Homa Katouzian
Encyclopedia
Homa Katouzian, PhD
(born Homayoun Katouzian, , on 17 November 1942 in Tehran
) is an economist, historian, political scientist
and literary critic
, with a special interest in Iranian studies
. Katouzian’s formal academic training was in economics
and the social sciences
but he concurrently continued his studies of Persian
history and literature at a professional academic level. He began studying the life and works of the modern Persian
writer, Sadeq Hedayat, and that of the Prime Minister of Iran
in the early 1950s, Mohammad Mosaddeq, while still a faculty member in the department of economics at the University of Kent at Canterbury
. Having taught economics
at universities in Britain
and other countries for eighteen years, he took voluntary retirement in 1986 to devote his entire time to Iranian studies
. In recent years, he has been teaching and writing on classical
Persian literature
, in particular the 13th century poet and writer, Sa‘di
. Currently based at the University of Oxford
, Katouzian is a member of the Faculty of Oriental Studies and the Iran Heritage Research Fellow at St. Antony's College, where he edits the quarterly Iranian Studies Journal
. He is also a member of the Editorial Board of the Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East.
, Iran. After graduation from Alborz High School
and a year at the University of Tehran
, in 1961 he went to Britain to study economics. He received his Bachelor’s degree from the University of Birmingham
(1967); his Master’s from the University of London
(1968); and his PhD from the University of Kent at Canterbury
(1984). Between 1968 and 1986, he taught economics in Britain, Iran, Canada
and the United States
, and also worked as an economic consultant with the Organization of American States
, the International Labor Organization, and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD). Since 1986, Katouzian has been teaching Persian literature
and Iranian history at the University of Oxford
and has organized two international conferences: the Hedayat
Centenary, at the Middle East Centre, St. Antony’s College, March 2003, and Iran Facing the New Century, at Wadham College, April 2004.
Katouzian has been involved in Iranian cultural and artistic activities in Britain. He is a director of the Thirty Bird Company theatre group and a founding member and member of the Board of Trustees, Library for Iranian Studies, London
. He has written for the British press and contributed to BBC
radio and television programs.
Also, he was one of the first economists, from the late 1960s, to describe petroleum revenues received by the petroleum-exporting countries as economic rent
, and the countries in question as rentier economies, and studied the effect of the receipt of the petroleum rent by the state on the economics as well as politics of petroleum-exporting countries.
In the field of economic philosophy and method, Katouzian has published a critique of economic method, maintaining that economic theory and theorizing could not be described as scientific, once the economists’ own criteria for scientificity are applied to their works. The subject further involved him in a critique of the philosophies of science developed by Karl Popper
and Thomas Kuhn
arguing that Popper’s criteria were no longer applied by modern scientists, and that Kuhn’s historical generalizations were largely circular.
, for example that the 1921 coup in Iran was not engineered by the British
government; that the Anglo-Persian Agreement
of 1919 was not intended to turn Iran into a British
protectorate
; and that the Iranian
-Azarbaijani political leader, Sheikh Mohammad Khiyabani was not a separatist, was not pro-Bolshevik
and was not opposed to the 1919 agreement.
Persian literature
and has taught modern poetry and fiction at Oxford University. Modern writers he has written about include Sadeq Hedayat, and Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh
, the founder of modern Persian fiction. He has also published on modern poets
such as the Poet Laureate
Mohammad Taghi Bahar
and Iraj Mirza
, and modernist poets such as Forough Farrokhzad
and Ahmad Shamlou. He has taught classical Persian literature
from the 10th century to the 19th century, both in prose and poetry. His special subject is the great Persian classic, Sa‘di
, on whom he has published books in Persian and English.
PHD
PHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
(born Homayoun Katouzian, , on 17 November 1942 in Tehran
Tehran
Tehran , sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, one of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the world's 19th largest city.In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to...
) is an economist, historian, political scientist
Political science
Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, government and politics. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems and political behavior...
and literary critic
Literary criticism
Literary criticism is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often informed by literary theory, which is the philosophical discussion of its methods and goals...
, with a special interest in Iranian studies
Iranian Studies
Iranian studies , is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the study of history, literature, art and culture of the Iranian people. It is a part of the wider field of Oriental studies....
