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The House of Wisdom (; Bait al-Hikma) was a key institution in the Translation Movement
Translation Movement

The Translation Movement was a movement started in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad which translated Aristotle and many Persian classics into Arabic....
 - a library and translation institute in Abbassid-era Baghdad
Baghdad

Baghdad is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous. With a municipal population estimated at 6.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq, and the second largest city in the Arab World....
, Iraq
Iraq

Iraq , officially the Republic of Iraq , is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros Mountains, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
. It is considered to have been a major intellectual center of the Islamic Golden Age
Islamic Golden Age

The Islamic Golden Age, also sometimes known as the Islamic Renaissance, was traditionally dated from the 700 A.D. to 1200 A.D.Common Era, but has been extended to the 15th and 16th centuries by some scholars....
. The House of Wisdom acted as a society founded by Abbasid
Abbasid

The Abbasid Caliphate was the third of the Islamic Caliphates of the Islamic Empire. The Caliphate is one of the high points of Islam, and at the time Muslim civilization, together with that of Byzantium, China and India, was the most developed part of the world....
 caliph
Caliph

The Caliph is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah....
s Harun al-Rashid
Harun al-Rashid

Harun al-Rashid ; also spelled Harun ar-Rashid; , Aaron the Just, or Aaron the Rightly-Guided; March 17, 763 – March 24, 809) was the fifth and most famous Abbasid Caliphate Caliph....
 and his son al-Ma'mun
Al-Ma'mun

Abu Jafar al-Ma'mun ibn Harun was an Abbasid caliph who reigned from 813 until his death in 833. He succeeded his brother al-Amin....
 who reigned from 813-833 CE. Based in Baghdad from the 9th to 13th centuries, many of the most learned Muslim scholars were part of this excellent research and educational institute.

The term house of wisdom is a direct translation of Persian Sassanians designation for a library.






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The House of Wisdom (; Bait al-Hikma) was a key institution in the Translation Movement
Translation Movement

The Translation Movement was a movement started in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad which translated Aristotle and many Persian classics into Arabic....
 - a library and translation institute in Abbassid-era Baghdad
Baghdad

Baghdad is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous. With a municipal population estimated at 6.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq, and the second largest city in the Arab World....
, Iraq
Iraq

Iraq , officially the Republic of Iraq , is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros Mountains, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
. It is considered to have been a major intellectual center of the Islamic Golden Age
Islamic Golden Age

The Islamic Golden Age, also sometimes known as the Islamic Renaissance, was traditionally dated from the 700 A.D. to 1200 A.D.Common Era, but has been extended to the 15th and 16th centuries by some scholars....
. The House of Wisdom acted as a society founded by Abbasid
Abbasid

The Abbasid Caliphate was the third of the Islamic Caliphates of the Islamic Empire. The Caliphate is one of the high points of Islam, and at the time Muslim civilization, together with that of Byzantium, China and India, was the most developed part of the world....
 caliph
Caliph

The Caliph is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah....
s Harun al-Rashid
Harun al-Rashid

Harun al-Rashid ; also spelled Harun ar-Rashid; , Aaron the Just, or Aaron the Rightly-Guided; March 17, 763 – March 24, 809) was the fifth and most famous Abbasid Caliphate Caliph....
 and his son al-Ma'mun
Al-Ma'mun

Abu Jafar al-Ma'mun ibn Harun was an Abbasid caliph who reigned from 813 until his death in 833. He succeeded his brother al-Amin....
 who reigned from 813-833 CE. Based in Baghdad from the 9th to 13th centuries, many of the most learned Muslim scholars were part of this excellent research and educational institute.

The term house of wisdom is a direct translation of Persian Sassanians designation for a library. It was modelled on that of Sassanians had the purpose of translating books from Persian
Persian

Persian is of, from, or related to Iran , a country in the Middle East.* Persian people, an Iranian peoples ethno-linguistic community in Central and Southwest Asia....
 to Arabic and also preservation of translated books.

