Hoe ( ~ ) may refer to various raw food dishes in
Korean cuisineKorean cuisine as a national cuisine known today has evolved through centuries of social and political change. Its roots can be traced back to myths and legends of antiquity...
.
Saengseon hoe (생선회) is thinly sliced raw fish or other raw seafood (similar to
JapaneseThe modern term "Japanese cuisine" means traditional-style Japanese food, similar to what already existed before the end of national seclusion in 1868...
sashimiSashimi is a Japanese delicacy primarily consisting of very fresh raw seafood, sliced into thin pieces about 2.5cm wide by 4cm long by 0.5cm thick, but dimensions vary depending on the type of item and chef, and served with only a dipping sauce , depending on the fish, and...
);
yukhoeYukhoe refers to a variety of hoe, raw dishes in Korean cuisine which are usually made from raw ground beef seasoned with various spices or sauces. The beef part used for yukhoe is tender rump steak....
(육회) is
hoe made with a raw beef and seasoned with soy sauce,
sesame oilSesame oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from sesame seeds. Besides being used as a cooking oil in South India, it is often used as a flavor enhancer in Chinese, Korean, and to a lesser extent Southeast Asian cuisine.-Composition:Sesame oil is composed of the following fatty acids:Sesame oil...
, and rice wine; and
gan hoe (간회) is raw beef
liverThe liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals; it has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion...
with a sauce of sesame oil and salt.
Fish
hoe is usually dipped in a spicy
gochujangGochujang is a savory and pungent fermented Korean condiment. Traditionally, it has been naturally fermented over years in large earthen pots outdoors, more often on an elevated stone platform, called jangdokdae in the backyard.-History:...
-based sauce called
chogochujang (초고추장),
ssamjang (쌈장), or
wasabiWasabi is a member of the Brassicaceae family, which includes cabbages, horseradish and mustard. Known as "Japanese horseradish", its root is used as a spice and has an extremely strong flavour...
sauce, and wrapped in
lettuceLettuce is a temperate annual or biennial plant of the daisy family Asteraceae. It is most often grown as a leaf vegetable. In many countries, it is typically eaten cold, raw, in salads, sandwiches, hamburgers, tacos, and in many other dishes...
and Korean
perillaPerilla is a genus of annual herb that is a member of the mint family, Lamiaceae. In mild climates the plant reseeds itself. There are both green-leafed and purple-leafed varieties which are generally recognized as separate species by botanists. The leaves resemble stinging nettle leaves, being...
leaves.
Hoe ( ~ ) may refer to various raw food dishes in
Korean cuisineKorean cuisine as a national cuisine known today has evolved through centuries of social and political change. Its roots can be traced back to myths and legends of antiquity...
.
Saengseon hoe (생선회) is thinly sliced raw fish or other raw seafood (similar to
JapaneseThe modern term "Japanese cuisine" means traditional-style Japanese food, similar to what already existed before the end of national seclusion in 1868...
sashimiSashimi is a Japanese delicacy primarily consisting of very fresh raw seafood, sliced into thin pieces about 2.5cm wide by 4cm long by 0.5cm thick, but dimensions vary depending on the type of item and chef, and served with only a dipping sauce , depending on the fish, and...
);
yukhoeYukhoe refers to a variety of hoe, raw dishes in Korean cuisine which are usually made from raw ground beef seasoned with various spices or sauces. The beef part used for yukhoe is tender rump steak....
(육회) is
hoe made with a raw beef and seasoned with soy sauce,
sesame oilSesame oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from sesame seeds. Besides being used as a cooking oil in South India, it is often used as a flavor enhancer in Chinese, Korean, and to a lesser extent Southeast Asian cuisine.-Composition:Sesame oil is composed of the following fatty acids:Sesame oil...
, and rice wine; and
gan hoe (간회) is raw beef
liverThe liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals; it has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion...
with a sauce of sesame oil and salt.
Fish
hoe is usually dipped in a spicy
gochujangGochujang is a savory and pungent fermented Korean condiment. Traditionally, it has been naturally fermented over years in large earthen pots outdoors, more often on an elevated stone platform, called jangdokdae in the backyard.-History:...
-based sauce called
chogochujang (초고추장),
ssamjang (쌈장), or
wasabiWasabi is a member of the Brassicaceae family, which includes cabbages, horseradish and mustard. Known as "Japanese horseradish", its root is used as a spice and has an extremely strong flavour...
sauce, and wrapped in
lettuceLettuce is a temperate annual or biennial plant of the daisy family Asteraceae. It is most often grown as a leaf vegetable. In many countries, it is typically eaten cold, raw, in salads, sandwiches, hamburgers, tacos, and in many other dishes...
and Korean
perillaPerilla is a genus of annual herb that is a member of the mint family, Lamiaceae. In mild climates the plant reseeds itself. There are both green-leafed and purple-leafed varieties which are generally recognized as separate species by botanists. The leaves resemble stinging nettle leaves, being...
leaves. To make
hoe aesthetically pleasing, it is often served on of a mass of uncooked
dangmyeonCellophane noodles are a type of transparent Asian noodle made from starch , and water.They are generally sold in dried form, boiled to reconstitute, then used in soups, stir fried...
(cellophane noodles).
When people finish a meal of
saengseon hoe at a restaurant, they sometimes order
maeuntang (spicy fish stew, from the fish heads and remaining meat) together with various vegetables.
