Honda RC212V
Encyclopedia
The Honda RC212V is a road racing motorcycle
Motorcycle
A motorcycle is a single-track, two-wheeled motor vehicle. Motorcycles vary considerably depending on the task for which they are designed, such as long distance travel, navigating congested urban traffic, cruising, sport and racing, or off-road conditions.Motorcycles are one of the most...

 developed to race in the 800 cc MotoGP series. Officially introduced on 30 October 2006 as the RC211V
Honda RC211V
The Honda RC211V was developed in 2001 by HRC to replace the Honda NSR500 because regulations for the World Championship motorcycle road racing class were changed drastically for the 2002 season. Two-stroke engines were as before limited to and 4 cylinders, but four-stroke engines were allowed...

 replacement in the MotoGP series, it was developed by Honda Racing Corporation
Honda Racing Corporation
Honda Racing Corporation is a division of the Honda Motor Company formed in 1982. The company combines participation in motorcycle races throughout the world with the development of high potential racing machines. Its racing activities are an important source for the creation of leading edge...

 (HRC) throughout 2006 and began officially racing in the 2007 season
2007 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
The 2007 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 59th F.I.M Road Racing World Championship season. The 2007 season was significant as it introduced a new regulation which specifies that competitors in the MotoGP class can use up to 800 cc motorcycles; between 2002 and 2006, competitors had...

.

The model name designates the following:
  • RC= Honda's traditional racing prefix for 4-stroke bikes
  • 212= second works bike of the 21st century
  • V= V engine
    V engine
    A V engine, or Vee engine is a common configuration for an internal combustion engine. The cylinders and pistons are aligned, in two separate planes or 'banks', so that they appear to be in a "V" when viewed along the axis of the crankshaft...



The RC212V features an 800 cc liquid-cooled four-stroke DOHC 4-valve V4
V4 engine
A V4 engine is a V form engine with four cylinders and three main bearings.-Automobile use:Lancia produced several narrow-angle V4 engines from the 1920s through 1960s for cars like the Lambda, Augusta, Artena, Aprilia, Ardea, Appia, and Fulvia....

 to power the all new chassis built with mass centralization and handling as top priority.

2007

Dani Pedrosa
Dani Pedrosa
Daniel "Dani" Pedrosa Ramal is a Grand Prix motorcycle racer. Pedrosa grew up in a village near Sabadell called Castellar del Vallès. He is the youngest world champion in 250cc Grands Prix...

 and Nicky Hayden
Nicky Hayden
Nicholas "Nicky" Patrick Hayden , nicknamed the The Kentucky Kid, is an American professional motorcycle racer, who won the MotoGP World Championship in 2006.-Beginnings and AMA Championship:...

 rode the factory-backed
Factory-backed
Factory-backed is a term commonly used in motorsports to describe a sponsored racing team, car, motorcycle or driver that competes with official sanction and financial support, or "backing" from a manufacturer. As motorsports competition is an expensive endeavor, some degree of factory support is...

 versions, while the customer machines were ridden by Marco Melandri
Marco Melandri
Marco Melandri is a motorcycle road racer currently racing for the Yamaha World Superbike Team. Melandri is also a former 250cc World Champion in 2002...

, Toni Elías
Toni Elías
Antonio "Toni" Elias Justícia Antonio "Toni" Elias Justícia Antonio "Toni" Elias Justícia (born March 26, 1983 in Manresa, (Catalonia, Spain) is a professional motorcycle racer and inaugural champion of the Moto2 World Championship. He is the third member of the Elías family to compete in...

, Carlos Checa
Carlos Checa
Carlos "Charlie" Checa is a professional motorcycle road racer and winner of the 2011 Superbike World Championship. After racing in 500cc and MotoGP for over a decade, mostly on Honda and Yamaha machinery with and without full manufacturer support, he moved to the Superbike World Championship on a...

, and Shinya Nakano
Shinya Nakano
is a retired Japanese Grand Prix motorcycle road racer and Superbike rider. He is not related to the former Formula One racer Shinji Nakano.-Early years:...