. Katouzian’s formal academic training was in economics
Economics
Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...
and the social sciences
Social sciences
Social science is the field of study concerned with society. "Social science" is commonly used as an umbrella term to refer to a plurality of fields outside of the natural sciences usually exclusive of the administrative or managerial sciences...
but he concurrently continued his studies of Persian
Persian people
The Persian people are part of the Iranian peoples who speak the modern Persian language and closely akin Iranian dialects and languages. The origin of the ethnic Iranian/Persian peoples are traced to the Ancient Iranian peoples, who were part of the ancient Indo-Iranians and themselves part of...
history and literature at a professional academic level. He began studying the life and works of the modern Persian
Persian people
The Persian people are part of the Iranian peoples who speak the modern Persian language and closely akin Iranian dialects and languages. The origin of the ethnic Iranian/Persian peoples are traced to the Ancient Iranian peoples, who were part of the ancient Indo-Iranians and themselves part of...
writer, Sadeq Hedayat, and that of the Prime Minister of Iran
Prime Minister of Iran
Prime Minister of Iran was a political post in Iran that had existed during several different periods of time starting with the Qajar era until its most recent revival from 1979 to 1989 following the Iranian Revolution.-Prime Ministers of Qajar era:In the Qajar era, prime ministers were known by...
in the early 1950s, Mohammad Mosaddeq, while still a faculty member in the department of economics at the University of Kent at Canterbury
University of Kent
The University of Kent, previously the University of Kent at Canterbury, is a public research university based in Kent, United Kingdom...
. Having taught economics
Economics
Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...
at universities in Britain
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
and other countries for eighteen years, he took voluntary retirement in 1986 to devote his entire time to Iranian studies
Iranian Studies
Iranian studies , is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the study of history, literature, art and culture of the Iranian people. It is a part of the wider field of Oriental studies....
. In recent years, he has been teaching and writing on classical
Classicism
Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. The art of classicism typically seeks to be formal and restrained: of the Discobolus Sir Kenneth Clark observed, "if we object to his restraint...
Persian literature
Persian literature
Persian literature spans two-and-a-half millennia, though much of the pre-Islamic material has been lost. Its sources have been within historical Persia including present-day Iran as well as regions of Central Asia where the Persian language has historically been the national language...
, in particular the 13th century poet and writer, Sa‘di
Saadi (poet)
Abū-Muḥammad Muṣliḥ al-Dīn bin Abdallāh Shīrāzī better known by his pen-name as Saʿdī or, simply, Saadi, was one of the major Persian poets of the medieval period. He is not only famous in Persian-speaking countries, but he has also been quoted in western sources...
. Currently based at the University of Oxford
University of Oxford
The University of Oxford is a university located in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is the second-oldest surviving university in the world and the oldest in the English-speaking world. Although its exact date of foundation is unclear, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096...
, Katouzian is a member of the Faculty of Oriental Studies and the Iran Heritage Research Fellow at St. Antony's College, where he edits the quarterly Iranian Studies Journal
Iranian Studies Journal
The Iranian Studies Journal is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering Iranian and Persianate history, literature, and society published by Routledge on behalf of the International Society for Iranian Studies. It is published 6 times a year and was established in 1967. The...
. He is also a member of the Editorial Board of the Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East.
Biography
Katouzian was born in TehranTehran
Tehran , sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, one of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the world's 19th largest city.In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to...
, Iran. After graduation from Alborz High School
Alborz High School
Alborz High School , is a college preparatory high school located in the heart of Tehran, Iran. It is named after the Alborz mountain range north of Tehran.- History :...
and a year at the University of Tehran
University of Tehran
The University of Tehran , also known as Tehran University and UT, is Iran's oldest university. Located in Tehran, the university is among the most prestigious in the country, and is consistently selected as the first choice of many applicants in the annual nationwide entrance exam for top Iranian...
, in 1961 he went to Britain to study economics. He received his Bachelor’s degree from the University of Birmingham
University of Birmingham
The University of Birmingham is a British Redbrick university located in the city of Birmingham, England. It received its royal charter in 1900 as a successor to Birmingham Medical School and Mason Science College . Birmingham was the first Redbrick university to gain a charter and thus...
(1967); his Master’s from the University of London
University of London
-20th century:Shortly after 6 Burlington Gardens was vacated, the University went through a period of rapid expansion. Bedford College, Royal Holloway and the London School of Economics all joined in 1900, Regent's Park College, which had affiliated in 1841 became an official divinity school of the...
(1968); and his PhD from the University of Kent at Canterbury
University of Kent
The University of Kent, previously the University of Kent at Canterbury, is a public research university based in Kent, United Kingdom...