In the reign of al-Ma'mun, observatories
Observatory

An observatory is a location used for observing terrestrial and/or celestial events. Astronomy, climatology/meteorology, geology, oceanography and volcanology are examples of disciplines for which observatories have been constructed....
 were set up, and The House was an unrivalled centre for the study of humanities
Humanities

The humanities are academic disciplines which study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytic, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural science and social sciences....
 and for sciences
Islamic science

Science in medival Islam, also known as Islamic science, is a term used in the history of science to refer to the science developed in the Muslim world between 7th and 16th centuries, a period also known as the Islamic Golden Age....
, including mathematics
Islamic mathematics

Mathematics in medieval Islam or sometimes referred to as Islamic mathematics is a term used in the history of mathematics that refers to the mathematics developed in the Muslim world between 622 and 1600, in the part of the world where Islam was the dominant religion....
, astronomy
Islamic astronomy

In the history of astronomy, Islamic astronomy or Arabic astronomy refers to the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age , and mostly written in the Arabic language....
, medicine
Islamic medicine

In the history of medicine, Islamic medicine or Arabic medicine refers to medicine developed in the Islamic Golden Age and written in Arabic language, the lingua franca of the Islamic civilization....
, chemistry
Alchemy and chemistry in Islam

Alchemy and chemistry in Islam refers to the study of both traditional alchemy and early practical chemistry by Islamic science in the Islamic Golden Age....
, zoology
Zoology

Zoology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of animals. The most common pronunciation of "zoology" is ; however, an alternative pronunciation is ....
 and geography
Islamic geography

Islamic geography includes the advancement of geography, cartography and earth sciences under various Islamic civilizations. During the medieval ages, Islamic geography was driven by a number of factors: the Islamic Golden Age, parallel development of Islamic astronomy, translation of ancient texts into Arabic, increased travel due to comm...
. Drawing on Persian
Persian Empire

The 'Persian Empire' was a series of successive Iranian or Persianization empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland, and beyond in Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus....
, Indian
History of India

The known history of India begins with the Indus Valley Civilization, which spread and flourished in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent, from c....
 and Greek
Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
 texts—including those of Pythagoras
Pythagoras

Pythagoras of Samos was an Ionians Ancient Greeks mathematician and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. He is often revered as a great mathematician, mysticism and scientist; however some have questioned the scope of his contributions to mathematics and natural philosophy....
, Plato
Plato

Plato , was a Classical Greece Greeks philosopher, mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Platonic Academy in Ancient Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the western world....
, Aristotle
Aristotle

Aristotle was a Greeks philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, Poetics , theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology....
, Hippocrates
Hippocrates

Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos - ancient Greek: ; Hippokr?tes was an Ancient Greece physician of the Age of Pericles, and was considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine....
, Euclid
Euclid

Euclid , floruit 300 BC, also known as Euclid of Alexandria, was a Greek mathematics and is often referred to as the Father of Geometry. He was active in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I ....
, Plotinus
Plotinus

Plotinus was a major Philosophy of the ancient world who is widely considered the founder of Neoplatonism . Much of our biographical information about him comes from Porphyry 's preface to his edition of Plotinus' Enneads....
, Galen
Galen

Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus , better known as Galen of Pergamum , was a prominent Ancient Rome physician and philosopher of Greek origin, and probably the most accomplished medical researcher of the Roman period....
, Sushruta
Sushruta

Sushruta was a surgeon and teacher of Ayurveda who flourished in the Indian city of Varanasi by the 6th century BC. The medical treatise Sushruta Samhita?compiled in Vedic Sanskrit?is attributed to him....
, Charaka
Charaka

Charaka, sometimes spelled Caraka, born c. 300 BC in a Maga Brahmin family was one of the principal contributors to the ancient art and science of Ayurveda, a system of medicine and lifestyle thought to be developed about 5000 years ago in Ancient India....
, Aryabhata
Aryabhata

Aryabhaa is the first in the line of great mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy. His most famous works are the Aryabhatiya and Arya-Siddhanta....
 and Brahmagupta
Brahmagupta

Brahmagupta was an Indian Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy....
—the scholars accumulated a great collection of knowledge in the world, and built on it through their own discoveries. Baghdad was known as the world's richest city and centre for intellectual development of the time, and had a population of over a million, the largest in its time. The great scholars of the House of Wisdom included Al-Khawarizmi
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi

Muhammad ibn Musa Khwarizmi was a Persian people mathematics, astronomer and geographer. He was born around 780 in Khwarezm, in contemporary Khiva, Uzbekistan, which was then part of the native Iranian-Khwarizmian Afrigid dynasty, and died around 850....
, the "father
Fathers of scientific fields

Those known as the father, mother, or considered the List of persons considered a founder in a field are the scientists who have made important contributions to that field....
" of algebra
Algebra

Algebra is a branch of mathematics concerning the study of structure , relation , and quantity. Together with geometry, mathematical analysis, combinatorics, and number theory, algebra is one of the main branches of mathematics....
, which takes its name from his book Kitab al-Jabr
The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing

, also known under a shorter name spelled as 'Hisab al-jabr w?al-muqabala', ' Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala' and other transliterations) is a mathematical book written in Arabic, in approximately 820 AD by the Islamic mathematics, Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi....
.