. A perennial issue with Honda's GP motorcycle is which team and rider receives the best parts and whether performance differences are due to the rider not the machine. Before the racing season started in 2007, Melandri was quoted as saying, "In the past few tests I've seen a big progression with Pedrosa's bike, but we're still waiting for new parts from Honda."

After a few rounds, Honda riders did not achieve the results expected, leading HRC chief Satoru Horiike to admit that they made a mistake in the motorcycle's development. Melandri decided to ride with the Ducati
Ducati Motor Holding
Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A. is a motorcycle manufacturer in Bologna, Italy. It produces motorcycles for both road use and motorcycle racing.- History :...

 team in 2008 and Pedrosa's dissatisfaction led to rumors that he was leaving Honda. Towards the end of 2007, however, there were signs of improvement, with the Repsol Honda
Repsol Honda
Repsol Honda is the official factory team of Repsol YPF and the Honda Racing Corporation in the MotoGP World Championship.-History:In the team entered a 3 rider lineup with Mick Doohan, Àlex Crivillé and Shinichi Itoh riding the Honda NSR500...

 team taking the last five pole positions of the season and Pedrosa winning the last round at Valencia
2007 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix
The 2007 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix was the last round of the 2007 MotoGP championship. It took place on the weekend of 2 -November 4, 2007 at the Circuit de Valencia in Valencia, Spain. In the MotoGP class Dani Pedrosa took 2nd in the championship by a single point from Valentino...

.

2008

For 2008
2008 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
The 2008 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 60th F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship season.-MotoGP:The MotoGP class opened with the historic Qatar Grand Prix, the first night race held in the World Championship history...

, HRC planned to use pneumatic valve springs and an all-new chassis. The mass centralization of the 2007 model was thought to have gone too far, and instead the 2008 model is more open, reducing heat and improving balance. The factory team riders are Pedrosa (through 2009) and Hayden (through 2008). Satellite team riders are Nakano, Andrea Dovizioso
Andrea Dovizioso
Andrea Dovizioso is a professional motorcycle road racer. He won the 125cc World Championship in 2004.-125cc:...

, Randy de Puniet
Randy de Puniet
Randy de Puniet is a French Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He is currently racing for the Pramac Ducati team in MotoGP, having raced in this class regularly since 2006...

 and Alex de Angelis
Alex de Angelis
Alex de Angelis is a Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from San Marino.Alex made his debut at world championship level in 1999 in the 125 cc class; his first full season was in 2000, when his best results were two sixth places. He rode a total of four full seasons in the 125cc category...

.

The 2008 pneumatic valve version has only been available to the Repsol Honda team, and in pre-season testing it has been highly problematic. The original intent of running an all-new engine and chassis was shelved when the engine did not perform to expectations. Pedrosa and Hayden then tested a 2007 engine in a 2008 chassis, and after still being near the bottom of testing timesheets, the Repsol Honda team used the 2007 version in the first round’s practice for comparison purposes. For the race
2008 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix
The 2008 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix was the opening round of the 2008 MotoGP championship. It took place on the weekend of 7 -March 9, 2008 at the Losail International Circuit located in Doha, Qatar. The race was historic in that it was the first one to be run at night, with the MotoGP race...

, Pedrosa chose a revised 2008 chassis while Hayden chose the 2007. The pneumatic engine was race-debuted by Hayden at the Donington round, and he was charged with developing the new engine for the rest of the season (Pedrosa deciding to continue using the conventional valve engine). An electronic problem at the subsequent Assen round caused Hayden to run out of fuel just before the line, allowing Colin Edwards
Colin Edwards
Colin Edwards II nicknamed the Texas Tornado is an American professional motorcycle racer. He is a two time World Superbike champion and has competed in MotoGP since 2003, now riding for the Yamaha Tech 3 team in the 2011 season.-Early years:At the age of three, his Australian father, Colin...

 to come around him and take the remaining podium position.

