significant international following in general. This tendency has occasionally been labeled as 'Hoxhaism' after him.
After the fall of the Communist government in Albania
, the pro-Albanian parties are grouped around an international conference
and the publication Unity and Struggle.
Anti-Revisionist
In the Marxist–Leninist movement, anti-revisionism refers to a doctrine which upholds the line of theory and practice associated with Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, and usually either Mao Zedong or Enver Hoxha as well...
Marxism-Leninism
Marxism-Leninism
Marxism–Leninism is a communist ideology, officially based upon the theories of Marxism and Vladimir Lenin, that promotes the development and creation of a international communist society through the leadership of a vanguard party over a revolutionary socialist state that represents a dictatorship...
that developed in the late 1970s due to a split in the Maoist movement, appearing after the ideological row
Sino-Albanian split
The Sino-Albanian split in 1978 saw the parting of the People's Republic of China and People's Socialist Republic of Albania, which was the only Eastern European nation to side with the PRC in the Sino–Soviet split of the early 1960s.-History:...
between the Communist Party of China
Communist Party of China
The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party , is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China...
and the Party of Labour of Albania in 1978.
The Albanians rallied a new separate international tendency. This tendency would demarcate itself by a strict defense of the legacy of Joseph Stalin and fierce criticism of virtually all other Communist groupings as revisionist. Critical of the United States, the Soviet Union, China, and Yugoslavia, Enver Hoxha
Enver Hoxha
Enver Halil Hoxha was a Marxist–Leninist revolutionary andthe leader of Albania from the end of World War II until his death in 1985, as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania...
declared the latter three to be social-imperialist and condemned the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia by withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact
Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance , or more commonly referred to as the Warsaw Pact, was a mutual defense treaty subscribed to by eight communist states in Eastern Europe...
in response.
Hoxha declared Albania to be the world's only state legitimately adhering to Marxism-Leninism
Marxism-Leninism
Marxism–Leninism is a communist ideology, officially based upon the theories of Marxism and Vladimir Lenin, that promotes the development and creation of a international communist society through the leadership of a vanguard party over a revolutionary socialist state that represents a dictatorship...
after 1978. The Albanians were able to win over a large share of the Maoists, mainly in Latin America
Latin America
Latin America is a region of the Americas where Romance languages – particularly Spanish and Portuguese, and variably French – are primarily spoken. Latin America has an area of approximately 21,069,500 km² , almost 3.9% of the Earth's surface or 14.1% of its land surface area...
such as the Popular Liberation Army and Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador
Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador
Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador is a Hoxhaist political party in Ecuador, founded August 1, 1964, following a split from the Communist Party of Ecuador....
, as well as the Communist Party of Brazil
Communist Party of Brazil
The Communist Party of Brazil is a political party in Brazil. It has national reach and deep penetration in the trade union and students movements. PCdoB dispute with the Brazilian Communist Party the title of "oldest political party in Brazil"...
, but also had a significant international following in general. This tendency has occasionally been labeled as 'Hoxhaism' after him.
After the fall of the Communist government in Albania
People's Socialist Republic of Albania
The People's Republic of Albania was the official name of Albania during the communist rule between 1946 and 1976. The 1976 Constitution changed the name into People's Socialist Republic of Albania , which was the official name of the country from 1976 until 1991.-Consolidation of power and...
, the pro-Albanian parties are grouped around an international conference
International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)
The International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations is an international network of Hoxhaist Communist parties that uphold the line of Enver Hoxha and the Albanian Party of Labour...
and the publication Unity and Struggle.
List of Hoxhaist parties
- Party of Labour of Albania
- American Party of Labor
- Marxist–Leninist League of Tigray
- One of several Communist Parties of GermanyCommunist Party of Germany (Roter Morgen)The Communist Party of Germany is a minor German political party established in 1968 in Hamburg.It was founded in 1985 by members of a party of the same name The Communist Party of Germany (Red Dawn) is a minor German political party established in 1968 in Hamburg.It was founded in 1985 by...
- Labour Party of IranLabour Party of IranThe Labour Party of Iran is a Hoxhaist Communist party whose leadership is currently exiled in Germany. It is against the Iranian government and is a member of the International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations ....
- Malian Party of LabourMalian Party of LabourThe Malian Party of Labour is a Marxist-Leninist party in Mali and a member of the coalition supporting the Alliance for Democracy in Mali of president Amadou Toumani Touré. Founded in 1965, it was prominent in the student resistance to the 1968-1991 military regime of General Moussa Traoré...
- Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Turkey
- Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador
- Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Venezuela
- Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)The Communist Party of Canada is a Canadian federal Marxist–Leninist political party.The party is registered with Elections Canada as the Marxist–Leninist Party of Canada...
- Marxist–Leninist Party of the United States
- Organization for the Communist Party of the Proletariat of ItalyOrganization for the Communist Party of the Proletariat of ItalyThe Organization for the Communist Party of the Italian Proletariat was a Hoxhaist Communist party in Italy founded sometime around the 1970s-1994. It was a member of the International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations but became defunct somewhere around 2002...
- Revolutionary Communist Party (Brazil)Revolutionary Communist Party (Brazil)The Revolutionary Communist Party is a Hoxhaist communist political party in Brazil. It formed after a split with the October 8th Revolutionary Movement in 1995. It is a member of the International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations ....
- U.S. Marxist–Leninist Organization
- Workers Party of the NetherlandsWorkers Party of the Netherlands (build-up organisation)Workers Party of the Netherlands was a communist party in the Netherlands. APN was founded in 1980, following a split from the Communist Workers Organisation . It upheld the line of the Albanian Party of Labour after the Sino-Albanian split...
- Tunisian Workers' Communist PartyTunisian Workers' Communist PartyThe Tunisian Workers' Communist Party , also known by its French acronym PCOT, is a Marxist-Leninist political party in Tunisia. Its general secretary is Hamma Hammami. It was outlawed until the Tunisian Revolution, when in a failed attempt to shore up the state framework it and another banned...
Hoxhaist Websites
See also
- Ethnic Albania
- AlbaniaAlbaniaAlbania , officially known as the Republic of Albania , is a country in Southeastern Europe, in the Balkans region. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea...
- Enver HoxhaEnver HoxhaEnver Halil Hoxha was a Marxist–Leninist revolutionary andthe leader of Albania from the end of World War II until his death in 1985, as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania...
- Party of Labour of Albania
- Sino-Albanian SplitSino-Albanian splitThe Sino-Albanian split in 1978 saw the parting of the People's Republic of China and People's Socialist Republic of Albania, which was the only Eastern European nation to side with the PRC in the Sino–Soviet split of the early 1960s.-History:...
- International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)The International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations is an international network of Hoxhaist Communist parties that uphold the line of Enver Hoxha and the Albanian Party of Labour...