(1984). Between 1968 and 1986, he taught economics in Britain, Iran, Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
and the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
, and also worked as an economic consultant with the Organization of American States
Organization of American States
The Organization of American States is a regional international organization, headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States...
, the International Labor Organization, and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body. It is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment, and development issues....
(UNCTAD). Since 1986, Katouzian has been teaching Persian literature
Persian literature
Persian literature spans two-and-a-half millennia, though much of the pre-Islamic material has been lost. Its sources have been within historical Persia including present-day Iran as well as regions of Central Asia where the Persian language has historically been the national language...
and Iranian history at the University of Oxford
University of Oxford
The University of Oxford is a university located in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is the second-oldest surviving university in the world and the oldest in the English-speaking world. Although its exact date of foundation is unclear, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096...
and has organized two international conferences: the Hedayat
Hedayat
-List of Notables:* Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat * Ali Gholi Khan Mokhber od-Dowleh , Minister of Education, Post and Telegraphs* Jafar Gholi Khan Nayyer-ol-Molk , Minister of Education...
Centenary, at the Middle East Centre, St. Antony’s College, March 2003, and Iran Facing the New Century, at Wadham College, April 2004.
Katouzian has been involved in Iranian cultural and artistic activities in Britain. He is a director of the Thirty Bird Company theatre group and a founding member and member of the Board of Trustees, Library for Iranian Studies, London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
. He has written for the British press and contributed to BBC
BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. Its headquarters is at Broadcasting House in the City of Westminster, London. It is the largest broadcaster in the world, with about 23,000 staff...
radio and television programs.
Contribution to economics
Katouzian has written extensively in pure and applied economics, but his original contributions in economics are in the theory of the development of the service sector, the economics of petroleum-exporting countries, and economic method and philosophy. As early as the late 1960s he predicted that the share of services in output and employment would rapidly grow in advanced countries and in some developing countries, for different sets of reasons, and that the share of non-factor services in international trade would also grow steadily, the advanced countries tending to specialize in the export of services.Also, he was one of the first economists, from the late 1960s, to describe petroleum revenues received by the petroleum-exporting countries as economic rent
Economic rent
Economic rent is typically defined by economists as payment for goods and services beyond the amount needed to bring the required factors of production into a production process and sustain supply. A recipient of economic rent is a rentier....
, and the countries in question as rentier economies, and studied the effect of the receipt of the petroleum rent by the state on the economics as well as politics of petroleum-exporting countries.
In the field of economic philosophy and method, Katouzian has published a critique of economic method, maintaining that economic theory and theorizing could not be described as scientific, once the economists’ own criteria for scientificity are applied to their works. The subject further involved him in a critique of the philosophies of science developed by Karl Popper
Karl Popper
Sir Karl Raimund Popper, CH FRS FBA was an Austro-British philosopher and a professor at the London School of Economics...
and Thomas Kuhn
Thomas Kuhn
Thomas Samuel Kuhn was an American historian and philosopher of science whose controversial 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was deeply influential in both academic and popular circles, introducing the term "paradigm shift," which has since become an English-language staple.Kuhn...
arguing that Popper’s criteria were no longer applied by modern scientists, and that Kuhn’s historical generalizations were largely circular.
Researching modern Iran
Katouzian has taught the history of nineteenth and twentieth century Iran at Oxford University. He has published extensively on twentieth century Iranian history and has been responsible for a number of cases of historical revisionismHistorical revisionism
In historiography, historical revisionism is the reinterpretation of orthodox views on evidence, motivations, and decision-making processes surrounding a historical event...
, for example that the 1921 coup in Iran was not engineered by the British
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom during the period when what is now the Republic of Ireland formed a part of it....
government; that the Anglo-Persian Agreement
Anglo-Persian Agreement
The Anglo-Persian Agreement was a document involving Great Britain and Persia and centered around drilling rights of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. It was never ratified by the Majlis. This "agreement" was issued by British Foreign Secretary Earl Curzon to the Persian government in August of 1919...
of 1919 was not intended to turn Iran into a British
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom during the period when what is now the Republic of Ireland formed a part of it....
protectorate
Protectorate
In history, the term protectorate has two different meanings. In its earliest inception, which has been adopted by modern international law, it is an autonomous territory that is protected diplomatically or militarily against third parties by a stronger state or entity...