At the 13th round it was announced that Pedrosa would switch to Bridgestone
Bridgestone
The is a multinational rubber conglomerate founded in 1931 by in the city of Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan. The name Bridgestone comes from a calque translation and transposition of ishibashi, meaning "stone bridge" in Japanese....

 tires for the remainder of the season, and he also planned to start racing the pneumatic valved engine in the 14th round at Indianapolis
2008 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix
The 2008 Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix was the fourteenth round of the 2008 MotoGP Championship. It took place on the weekend of September 12–14, 2008 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway – the first time the circuit has hosted a major motorcycle racing event since its first year of...

.

Unlike the other Honda teams, de Puniet's Team LCR
Team LCR
Team LCR is a motorcycle racing team currently competing in the MotoGP World Championship under the name LCR Honda MotoGP. The team is founded in 1996 by Italian rider Lucio Cecchinello. They are represented by Spanish rider Toni Elías in the MotoGP class, riding a Honda RC212V bike.-1996–2003:...

 used Öhlins
Öhlins
Öhlins or Öhlins Racing AB, is a manufacturer of high-performance suspension systems for automotive, motorcycle, snowmobile, and ATV use. It is based in Upplands Väsby just north of Stockholm, Sweden...

 suspension instead of Showa
Showa Corporation
is a manufacturer of high-performance automotive, motorcycle and outboard suspension systems based in Gyoda, Saitama in Japan.Founded in October 1938 in Japan's drive to develop its military capability in preparation for World War II, Showa supplied aircraft suspension and landing systems to...

.

2009

For 2009
2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
The 2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 61st F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship season. Valentino Rossi won his sixth MotoGP title, seventh in the top class and ninth title in total after getting the better of team-mate Jorge Lorenzo in a season-long battle...

, the factory team riders were Pedrosa and Dovizioso, and the satellite team riders were Elías, De Angelis, de Puniet and Yuki Takahashi
Yuki Takahashi
is a Japanese Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. For 2009 he made his debut in the MotoGP class, with the Scot Racing Honda team but was subsequently dropped by the team after just seven rounds of the 2009 season due to financial issues...

; Elías was given a factory spec machine. The 2009 model was largely the same as the 2008. All 6 of the RC212Vs used pneumatic valve engines.

After two rounds the Repsol Honda riders had only achieved a single podium. Vice president of HRC, Shuhei Nakamoto
Shuhei Nakamoto
Shuhei Nakamoto is the vice-president of Honda Racing Corporation.-Career:Nakamoto joined the Honda Racing Corporation in 1983 and his initial work was based around the corporation's motorcycle racing operations at Honda Racing Corporation...

, said "If Dani does not win the world championship it is Honda’s responsibility, not Dani’s," while Pedrosa said "I’ve spoken to (Nakamoto) but I’ve spoken to many people like him, but it seems like it’s three years of the same story. What I really need is to see is some things coming, not always just hearing, talking, or a meeting. I’d like to have something where I can say okay, thank you, this is good."

Before Round 6 at Catalunya
2009 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix
The 2009 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix was the sixth round of the 2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of June 12–14, 2009 at the Circuit de Catalunya...

, Dovizioso expressed frustration that Pedrosa would be given priority in the post-race test, feeling that the Spaniard's poor physical condition would not lead to a productive evaluation. In the race, Dovizioso finished in 4th place and Pedrosa in 6th, and Pedrosa announced he would skip the test to rest. Using the new chassis, Dovizioso was top rider of the test.

In practice at Round 7 at Assen
2009 Dutch TT
The 2009 Dutch TT was the seventh round of the 2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of June 25–27, 2009 at the TT Circuit Assen....

 Pedrosa remarked that the new chassis was an improvement in braking and stability, but both Pedrosa and Dovizioso crashed in the race at the same turn. At the following round at Laguna Seca
2009 United States motorcycle Grand Prix
The 2009 United States motorcycle Grand Prix was the eighth round of the 2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of July 3–5, 2009 at Laguna Seca. As usual, only the MotoGP class was permitted to race at Laguna Seca due to the Californian air pollution law...

