Histories (Herodotus)

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Book I (Clio

Clio

In Greek mythology, Clio or Kleio is the muse of history. Like all the muses, she is a daughter of Zeus and Mnemosyne. She had one son, Hyacinth , with the King of Macedonia , Pierus....
)

• The rulers of Lydia
  Lydia
  
  Lydia was an Iron Age kingdom of western Asia Minor located generally east of ancient Ionia in the modern Turkey provinces of Manisa Province and inland Izmir Province....
   (on the west coast of modern Turkey
  Turkey
  
  Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in southwest Asia and Thrace in the Balkans region of Southern Europe....
  ): Candaules
  Candaules
  
  Candaules , also known as Myrsilos was a king of the ancient Kingdom of Lydia from 735 BC to 718 BC. He succeeded Meles of Lydia and was followed by Gyges of Lydia....
  , Gyges
  Gyges of Lydia
  
  Gyges was the founder of the third or Mermnad dynasty of Lydian kings and reigned from 716 BC to 678 BC . He was succeeded by his son Ardys II....
  , Sadyattes
  Sadyattes
  
  Sadyattes, son of Ardys II, was King of Lydia from 624 BC to 610 BC. He was succeeded by his son Alyattes II....
  , Alyattes
  Alyattes
  
  Alyattes may refer to:* Alyattes I, king of Lydia * Alyattes II, king of Lydia, ...
  , Crœsus
  Croesus
  
  Croesus was the Monarch of Lydia from 560/561 BC until his defeat by the Persian Empire in about 547 BC. The fall of Croesus made a profound impact on the Greeks, providing a fixed point in their calendar....
   (6–7)
• How Gyges
  Gyges
  
  Gyges can be:* A figure from Greek mythology, one of the Hecatonchires* King Gyges of Lydia...
   took the kingdom from Candaules
  Candaules
  
  Candaules , also known as Myrsilos was a king of the ancient Kingdom of Lydia from 735 BC to 718 BC. He succeeded Meles of Lydia and was followed by Gyges of Lydia....
   (8–13)
• The singer Arion
  Arion
  
  Arion was a legendary kitharode in ancient Greece, a Dionysus poet credited with inventing the dithyramb. The islanders of Lesbos Island claimed him as their native son, but Arion found a patron in Periander, tyrant of Corinth....
  's ride on the dolphin
  Dolphin
  
  File:Bottlenose_Dolphin_KSC04pd0178.jpgDolphins are marine mammals that are closely related to whales and porpoises. There are almost forty species of dolphin in seventeen genus....
   (23–24)
• Solon
  Solon
  
  Solon was an Athens statesman, lawmaker, and lyric poetry. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in Archaic period in Greece Athens....
  's answer to Crœsus's question that Tellus
  Tellus (Ancient Athens)
  
  Tellus was an Athens statesman featured in Herodotus's Histories , in which the wise man Solon describes him as the happiest man ever. To quote Herodotus:...
   was the happiest person in the world (29–33)
• Crœsus's efforts to protect his son Atys
  Atys son of Croesus
  
  Atys was the son of Croesus, a king of Lydia. According to book one of the Histories by Herodotus, his father had a dream, in this dream he saw his son Atys being killed by a spear....
  , his son's accidental death by Adrastus
  Adrastus
  
  Adrastus or Adrestus , traditionally translated as "nonparticipant" or "uncooperative", was a legendary king of Argos during the war of the Seven Against Thebes....
   (34–44)
• Crœsus's test of the oracles (46–54)
• The answer from the Oracle of Delphi concerning whether Crœsus should attack the Persians (famous for its ambiguity): If you attack you will destroy a mighty empire (55–56)
• Pisistratus' rises and falls from power as tyrant of Athens (59–64)
• The rise of Sparta
  Sparta
  
  Sparta was a city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the Eurotas River in the southern part of the Peloponnese. From circa 650 BC it rose to become the dominant military power in the region and as such was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars....
   (65–68)
• Crœsus's defeat by Cyrus II of Persia, and how he later became Cyrus's advisor (70–92)
• The rulers of the Medes
  Medes
  
  The Medes were an Ancient Iranian peoples who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. This area was known in Greek as Media or Medea ....
  : Deioces
  Deioces
  
  Deioces, D?joc?s, Deiokes or Diyako was a Prince and the first king of the Medes. He united seven Median tribes and became their Judge and leader, beginning in 701 BC....
  , Phraortes
  Phraortes
  
  Phraortes, also known as Fravartish , son of Deioces, was the second king of the Medes and the founder of Median government.Like his father Deioces, Phraortes started wars against Assyria, but was defeated and killed by Ashurbanipal, the king of Assyria....
  , Cyaxares
  Cyaxares
  