; and that the Iranian
Iranian peoples
The Iranian peoples are an Indo-European ethnic-linguistic group, consisting of the speakers of Iranian languages, a major branch of the Indo-European language family, as such forming a branch of Indo-European-speaking peoples...
-Azarbaijani political leader, Sheikh Mohammad Khiyabani was not a separatist, was not pro-Bolshevik
Bolshevik
The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists , derived from bol'shinstvo, "majority") were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903....
and was not opposed to the 1919 agreement.
On Iranian history
Apart from writing descriptive and analytical history, Katouzian has put forward "the theory of arbitrary rule, and the fundamental state-society conflict in Iranian history" which has led him to comparative studies of the sociology of Iranian history with that of Europe. The theory has been described virtually in all of his major writings on Iranian history, but, within a single volume, it is propounded in his Iranian History and Politics, the Dialectic of State and Society (2003). Here, he has also introduced the concept of "the short-term society" or Jameheh-ye Kolangi, literally meaning "the pick-axe society", an allusion to the Iranian practice of demolishing buildings after only a few decades, considering them to be "dilapidated". He has developed and discussed this theory more extensively in the article, "The Short-Term Society, A Study in the Long-Term Problems of Political and Economic Development in Iran", published in Middle Eastern Studies, 40, 1, 2004.On Persian literature
Katouzian has both taught and written on modern as well as classicalClassicism
Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. The art of classicism typically seeks to be formal and restrained: of the Discobolus Sir Kenneth Clark observed, "if we object to his restraint...
Persian literature
Persian literature
Persian literature spans two-and-a-half millennia, though much of the pre-Islamic material has been lost. Its sources have been within historical Persia including present-day Iran as well as regions of Central Asia where the Persian language has historically been the national language...
and has taught modern poetry and fiction at Oxford University. Modern writers he has written about include Sadeq Hedayat, and Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh
Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh
Mohammad-Ali Jamālzādeh Esfahani , was one of the most prominent writers of Iran in the 20th century, best known for his unique style of humour...
, the founder of modern Persian fiction. He has also published on modern poets
Modernist poetry
Modernist poetry refers to poetry written between 1890 and 1950 in the tradition of modernist literature in the English language, but the dates of the term depend upon a number of factors, including the nation of origin, the particular school in question, and the biases of the critic setting the...
such as the Poet Laureate
Poet Laureate
A poet laureate is a poet officially appointed by a government and is often expected to compose poems for state occasions and other government events...
Mohammad Taghi Bahar
Mohammad Taghi Bahar
Mohammad-Taqí Bahār , widely known as Malek o-Sho'arā and Malek o-Sho'arā Bahār , is a renowned Iranian poet and scholar, who was also a politician, journalist, historian and Professor of Literature...
and Iraj Mirza
Iraj Mirza
Prince Iraj Mirza , son of prince Gholam Hossein Mirza, was a famous Iranian poet. He was a modern poet and his works are associated with the criticism of traditions. He had translations from the French language....
, and modernist poets such as Forough Farrokhzad
Forough Farrokhzad
Forugh Farrokhzād was an Iranian poet and film director. Forugh Farrokhzad is arguably one of Iran's most influential female poets of the twentieth century...
and Ahmad Shamlou. He has taught classical Persian literature
Persian literature
Persian literature spans two-and-a-half millennia, though much of the pre-Islamic material has been lost. Its sources have been within historical Persia including present-day Iran as well as regions of Central Asia where the Persian language has historically been the national language...
from the 10th century to the 19th century, both in prose and poetry. His special subject is the great Persian classic, Sa‘di
Saadi (poet)
Abū-Muḥammad Muṣliḥ al-Dīn bin Abdallāh Shīrāzī better known by his pen-name as Saʿdī or, simply, Saadi, was one of the major Persian poets of the medieval period. He is not only famous in Persian-speaking countries, but he has also been quoted in western sources...
, on whom he has published books in Persian and English.
Books in English
- Ideology and Method in Economics (cloth and paper), London and New York: Macmillan and New York University Press, 1980.
- The Political Economy of Modern Iran (cloth and paper), London and New York: Macmillan and New York University Press, 1981.
- Musaddiq's Memoirs, London : Jebhe, 1988 (the English translation of the memoirs translated (with S. H. Amin) and edited and annotated, together with an 81-page introduction by Homa Katouzian).
- Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran, London and New York: I. B. Tauris, second, paperback, edition, 1999; first edition, 1990.
- Sadeq Hedayat: The Life and Legend of an Iranian Writer, paperback edition, London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2002; original edition, 1991.