Origins

In the Abbasid Empire, many foreign works were translated into Arabic from Persian
Persian language

name=Persian|nativename=|pronunciation=[f??r'si]|image=|caption=Farsi in Perso-Arabic script |states= Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Bahrain....
, large libraries were constructed, and scholars persecuted by the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire

Byzantine Empire and Eastern Roman Empire are conventional names used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered on its capital of Constantinople....
 were welcomed. . There was also an imperial library in Ctesiphon
Ctesiphon

Ctesiphon was one of the great cities of the Persian Empire, located on the east bank of the Tigris.Ctesiphon was an imperial capital of the Arsacids and of their successors, the Sassanids....
 (now Al-Mada'in
Al-Mada'in

Al-Mada'in is the name of an ancient urban complex along the Tigris, in present-day Iraq, that was the site of the cities of Seleucia and Ctesiphon, and was also referred to as Seleucia-Ctesiphon....
), and works were also translated at the Academy of Gundishapur
Academy of Gundishapur

The Academy of Gundishapur was a renowned academy of learning in the city of Gundeshapur during late antiquity, the intellectual center of the Sassanid empire....
, during the Islamic conquest of Persia
Islamic conquest of Persia

The Islamic conquest of Persian Empire led to the end of the Sassanid Persian Empire and the eventual extirpation of the Zoroastrianism religion in Iran....
. In 750
750

Events...
, the Abbasid
Abbasid

The Abbasid Caliphate was the third of the Islamic Caliphates of the Islamic Empire. The Caliphate is one of the high points of Islam, and at the time Muslim civilization, together with that of Byzantium, China and India, was the most developed part of the world....
 dynasty replaced the Umayyad dynasty as head of the Islamic empire, and in 762
762

Events...
, the caliph al-Mansur
Al-Mansur

Al-Mansur, Almanzor or Abu Ja'far Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Mansur was the second Abbasid Caliph. He was born at al-Humaymah, the home of the 'Abbasid family after their emigration from the Hejaz in 687?688....
 (reigned 754 - 775) built Baghdad and made it his capital (the previous capital being Damascus
Damascus

Damascus is the capital and largest city of Syria. It is List of oldest continuously inhabited cities and its current population is estimated at about 4,000,000....
). The Abbasid dynasty had a strong Persian bent, and adopted many practices from the Sassanid empire - among those, that of translating foreign works, except that now works were translated into Arabic
Arabic language

Arabic is a Central Semitic language, thus related to and classified alongside other Semitic languages languages such as Hebrew language and Aramaic language....
. For this purpose, al-Mansur founded a palace library, modeled after the Sassanid Imperial Library.

The House of Wisdom was originally concerned with translating and preserving Persian works, first from Pahlavi (Middle Persian), then from Syriac and eventually Greek
Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
 and Sanskrit
Sanskrit

Sanskrit is a historical Indo-Aryan language, one of the liturgical languages of Hinduism and Buddhism, and one of the 22 official languages of India....
.

Works on astrology
Astrology

Astrology is a group of systems, traditions, and beliefs which hold that the relative positions of astronomical object and related details can provide useful information about personality, human affairs, and other terrestrial matters....
, mathematics
Mathematics

Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, change, and related topics of pattern and form. Mathematicians seek out patterns whether found in numbers, space, natural science, computers, imaginary abstractions, or elsewhere....
, agriculture
Agriculture

Agriculture refers to the production of food and goods through farming and forestry. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of civilization, with the animal husbandry of domestication animals and plants creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more Population density and Social stratification societies....
, medicine
Medicine

Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
, and philosophy
Philosophy

Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, beauty, justice, validity, mind, and language....
 were thus translated.

The Barmakids
Barmakids

The Barmakids were a noble Persian people family which came to great political power under the Abbasid caliphs....
 were influential in the ensuing movement of restoring and preserving Persian culture. They are also credited with the founding of the first paper mill
Paper mill

A paper mill is a factory devoted to making paper from Wood_pulp and other ingredients using a Fourdrinier Machine or similar apparatus. It is a common misconception that paper mills are sources of odors....
 in Baghdad. The secret of papermaking
Papermaking

Papermaking is the process of making paper, a substance which is used ubiquitously today for writing and packaging.In papermaking a dilute suspension of fibers in water is drained through a screen, so that a mat of randomly interwoven fibers is laid down....
 had been obtained from Chinese prisoners taken at the Battle of Talas
Battle of Talas