  Cyaxares, Hvakhshathra,Xasro or Kayxosrew , the son of King Phraortes, was the first king of Medes .He reorganized and modernized the Median Army, then joined with King Nabopolassar of Babylon....
  , Astyages
  Astyages
  
  Astyages ; spelled by Herodotus as Astyages; by Ctesias as Astyigas; by Diodorus as Aspadas; Akkadian language: I?tumegu), was the last king of the Medes, r....
  , Cyrus II of Persia (95–144)
• The rise of Deioces over the Medes
• Astyages
  Astyages
  
  Astyages ; spelled by Herodotus as Astyages; by Ctesias as Astyigas; by Diodorus as Aspadas; Akkadian language: I?tumegu), was the last king of the Medes, r....
  's attempt to destroy Cyrus, and Cyrus's rise to power
• Harpagus
  Harpagus
  
  Harpagus , , was a Medes general from the 6th century BC, credited by Herodotus as having put Cyrus the Great on the throne through his defection during the battle of Pasargadae....
   tricked into eating his son, his revenge against Astyages by assisting Cyrus
• The culture of the Persians
  Culture of Iran
  
  To best understand Iran and its people, one must first attempt to acquire an understanding of its ancient culture. It is in the study of this area where the Iranian identity optimally expresses itself....
  
• The history and geography of the Ionia
  Ionia
  
  Ionia is an ancient region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey, the region nearest Izmir, which was historically Smyrna. It consisted of the northernmost territories of the Ionian League of Hellenes settlements....
  ns, and the attacks on it by Harpagus
• Pactyes' convinces the Lydians to revolt. Rebellion fails and he seeks refuge from Mazares in Cyme (Aeolis)
  Cyme (Aeolis)
  
  Cyme was an ancient Greek city in Aeolis close to the kingdom of Lydia. The Aeolians regarded Cyme as the largest and most important of their twelve cities, which were located on the coastline of Asia Minor ....
  
• The culture of Assyria
  Assyria
  
  Assyria was a political state centered on the Upper Tigris river, in Mesopotamia , that came to rule regional empires a number of times in history....
  , especially the design and improvement of the city of Babylon
  Babylon
  
  Babylon was a city-state of ancient Mesopotamia, sometimes considered an empire, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq, about 85 kilometers south of Baghdad....
   and the ways of its people
• Cyrus's attack on Babylon, including his revenge on the river Gyndes and his famous method for entering the city
• Cyrus's ill-fated attack on the Massagetæ

Book II (Euterpe

Euterpe

In Greek mythology, Euterpe was one of the Muses, the daughters of Mnemosyne, fathered by Zeus. Called the "Giver of delight", when later poets assigned roles to each of the Muses, she was the muse of music....
)

• The proof of the antiquity of the Phrygians by the use of children unexposed to language
• The geography of Egypt
  Egypt
  
  Egypt is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about , Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west....
  
• Speculations on the Nile
  Nile
  
  The Nile is a major north-flowing river in Africa, generally regarded as the List of rivers by length in the world.The Nile has two major tributary, the White Nile and Blue Nile, the latter being the source of most of the Nile's water and silt, but the former being the longer of the two....
   river
• The religious practices of Egypt, especially as they differ from the Greeks
• The animals of Egypt: cats, dogs, crocodile
  Crocodile
  
  A crocodile is any species belonging to the family Crocodylidae . The term can also be used more loosely to include all members of the order Crocodilia: i.e....
  s, hippopotamus
  Hippopotamus
  
  The hippopotamus or hippo is a large, mostly herbivore African mammal, one of only two Extant taxon species in the scientific classification Hippopotamidae ....
  es, otter
  Otter
  
  Otters are semi-aquatic fish-eating mammals. The otter Rank Lutrinae forms part of the Family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, as well as others....
  s, phoenix
  Phoenix (mythology)
  
  The phoenix is a Mythologyical sacred fire bird which originated in the Sub-continent of India in ancient mythologies mentioned in the Ancient Egyptian religion and later the Sanchuniathon and the Greek Mythology....
  es, sacred serpents
  Serpent (symbolism)
  
  Serpent is a word of Latin origin that is commonly used in a specifically mythology or religion context, signifying a snake that is to be regarded not as a mundane natural phenomenon nor as an object of scientific zoology, but as the bearer of some symbolic value....
  , winged snake
  Snake
  
  Snakes are elongate legless carnivore reptiles of the suborder Serpentes that can be distinguished from legless lizards by their lack of eyelids and external ears....
  s, ibis
  Ibis
  
  The ibises are a group of long-legged wading birds in the family Threskiornithidae. They all have long down curved bills, and usually feed as a group, probing mud for food items, usually crustaceans....
  es
• The culture of Egypt: medicine, funeral rites, food, boats
• The kings of Egypt: Menes
  Menes
  