, Pedrosa won the race, while Dovizioso crashed out.

In post-race testing at Brno, the Repsol team tested Öhlins
Öhlins
Öhlins or Öhlins Racing AB, is a manufacturer of high-performance suspension systems for automotive, motorcycle, snowmobile, and ATV use. It is based in Upplands Väsby just north of Stockholm, Sweden...

 suspension components, which until then had been using Showa
Showa Corporation
is a manufacturer of high-performance automotive, motorcycle and outboard suspension systems based in Gyoda, Saitama in Japan.Founded in October 1938 in Japan's drive to develop its military capability in preparation for World War II, Showa supplied aircraft suspension and landing systems to...

. For the San Marino
2009 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix
The 2009 San Marino and Rimini's Coast motorcycle Grand Prix was the thirteenth round of the 2009 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of September 4–6, 2009 at the Misano World Circuit...

 round, Dovizioso will use Öhlins and Pedrosa will use Showa suspension.

The 2009 season ended with three wins for the Repsol Honda team—two for Pedrosa and one for Dovizioso—and a 2nd place in the constructor championship for Honda. At post-race testing at Valencia, Pedrosa tested Öhlins suspension exclusively, and the factory team tried a new chassis and swingarm. Pedrosa and Dovizioso had the 3rd and 6th fastest times over the three-day test.

2010

For 2010
2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
The 2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 62nd F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship season. It was the first season for the new Moto2 class....

, the factory team riders are Pedrosa and Dovizioso, and the satellite team riders are Hiroshi Aoyama
Hiroshi Aoyama
is a Japanese Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He is the older brother of former 250cc and World Superbike rider, Shuhei Aoyama.In his six seasons in the 250cc World Championship, he raced Honda and KTM machinery in an Aprilia-dominated class. He took eight victories and never finished lower than...

, de Puniet, Melandri and Marco Simoncelli
Marco Simoncelli
Marco Simoncelli was an Italian motorcycle racer. He competed in the Road Racing World Championship for 10 years from 2002 to 2011. He started in the 125cc class before moving up to the 250cc class in 2006. He won the 250cc World Championship with Gilera in 2008. After four years in the...

. All riders are using Öhlins suspension components this year. The electronic systems were given an update, and the bike is shorter with a higher center of gravity. Also, Honda hired Andre Zugna and Cristian Battaglia, formerly Yamaha race engineers, and Carlo Luzzi, formerly Jorge Lorenzo
Jorge Lorenzo
Jorge Lorenzo Guerrero , is a Spanish professional motorcycle road racer. He is the 2006 and 2007 250cc World Champion, and the MotoGP World Champion...

’s telemetry technician at Yamaha.

According to one analysis of pre-season tests at Sepang and Qatar, Dovizioso’s average placing in the tests was third, while Pedrosa’s was ninth. Pedrosa complained of problems with the suspension and chassis, and at the first race of the season in Qatar
2010 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix
The 2010 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix, officially the Commercialbank Grand Prix of Qatar, was the opening round of the 2010 MotoGP championship. It took place on the weekend of April 9–11, 2010 at the Losail International Circuit located in Doha, Qatar. Spectator attendance was 7302...

, Dovizioso finished third, while Pedrosa finished in seventh place. Pedrosa experienced speed wobble
Speed wobble
Wobble, shimmy, tank-slapper, speed wobble, and even death wobble are all words and phrases used to describe a quick oscillation of primarily just the steerable wheel of a vehicle. Initially, the rest of the vehicle remains mostly unaffected, until translated into a vehicle yaw oscillation of...

s down the front straight, and Honda determined that they had committed a mistake in the design of the chassis, and that by trying to make the bike easier to ride, they made it too flexible.

