Hospodar

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Hospodar

Hospodar or gospodar is a term of Slavonic

Slavic languages

File:Slavic europe.svgThe Slavic languages , a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages, have speakers in most of Eastern Europe, in much of the Balkans, in parts of Central Europe, and in the northern part of Asia....
origin, meaning "lord" or "master".

The rulers of Wallachia

Wallachia

Wallachia or Walachia is a Historical regions of Romania and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians....
and Moldavia

Moldavia

Moldavia is a geographic and historical region and former principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester river....
were styled hospodars in Slavic writings from the 15th century to 1866. Hospodar was used in addition to the title voivod. When writing in Romanian

Romanian language

Romanian or Daco-Romanian ; self-designation: limba rom?na, ) is a Romance languages spoken by around 24 to 28 million people, primarily in Romania and Moldova....
, the term Domn (from the Latin

Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
dominus
Dominus (title)

Dominus is the Latin word for master or owner. As a title of sovereignty the term under the Roman Republic had all the associations of the Greek language Tyrannos; refused during the early principate, it finally became an official title of the Roman Emperors under Diocletian....
) was used.

At the end of this period, as the title had been held by many vassals of the Ottoman

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
Sultan

Ottoman Dynasty

File:Barber cape.jpgThe Ottoman Dynasty ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922, beginning with Osman I , though the dynasty was not proclaimed until Orhan Bey declared himself sultan....
, its retention was considered inconsistent with the independence of the Danubian Principalities

Danubian Principalities

Danubian Principalities was a conventional name given to the Principality of Moldavia and Wallachia, which emerged in the early 14th century. The term was coined in the Habsburg Monarchy after the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji in order to designate an area on the lower Danube with a common Geopolitics situation....
' (formalized from Romania

Romania

Romania is a country located in Southeastern Europe Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian Mountains, bordering on the Black Sea....
only in 1878 — replacing the tributary

Tribute

A tribute is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical contexts, of submission or allegiance....
status).

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Hospodar or gospodar is a term of Slavonic

Slavic languages

Wallachia

Wallachia or Walachia is a Historical regions of Romania and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians....
and Moldavia

Moldavia

Romanian language

Latin

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Dynasty

Danubian Principalities

Romania

Tribute

A tribute is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical contexts, of submission or allegiance....
status). Hospodar was therefore discarded in favour of domnitor
Domnitor

Domnitor was the official title of the ruler of the Danubian Principalities between 1859 and 1866. "Domnitor" was used in medieval times along with the slavonic-derived term of "Voievod"/voivode, and it derives from the 'cultivated Latin' term Dominus "; ....
or, in short, domn, which continued to be the official princely title up to the proclamation of a Kingdom of Romania

Kingdom of Romania

The Kingdom of Roumania was the old Romanian state based on a form of parliamentary monarchy between March 13, 1881 and December 30, 1947, specified by the First , and respectively, the Second Constitution of Roumania....
in 1881 (which did not include Transylvania

Transylvania

Transylvania is a historical region in the central part of Romania. Bounded on the east and south by the Carpathian mountains, historical Transylvania extended in the west to the Apuseni Mountains; however, the term frequently encompasses not only Transylvania proper, but also the historical regions of Crisana, Maramures, and Banat....
until 1918).

Etymology and Slavic usage

Gospodar () is a derivative of gospod, lord, (spelled with capital G, Gospod, it means Lord, God).

The pronunciation as hospodar of a word written gospodar in most of the Slavonic languages which retain the Cyrillic alphabet

Cyrillic alphabet

The Cyrillic alphabet is a family of alphabets, subsets of which are used by five Slavic languages national languages as well as non-Slavic . It is also used by many other languages of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Siberia and other languages in the past....
is not, as is sometimes alleged, due to the influence of Ukrainian

Ukrainian language

Ukrainian is a language of the East Slavic languages of the Slavic languages. It is the official language of Ukraine. In some areas of Russia there are dialects, Balachka or Surzhyk, which are the Ukrainianized versions of the Russian language....
, but to that of Church Slavonic — in both of these, g is frequently pronounced h.

In Ukrainian, hospodar is usually applied to the master/owner of a house or other properties and also the head of a family. There also an alternative form for the head of the household - gazda which also common in Hungary

Hungary

Hungary , officially in English the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia....
. Hospod is used exclusively when referring to the Lord and has only has a slight relation to hospodar.