  Menes is the name of the Egyptian king credited with founding the First dynasty of Egypt, sometime around 3100 BC. Menes was seen as a founding figure for much of the history of Ancient Egypt, and was possibly a mythical founding king similar to Romulus and Remus for Ancient Rome....
  , Nitocris
  Nitocris
  
  Nitocris has been claimed to have been the last pharaoh of the Sixth dynasty of Egypt. Her name is found in the Histories of Herodotus and writings of Manetho but her historicity is questionable....
  , Mœris, Sesostris
  Sesostris
  
  Sesostris was the name of a legendary king of ancient Egypt who led a military expedition into parts of Europe, as related by Herodotus....
  , Pheron
  Pheron
  
  Pheron, mentioned in Histories by Herodotus, was a king of ancient Egypt. He had been made blind for ten years after attacking a river with a spear....
  , Proteus
  Proteus of Egypt
  
  Proteus was an ancient Ancient Egypt king who is mostly known for his involvement in an alternate version of the story of Helen of Troy.In book II of Histories by Greek History Herodotus, Proteus is said to be from Memphis, succeeded Pheron to the throne, and was succeeded by Ramesses III ....
  
• Helen
  Helen
  
  In Greek mythology, Helen , better known as Helen of Sparta later Helen of Troy, was the daughter of Zeus and Leda , wife of King Menelaus of Sparta and sister of Castor and Pollux, Castor and Pollux and Clytemnestra....
   and Paris
  Paris (mythology)
  
  Paris , the son of Priam, king of Troy, appears in a number of Greek mythology. Probably the best-known was his elopement with Helen, queen of Sparta, this being one of the immediate causes of the Trojan War....
  ' stay in Egypt during the Trojan War
  Trojan War
  
  In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her husband Menelaus, the king of Sparta....
  
• More kings of Egypt: Rhampsinitus
  Ramesses III
  
  Usimare Ramesses III was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt and is considered to be the last great New Kingdom king to wield any substantial authority over Egypt....
   (and the story of the clever thief), Cheops
  Khufu
  
  Khufu was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt's Old Kingdom. He reigned from around 2589 to 2566 B.C. Khufu was the second pharaoh of the Fourth dynasty of Egypt....
   (and the building of the Great Pyramid), Chephren
  Khafra
  
  Khafra or Khafre *?a?af-ri?u) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the Fourth dynasty of Egypt, who had his capital at Memphis, Egypt. According to some authors he was the son and successor of Khufu, but it is more commonly accepted that Djedefra was Khufu's successor and Khafra was Djedefra's....
  , Mycerinus
  Menkaura
  
  Menkaura was a pharaoh of the Fourth dynasty of Egypt who ordered the construction of Menkaure's Pyramid. His main queen was Khamerernebty II....
  , Asychis
  Shoshenq I
  
  Hedjkheperre Setepenre Shoshenq I , also known as Shishak, Sheshonk or Sheshonq I , was a Meshwesh Pharaoh of History of Ancient Egypt--of Ancient Libya ancestry--and the founder of the Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt....
  , Anysis
  Anysis
  
  Anysis is a king of Egypt, mentioned only in book II of Histories by Herodotus. Herodotus says he came from a city after which he was named....
  , Sethôs
  Seti I
  
  Menmaatre Seti I was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt , the son of Ramesses I and Queen Sitre, and the father of Ramesses II. As with all dates in Ancient Egypt, the actual dates of his reign are unclear, and various historians claim different dates, with 1294 BC – 1279 BC and 1290 BC to 1279 BC being the most commonly used by scholars today...
  
• The line of priests
• The Labyrinth
  Labyrinth
  
  In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth was an elaborate structure designed and built by the legendary artificer Daedalus for King Minos of Crete at Knossos....
  
• More kings of Egypt: the twelve, Psammetichus
  Psammetichus I
  
  Psamtik I , was the first of three kings of the Sais, Egypt, or Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt. His prenomen, Wahibre, means "Constant is the Heart of Ra." The story in Herodotus of the Dodecarchy and the rise of Psamtik is fanciful....
   (and his rise to power), Necôs
  Necho II
  
  Necho II was a king of the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt , and the son of Psammetichus I by his Great Royal Wife Mehtenweskhet. His prenomen or royal name Wahemibre means "Carrying out the Wish of Ra Forever." Necho played a significant role in the histories of the Assyrian Empire, Babylonia and the Kingdom of Judah....
  , Psammis, Apries
  Apries
  
  Apries is the name by which Herodotus and Diodorus designate Wahibre Haibre, ??af??? , a pharaoh of Egypt , the fourth king of the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt....
  , Amasis II
  Amasis II
  
  Amasis II was a pharaoh of the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt, the successor of Apries at Sais, Egypt. He was the last great ruler of Ancient Egypt before the Persian Empire conquest....
   (and his rise to power)