The Battle of Talas in 751 AD was a conflict between the Arab Empire Abbasid and the China Tang Dynasty for control of the Syr Darya. The Chinese army was defeated following the routing of their troops by the Abbasids on the bank of the Talas River ....
 (751). Previously, copyists would used papyrus
Papyrus

Papyrus is a thick paper material produced from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, a wetland Cyperaceae that was once abundant in the Nile Delta of Egypt....
 (which is fragile) or parchment
Parchment

Parchment is a thin material made from calfskin, sheepskin or Goatskin . Its most common use is as the pages of a book, codex or manuscript. It is distinct from leather in that parchment is not tanned, but stretched, scraped, and dried under tension, creating a stiff white, yellowish or translucent animal skin....
 (which is expensive). The introduction of paper thus facilitated the multiplication of books and libraries.

The concept of the library catalog
Library catalog

A library catalog is a register of all bibliography items found in a library or group of libraries, such as a network of libraries at several locations....
 was also introduced in the House of Wisdom and other medieval Islamic libraries, where books were organized into specific genre
Genre

A genre is a loose set of criteria for a category of composition; the term is often used to categorize literature and speech, but is also used for any other Art#Art forms or utterance....
s and categories.

Under Al-Ma'mun


Under the sponsorship of caliph al-Ma'mun
Al-Ma'mun

Abu Jafar al-Ma'mun ibn Harun was an Abbasid caliph who reigned from 813 until his death in 833. He succeeded his brother al-Amin....
 (reigned 813 - 833), it seems that the House of Wisdom took on new functions related to mathematics and astrology. The focus also shifted from Persian to Greek texts.

At that time, the library was directed by the poet and astrologer Sahl ibn-Harun (d. 830); the other scholars associated with the library are Mohammed ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (780 - 850), the Banu Musa brothers (Mohammed Jafar ibn Musa, Ahmad ibn Musa, and al-Hasan ibn Musa), and Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi
Al-Kindi

, also known to the Western world by the Latinized version of his name 'Alkindus', was an Arab polymath: an Early Islamic philosophy, Islamic science, Islamic astrology, Islamic astronomy, Alchemy and chemistry in Islam, Logic in Islamic philosophy, Islamic mathematics, Arabic music, Islamic medicine, Islamic physics, Islamic psychologi...
 (801 - 873).

Hunayn ibn Ishaq
Hunayn ibn Ishaq

Hunayn ibn Ishaq...
 (809 - 873) was placed in charge of the translation work by the caliph. The most renowned translator was the Sabian Thabit ibn Qurra
Thabit ibn Qurra

was an Arab Islamic astronomy, Islamic mathematics and Islamic medicine who was known as 'Thebit' in Latin....
 (826 - 901). Translations of this era were superior to earlier ones, however, soon after, the emphasis on translation work declined, as new ideas became more important.

The House of Wisdom flourished under al-Ma'mun's successors al-Mu'tasim
Al-Mu'tasim

Abu Ishaq al-Mu'tasim ibn Harun was an Abbasid caliph . He succeeded his half-brother al-Ma'mun....
 (reign 833 - 842) and al-Wathiq
Al-Wathiq

Al-Wathiq ibn Mutasim was an Abbasid caliph who reigned from 842 until 847 AD .He succeeded his father, al-Mutasim, being hailed caliph on the day his father died, December 26, 841....
  (reign 842 - 847), but declined under the reign of al-Mutawakkil
Al-Mutawakkil

Al-Mutawakkil ?Ala Allah Ja?far ibn al-Mu?tasim was an Abbasid caliph who reigned in Samarra from 847 until 861. He succeeded his brother al-Wathiq and is known for putting an end to the Mihna "ordeal", the Inquisition-like attempt by his predecessors to impose a single Mu'tazili version of Islam....
 (reign 847 - 861), mainly because Ma'mun, Mu'tasim, and Wathiq followed the sect of Mu'tazili
Mu'tazili

Mu?tazilah is a theology school of thought within Sunni Islam. It is also anglicized as Mu?tazilite. They are usually not accepted by other Sunni Muslims, though their theology parallels Shi'a Islam, such as their belief in the indivinity of the Qur'an....
, while al-Mutawakkil followed orthodox Islam
Islam

Islam is a Monotheism, Abrahamic religion originating with the teachings of the Prophets of Islam Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure....
. He wanted to stop the spread of Greek philosophy which was one of the main tools in Mu'tazili
Mu'tazili

Mu?tazilah is a theology school of thought within Sunni Islam. It is also anglicized as Mu?tazilite. They are usually not accepted by other Sunni Muslims, though their theology parallels Shi'a Islam, such as their belief in the indivinity of the Qur'an....
 theology.