History
It can be assumed that the tradition of eating
hoe was introduced from China to Korea during the early
Three Kingdoms PeriodThe Three Kingdoms of Korea refer to the ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula and parts of Manchuria for much of the 1st millennium CE...
(57 BC-668 AD), facilitated by frequent interchanges between China and the Korean peninsula. According to the
ConfucianConfucius , lit. "Master Kong," was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese thought and life....
Analects, written in the 1st century BC,
ConfuciusConfucius , lit. "Master Kong," was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese thought and life....
said "Do not shun rice that is well clean; do not shun
kuaiKuai is a Chinese dish consisting of finely sliced raw fish or meat.-History:Raw fish dishes are first documented in China in the Zhou Dynasty, and are mentioned in the Shi Jing, Classic of Rites, Analects of Confucius, and Mencius....
that is thinly sliced" (食不厭精，膾不厭細). While the term
kuai originally referred to finely sliced raw fish or other meats such as beef or lamb, since the
QinThe Qin Dynasty was the ruling Chinese dynasty between 221 and 206 BC. The Qin state was named because the people of is homeland were called the qin. The Qin's strength had been consolidated by Lord Shang Yang during the Warring States Period, in the 4th century BC...
and
HanThe Han Dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms . It was founded by the peasant rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty of the former regent Wang Mang...
Dynasties it has referred mainly to raw fish. However, since Buddhism flourished in Korea from the middle part of the period until the late Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392), the killing of living beings was avoided, so that the habit of eating meat in general almost disappeared along with eating
hoe. As the dominant influence of Buddhism fell off in the late Goryeo period, the consumption of
hoe was revived. During the
Joseon DynastyJoseon , was a Korean sovereign state founded by Taejo Yi Seong-gye that lasted for approximately five centuries. It was founded in the aftermath of the overthrow of the Goryeo Kingdom at what is today the city of Kaesong...
, the state highly regarded
ConfucianismConfucianism is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius . It is a complex system of moral, social, political, philosophical, and quasi-religious thought that has had tremendous influence on the culture and history of East Asia...
, and, as Confucius was known to have enjoyed eating raw meat, eating
hoe was accepted without any resistance at that time.
On the other hand, the consumption of raw meat or seafood is rare in present day
Chinese cuisineChinese cuisine originated in China and has become widespread in many other parts of the world — from Asia to the Americas, Australia, Western Europe and Southern Africa. In recent years, connoisseurs of Chinese cuisine have also sprouted in Eastern Europe and South Asia...
apart from in a few regions, such as the Chaozhou dish
yushengYusheng , yee sang or yuu sahng is a Chaozhou-style raw fish salad. It usually consists of strips of raw fish , mixed with shredded vegetables and a variety of sauces and condiments, among other ingredients...
. A 20th century Taiwanese-Japanese historical novelist,
Chin Shunshinis a Taiwanese-Japanese novelist, translator and cultural critic. He is best known for his historical fictions and mystery novels, including First Opium War, Chinese History, Ryukyu Wind.-Major works:*Roots of Dried Grass...
, speculates that the consumption of raw meat disappeared after an epidemic spread to the continent in the 11th century. In light of a poem composed by
Mei YaochenMei Yaochen was a poet of the Song dynasty. He was one of the pioneers of the "new subjective" style of poetry which characterised Song poetry....
, a leading poet of the
Song DynastyThe Song Dynasty was a ruling dynasty in China between 960 and 1279; it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, and was followed by the Yuan Dynasty. It was the first government in world history to issue banknotes or paper money, and the first Chinese government to establish a...
, which depicts a host presenting
kuai for waiting guests, it appears that the consumption of raw meat dishes was thriving until at least that time.
See also
- Yukhoe
Yukhoe refers to a variety of hoe, raw dishes in Korean cuisine which are usually made from raw ground beef seasoned with various spices or sauces. The beef part used for yukhoe is tender rump steak....
- Sannakji
Sannakji or sannakji hoe is a variety of hoe, or raw dish, in Korean cuisine. It consists of live nakji that has been cut into small pieces and served immediately, usually lightly seasoned with sesame and sesame oil. The nakji pieces are usually still squirming on the plate...
- Hoedeopbap
Hoedeopbap is a Korean dish consisting of steamed rice mixed with sliced or cubed saengseon hoe , various vegetables such as lettuce, cucumber and sesame leaves, sesame oil, and chogochujang...
- Maeuntang
- Korean cuisine
- Kuai (dish)
Kuai is a Chinese dish consisting of finely sliced raw fish or meat.-History:Raw fish dishes are first documented in China in the Zhou Dynasty, and are mentioned in the Shi Jing, Classic of Rites, Analects of Confucius, and Mencius....
- Namasu
is a Japanese dish consisting of thinly sliced uncooked vegetables and seafood, marinated in rice vinegar for several hours, pickling them slightly. Namasu was brought to Japan from China during the Nara period ....
- Sashimi
Sashimi is a Japanese delicacy primarily consisting of very fresh raw seafood, sliced into thin pieces about 2.5cm wide by 4cm long by 0.5cm thick, but dimensions vary depending on the type of item and chef, and served with only a dipping sauce , depending on the fish, and...
- Yusheng
Yusheng , yee sang or yuu sahng is a Chaozhou-style raw fish salad. It usually consists of strips of raw fish , mixed with shredded vegetables and a variety of sauces and condiments, among other ingredients...
External links