- State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Rise of the Pahlavis, London and New York: I. B. Tauris, paperback edition, 2006; original edition, 2000.
- Sa‘di, the Poet of Life, Love and Compassion, Oxford: Oneworld Publishers, 2006.
- Iranian History and Politics, the Dialectic of State and Society, London and New York: Routledge, paperback edition, 2007 (original edition, 2003).
- Iran in the 21st Century, co-ed (with Hossein Shahidi), London and New York: Routledge, 2008.
- Sadeq Hedayat, His Work and His Wondrous World, ed., London and New York: Routledge, 2008.
- The Persians: Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Iran, New Haven and London, 2009.
Books in Persian
- International Economic Theory (an advanced textbook), Tehran: Tehran University Press, 1973.
- Universities and Higher Education Today (Persian translation of Herbert Butterfield’s book and with a 25-page introduction), second edition, Tehran: Teacher Training University, 1978; first edition, Shiraz: Pahlavi University Press, 1974.
- Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations (an abridged translation and with 100-page introduction), Tehran: Amir Kabir, second impression, 2003 (first edition, 1979).
- The Political Memoirs of Khalil Maleki (Maleki's manuscript, edited and with a 250-page introduction), second edition, Tehran: Enteshar, 1988; first edition, Tehran: Ravaq, 1981.
- The Political Economy of Modern Iran, trs. M. Nafissi and K. Azizi, together with a long new introduction by the author, Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz, 14th impression, 2008 (second, enlarged, edition 1993; first edition, 1988).
- Essays in Memory of Khalil Maleki, edited jointly with Amir Pichdad, Tehran: Enteshar, 1991.
- Sadeq Hedayat, The Life and Legend of an Iranian Writer, translated by Firuzeh Mohajer, second impression, Tehran: Tarh-e Naw, 1998; first edition, 1993.
- Democracy, Arbitrary Rule and the Popular Movement of Iran, fourth impression, Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz, 2009 (first editions, Nashr-e Markaz. 1993, and London and Washington: Mehregan, 1993).
- Sadeq Hedayat and the Death of the Author, Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz, fourth impression, 2005; third impression, 2003; second impression, 1997; first edition, 1993.
- Hedayat's The Blind Owl (a critical monograph), Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz, 5th impression, 2008; 4th impression, 2005; 3rd impression, 2003; 2nd impression, 1998; first edition, 1994.
- Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran, tr. Farzaneh Taheri, second edition, Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz, 1999, first edition 1994.
- Ideology and Method in Economics, tr. M. Qa'ed, Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz, 1995.
- Fourteen Essays on Literature, Society, Philosophy and Economics (some of them translated from the English), second impression, Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz, 1996; first edition, 1995.
- Khalil Maleki's The Contest of Ideas, edited with an introduction (with Amir Pichdad), second impression, Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz, 1997; first edition, 1995.
- A Song of Innocence, a book of Homa Katouzian's poems, Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz, second enlarged edition 2004 (first edition, 1997).
- Ahmad Kasravi's The Revolt of Sheikh Mohammad Khiyabani (Kasravi's unpublished manuscript, edited and annotated, and with a 82-page introduction) Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz, third impression, 2006, second impression, 1999; first edition, 1997.
- Nine Essays on the Historical Sociology of Iran, etc., tr. Alireza Tayyeb, Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz; third impression 2009 (first edition, 1998).
- State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis, tr. Hasan Afshar, Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz; 5th impression, 2010, 4th impression, 2007; 3rd impression, 2005; 2nd impression 2002; first edition, 2001.
- The Dialectic of State and Society in Iran, tr. Alireza Tayyeb, Tehran: Nashr- e Ney, third impression, 2005, second impression 2003; first edition 2002.
- Iran Nameh, guest ed. Special Issue on Seyyed Hasan Taqizadeh, 21, 1&2, spring and summer 2003.
- Khalil Maleki’s Letters, ed. (with Amir Pichdad), Tehran, Nashr-e Markaz, 2003.
- Satire and Irony in Hedayat, Stockholm: Arash, 2003.
- Jamalzadeh and His Literature, Tehran: Shahab, 2003.
- Eight Essays on Contemporary History and Literature, Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz, 2nd impression 2010 (first edition, 2006).
- Sa‘di, Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz, 2006.
- Golchin-e Sa’di: Golestan, Ghazal-ha, Bustan, Qasideh-ha, Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz, 2009.