The House of Wisdom eventually acquired a reputation as a center of learning, although universities as we know them did not yet exist at this time — transmission of knowledge was done directly from teacher to student, without any institutional surrounding. Madrasah
Madrasah

File:Registan_-_Sherdor_madrasa.jpgMadrasah is the Arabic word for any type of school, whether secular or religious . It is variously Arabic transliteration as madrasah, madarasaa, medresa, madrassa, madraza, madarsa, etc....
s soon began to develop in the city from the 9th century, and in the 11th century, Nizam al-Mulk
Nizam al-Mulk

Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Tusi Nizam al-Mulk was a celebrated Persians scholar and vizier of the Seljuqs....
 founded the Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad
Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad

Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad was an early Nizamiyya, arguably the first ever, established in July of 1091, when Nizam al-Mulk appointed the 33-year-old Al-Ghazali as a professor of the school....
, considered one of the first universities and the "largest university of the Medieval world
Medieval university

Medieval university is such an institution of higher learning which was established during Gothic art period and is a corporation.The first Europe medieval institutions generally considered to be University were established in Italy, France, and England in the late 11th and the 12th centuries for the study of Liberal arts, law, medicine, a...
".

Destruction


Along with all other libraries in Baghdad, the House of Wisdom was destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Baghdad
Battle of Baghdad (1258)

The Battle of Baghdad in 1258 was a pivotal battle in which the Mongols destroyed the greatest center of Islamic power. The battle was a victory for the leader Hulagu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan....
 in 1258. It was said that the waters of the Tigris
Tigris

The Tigris is the eastern member of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of southeastern Turkey through Iraq....
 ran black for six months with ink from the enormous quantities of books flung into the river.

Other Houses of Wisdom


Some other places have also been called House of Wisdom:

  • In Cairo
    Cairo

    Cairo , which means "the triumphant", is the Cairo and largest city of Egypt.It is the most populous metropolitan area in Egypt and is also one of the most populous in the world....
    , Dar al-Hikmah, the "House of Wisdom", was another name of the House of Knowledge, founded by the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
    Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah

    Abu ?Ali Mansur Tariqu l-?akim, called bi Amr al-Lah , was the sixth Fatimid caliph and 16th Ismaili imam .Born in 985, Abu ?Ali ?Mansur? succeeded his father Al-Aziz at the age of eleven on 14 October, 996 with the caliphal title of al-Hakim Bi-Amr Allah....
     in 1004.


  • There is a research institute in Baghdad called Bayt al-Hikma after the Abbasid-era research center. While the complex includes a 13th century madrasa, it isn't the same building as the medieval Bayt al-Hikma. It was damaged during the 2003 invasion of Iraq
    2003 invasion of Iraq

    The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1, 2003, was spearheaded by the United States, backed by United Kingdom forces and smaller contingents from Australia, Spain, Poland and Denmark....


  • In Hamdard University
    Hamdard University

    Hamdard University is located in Karachi and Islamabad, Pakistan. Hamdard University was founded by Hakim Said of Hamdard Foundation Pakistan in 1991....
    , Pakistan, a library was founded by Hakim Said
    Hakim Said

    ||nationality= Pakistani|birth_date= |birth_place=...
     in 1989. It was named as Bait Ul-Hikmah . It is considered as the second biggest library in Asia.


External links

  • in The Guardian
    The Guardian

    Sorry, no overview for this topic
     - overall history with particular focus on the House of Wisdom
  • , with details on the House of Wisdom
  • and the damage it took during the 2003 invasion of Iraq
    2003 invasion of Iraq

    The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1, 2003, was spearheaded by the United States, backed by United Kingdom forces and smaller contingents from Australia, Spain, Poland and Denmark....
    .
  • , includes a description of the modern Bayt al-Hikma and it's looting.
  • , with references to the House of Wisdom
  • - with discussion of the role of House of Wisdom (references George Makdisi and Dimitri Gutas)
  • .


See also

  • Brethren of Purity
    Brethren of Purity

    The Brethren of Purity were a mysterious secret society, whose identity has never been become clear, Early Islamic philosophy in Basra, Iraq - which was then the seat of the Abbasid Caliphate - sometime in the second half of the 10th century Common Era....
  • Dar Al-Hekma
    Dar al-hekma

    The House of Knowledge was an ancient university in the Fatimid Caliphate , built in 1004 as a library until the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah converted it to a university for the state in the same year....
  • Dar Al-Hekma College
    Dar Al-Hekma College

    Dar Al-Hekma College in Jeddah is the second private university for women in Saudi Arabia. All courses are taught in English except Arabic language and Islamic Studies....