The title was used briefly towards the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire

Second Bulgarian Empire

The Second Bulgarian Empire was a medieval Bulgarian state which existed between 1185 and 1396 . A successor of the First Bulgarian Empire, it reached the peak of its power under Kaloyan of Bulgaria and Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria before gradually declining to be conquered by the Ottomans in the late 14th-early 15th century....
. In 1394-95, Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria

Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria

Ivan Shishman ruled as emperor of Bulgaria in Veliko Tarnovo 1371-1395. He was born about 1350/1, and was executed on June 3, 1395....
referred to himself not as a Tsar

Tsar

Tsar or czar , occasionally spelled csar or tzar in English language, is a slavs term designating certain monarchs.Originally, the title Czar meant Emperor in the European medieval sense of the term, that is, a ruler who has the same rank as a Ancient Rome or Byzantine emperor due to recognition by another emperor or...
(as traditionally), but as a gospodin of Tarnovo, and in foreign sources was styled herzog

Herzog (name)

Herzog is a German nobility, equivalent to Latin dux, English duke, Danish hertug, Afrikaans Hertog, Dutch Hertog, Icelandic Hertogi, Luxemburgish Herzog, Norwegian Hertug, Swedish Hertig....
or merely called an "infidel bey

Bey

Bey is a Turkish language title for "chieftain," traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups. In historical accounts, many Turkey, other Turkic peoples and Iran leaders are titled Baig....
". This was possibly to indicate vassalage to Bayezid I

Bayezid I

Bayezid I was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, then R?m, from 1389 to 1402. He was the son of Murad I who was of Turkish people origin and Valide Sultan Gulcicek Hatun or G?l?i?ek Hatun who was of ethnic Greek people descent....
or the yielding of the imperial title to Ivan Sratsimir

Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria

Ivan Sratsimir or Ivan Stratsimir was emperor of Bulgaria in Vidin from 1356 to 1397. He was born c. 1324 or 1325, and he died in or after 1397....
.

In Serbian

Serbian language

name=Serbian|nativename=|pronunciation=['sr?pski?]|familycolor=Indo-European|map=|states=See below under "Official status", besides that in Croatia and as an immigrant's language spread over Central Europe and Western Europe, as well as Northern America...
, Croatian

Croatian language

Croatian language is a South Slavic languages which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in neighbouring countries where Croats are Indigenous peoples, in Italian region of Molise, and parts of the Croats diaspora....
and Bulgarian

Bulgarian language

Bulgarian is an Indo-European languages, a member of the Slavic languages linguistic group.Bulgarian demonstrates several linguistic innovations that set it apart from all other Slavic languages except Macedonian language, such as the elimination of grammatical case, the development of a suffixed definite article , the lack of a verb infin...
, gospodar (????????) means a "master", "lord", or "sovereign lord". Other derivatives of the word include the Bulgarian

Bulgarian language

Russian language

Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe....
, Macedonian

Macedonian language

Macedonian is the official language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Macedonian is closely related to and shares a high degree of mutual intelligibility with the Bulgarian language, Serbian language, Bosnian language, and Croatian language languages....
, Serbian

Serbian language

Croatian language

Russian language

Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe....
gospod` (???????, "the Lord"), the Polish

Polish language

Polish , an official language of Poland, has the largest number of speakers of any West Slavic languages. Polish-speakers use the language in a uniform manner through most of Poland, and it has a regular orthography....
gospód ("lord", "master"), the Czech

Czech language

Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers; it is the majority language in the Czech Republic and spoken by Czech people worldwide....
hospodar. All forms stem from the Proto-Slavic

Proto-Slavic language

Proto-Slavic is the proto-language from which Slavic languages later emerged. It was spoken before the seventh century. As with all other proto-languages, no attested writings have been found; the language has been reconstructed by applying the comparative method to all the attested Slavic languages as well as other Indo-European languages....
word gospodü (???????). Russian word gosudar, which means "sovereign

Sovereign

Sovereign may refer to:*Sovereignty, a philosophical concept or state*Sovereign *Sovereign Hill, Victoria, Australia*Lady Sovereign, a female MC and performing artist for Def Jam Recordings...
". Hungarian

Hungarian language

Hungarian is a Uralic languages unrelated to most other languages in Europe. It is mainly spoken in Hungary and by the Hungarian minorities in the seven neighbouring countries....
word gazda = "potentate", "rich landowner" is borrowed from the language of White Croats who inhabited today's Hungary

Hungary

Hungarian people

Hungarians are an ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. There are around 10 million Magyars in Hungary . Hungarians were the main inhabitants of the Kingdom of Hungary that existed through most of the second millennium....
s, aka Magyars, to Europe

Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
.

Hospodar

Etymology and Slavic usage

See also