By the following round at Jerez
2010 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix
The 2010 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix, officially the Gran Premio bwin de España, was the second round of the 2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of April 30–May 2, 2010 at the Circuito de Jerez located in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain...

, Pedrosa had a new chassis and finished the race in second place and Dovizioso finished in sixth; in the test after the race, Pedrosa finished fastest and Dovizioso fifth, using a new swingarm that Pedrosa used in the race, and also a new chassis. Pedrosa later said and Honda confirmed that a fuel sensor problem slowed down the RC212V in the final laps and may have cost him the victory at Jerez.

At the third round at Le Mans
2010 French motorcycle Grand Prix
The 2010 French motorcycle Grand Prix, officially the Monster Energy Grand Prix de France, was the third round of the 2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of May 21–23, 2010 at the Bugatti Circuit in Le Mans, France...

, Dovizioso finished the race in third and Pedrosa in fifth, the latter getting passed in the last lap by Dovizioso and Hayden and later reporting problems with the rear brake. Melandri had switched back to Showa suspension and finished in sixth place. At the fourth round at Mugello
2010 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix
The 2010 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix was the fourth round of the 2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of June 4–6, 2010 at the Mugello Circuit. Seven-time MotoGP world champion Valentino Rossi suffered a displaced compound fracture of his right tibia in free...

, Pedrosa won the race, Dovizioso finished third and Melandri finished fifth. Pedrosa used a 2009 model rear shock. During first practice at the 14th round at Motegi, the throttle cable stuck and caused Pedrosa to crash and break his collarbone, causing him to miss the race and putting him out of contention for the championship. At the 16th round in Australia
2010 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix
The 2010 Australian motorcycle Grand Prix was the sixteenth round of the 2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 15–17 October 2010 at the Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit...

, Dovizioso's steering damper
Steering damper
A steering damper, steering stabiliser or sprint damper is a damping device designed to inhibit an undesirable, uncontrolled movement or oscillation of a vehicle steering mechanism, a phenomenon known in motorcycling as wobble, or in extreme cases, a tank-slapper...

 had a problem, forcing him to retire from the race. The season ended with Honda placing second in the MotoGP constructor championship with 342 points, 62 points behind first-place Yamaha and 56 points ahead of third-place Ducati.

2011

For 2011
2011 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
The 2011 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 63rd F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship season. The 2011 season was also the final season for 125cc machinery, as a new four-stroke Moto3 class will be introduced in 2012....

 the factory supported riders are Dovizioso, Pedrosa and Casey Stoner
Casey Stoner
Casey Stoner is an Australian professional motorcycle racer. Born in Kurri Kurri, New South Wales, Australia and raised in Southport, Queensland, Stoner raced from a young age and moved to the United Kingdom to pursue a racing career...

. Honda riders dominated pre-season testing. Frame geometry and rigidity are the same as the previous year, making the 2011 bike an evolution of the 2010 version. One of the improvements to the 2011 machine is a "seamless transmission". Stoner and Dovizioso chose to use the 2011 chassis, while Pedrosa decided to stay with the more flexible 2010 version.

After the third round at Estoril, Dovizioso began to use a new clutch designed to reduce hopping under braking.

Honda won the manufacturer's championship with 13 wins between Stoner's ten and Pedrosa's three, and never finished lower than second in race results. The factory RC212V was retired at the end of the season to make way for the 2012
2012 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
The 2012 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season will be the 64th F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship season.The MotoGP class changes to allow up to in capacity, with a limit of 4 cylinders and a maximum cylinder bore. In addition, outside of the factories, Claiming Rule Teams will be introduced,...

 RC213V
Honda RC213V
The Honda RC213V is a road racing motorcycle developed to race in the MotoGP series for the 2012 season. Rules for 2012 allow motorcycles up to in capacity, with a limit of 4 cylinders and a maximum 81mm cylinder bore.The model name designates the following:...

, though leased models will still be raced by satellite teams.

Specifications

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Overall length 2050 mm (80.7 in) 2060 mm (81.1 in) 2052 mm (80.8 in)
Overall width 645 mm (25.4 in)
Overall height 1125 mm (44.3 in) 1110 mm (43.7 in)
Wheelbase 1440 mm (56.7 in) 1450 mm (57.1 in) 1435 mm (56.5 in)
Road Clearance 125 mm (4.9 in) 115 mm (4.5 in)
Weight over 148 kg (326 lb) over 150 kg (331 lb)
Engine Type Liquid-cooled, Four-stroke
Four-stroke cycle
A four-stroke engine, also known as four-cycle, is an internal combustion engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes—intake, compression, power, and exhaust—during two separate revolutions of the engine's crankshaft, and one single thermodynamic cycle.There are two...

, DOHC
Overhead camshaft
Overhead cam valvetrain configurations place the engine camshaft within the cylinder heads, above the combustion chambers, and drive the valves or lifters in a more direct manner compared to overhead valves and pushrods...

 4 Valve
Multi-valve
In automotive engineering a multi-valve or multivalve engine is one where each cylinder has more than two valves. A multi-valve engine has better breathing and can operate at higher revolutions per minute than a two-valve engine, delivering more power.- Multi-valve rationale :A multi-valve design...

, V-4
V4 engine
A V4 engine is a V form engine with four cylinders and three main bearings.-Automobile use:Lancia produced several narrow-angle V4 engines from the 1920s through 1960s for cars like the Lambda, Augusta, Artena, Aprilia, Ardea, Appia, and Fulvia....

Displacement 800 cc
Max Power Over 210 PS Over 155 kW (208 hp)
Frame Type Aluminum Twin-tube
Tire Size
Front 16 in (41 cm) 16.5 in (42 cm)
Tires Michelin
Michelin
Michelin is a tyre manufacturer based in Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne région of France. It is one of the two largest tyre manufacturers in the world along with Bridgestone. In addition to the Michelin brand, it also owns the BFGoodrich, Kleber, Riken, Kormoran and Uniroyal tyre brands...

Michelin
Michelin
Michelin is a tyre manufacturer based in Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne région of France. It is one of the two largest tyre manufacturers in the world along with Bridgestone. In addition to the Michelin brand, it also owns the BFGoodrich, Kleber, Riken, Kormoran and Uniroyal tyre brands...

, Bridgestone
Bridgestone
The is a multinational rubber conglomerate founded in 1931 by in the city of Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan. The name Bridgestone comes from a calque translation and transposition of ishibashi, meaning "stone bridge" in Japanese....

Bridgestone
Bridgestone
The is a multinational rubber conglomerate founded in 1931 by in the city of Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan. The name Bridgestone comes from a calque translation and transposition of ishibashi, meaning "stone bridge" in Japanese....

Rear 16.5 in (42 cm)
Suspension
Front Telescopic fork
Suspension Showa SPL
Showa Corporation
is a manufacturer of high-performance automotive, motorcycle and outboard suspension systems based in Gyoda, Saitama in Japan.Founded in October 1938 in Japan's drive to develop its military capability in preparation for World War II, Showa supplied aircraft suspension and landing systems to...

Showa SPL
Showa Corporation
is a manufacturer of high-performance automotive, motorcycle and outboard suspension systems based in Gyoda, Saitama in Japan.Founded in October 1938 in Japan's drive to develop its military capability in preparation for World War II, Showa supplied aircraft suspension and landing systems to...

, Öhlins
Öhlins
Öhlins or Öhlins Racing AB, is a manufacturer of high-performance suspension systems for automotive, motorcycle, snowmobile, and ATV use. It is based in Upplands Väsby just north of Stockholm, Sweden...

Öhlins
Öhlins
Öhlins or Öhlins Racing AB, is a manufacturer of high-performance suspension systems for automotive, motorcycle, snowmobile, and ATV use. It is based in Upplands Väsby just north of Stockholm, Sweden...

Rear New Unit Pro-link Pro-link
Fuel Capacity 21 l (44.4 US pt)

External links

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