Book III (Thalia

Thalia

Thalia can refer to four distinct entities in Greek mythology, two of whom were daughters of Zeus, and a third of whom bore him sons. The name Thalia, or Thaleia is spelled T??e?a in Greek and derives from the same stem as ????e?? "to bloom"....
)

• Cambyses II of Persia
  Cambyses II of Persia
  
  Cambyses II was the son of Cyrus the Great.When Cyrus The Great conquered Babylon in 539 BC he was employed in leading religious ceremonies, and in the Cyrus_Cylinder which contains Cyrus' proclamation to the Babylonians his name is joined to that of his father in the prayers to Marduk....
  's (son of Cyrus II and king of Persia) attack on Egypt, and the defeat of the Egyptian king Psammetichus III
  Psammetichus III
  
  Psamtik III was the last Pharaoh of the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt of History of Ancient Egypt from 526 BC – 525 BC. Most of what we know about his reign and life was documented by the Greek historian Herodotus in the 5th century....
  .
• Cambyses's abortive attack on Ethiopia
  Ethiopia
  
  Ethiopia , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country situated in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east and Djibouti to the northeast....
  
• The madness of Cambyses
• The good fortune of Polycrates
  Polycrates
  
  Polycrates , son of Aeaces, was the tyrant of Samos Island from c. 538 BC to 522 BC.He took power during a festival of Hera with his brothers Pantagnotus and Syloson, but soon had Pantagnotus killed and exiled Syloson to take full control for himself....
   king of Samos
  Samos Island
  
  Samos is a Greece island in the North Aegean sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off the Ionian coast of Turkey....
  
• Periander
  Periander
  
  Periander was the second tyrant of Corinth, Greece in the 7th century BC. He was the son of the first tyrant, Cypselus. Periander succeeded his father in 627 BC....
  , the king of Corinth
  Corinth
  
  Corinth, or Korinth Corinth is now the capital of the Prefectures of Greece of Corinthia. The city is surrounded by the coastal townlets of Lechaio, Isthmia, Kechries, and the inland townlets of Examilia and the archaeological site....
   and Corcyra, and his obstinate son
• The revolt of the two Magi
  Magi
  
  File:Adoracao_dos_magos_de_Vicente_Gil.jpgMagi is a term, used since at least the 4th century BCE, to denote a follower of Zoroaster, or rather, a follower of what the Hellenistic civilization associated Zoroaster with, which was – in the main – the ability to read the stars, and manipulate the fate that the stars foretold....
   in Persia
  Persian Empire
  
  The 'Persian Empire' was a series of successive Iranian or Persianization empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland, and beyond in Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus....
   and the death of Cambyses
• The conspiracy of the seven to remove the Magi
• The rise of Darius I of Persia
  Darius I of Persia
  
  Darius I or Darius the Great was the son of Hystaspes and Persian Empire from 522 BC to 486 BC. Darius is the dominant Latin language spelling used by the Roman historians....
  .
• The twenty satrap
  Satrap
  
  Satrap was the name given to the governors of the provinces of ancient Medes and Persian Empire empires, including the Achaemenid Empire and in several of their heirs, such as the Sassanid Empire and the Hellenistic civilization empires....
  ies
• The culture of India
  India
  
  India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
   and their method of collecting gold
• The culture of Arabia and their method of collecting spices
• The flooded valley with five gates
• Orœtes's (governor of Sardis
  Sardis
  
  Sardis, also Sardes , modern Sart in the Manisa province of Turkey, was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia, one of the important cities of the Persian Empire, the seat of a proconsul under the Roman Empire, and the metropolis of the province Lydia in later Roman and Byzantine Empire times....
  ) scheme against Polycrates
• The physician Democêdes
  Democedes
  
  Democedes of Croton, described in The Histories of Herodotus as "the most skillful physician of his time"....
  
• The rise of Syloson
  Syloson
  
  Syloson was the brother of Polycrates of Samos.When Polycrates became tyrant of the island he exiled Syloson where he stayed in Egypt. Syloson would stay in Egypt until a "flame-coloured mantle" he was selling brought him in contact with Darius I of Persia....
   governor of Samos
• The revolt of Babylon
  Babylon
  
  Babylon was a city-state of ancient Mesopotamia, sometimes considered an empire, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq, about 85 kilometers south of Baghdad....
   and its defeat by the scheme of Zopyrus
  Zopyrus
  
  Zopyrus was a Persian nobleman mentioned in Herodotus' Histories .He was son of Megabyzus, who helped Darius I in his ascension. When Babylon revolted against the rule of Darius I, Zopyrus devised a plan to regain control of the vital city....
  

Book IV (Melpomene

Melpomene

Melpom?ne , initially the Muse of Singing, she then became the Muse of Tragedy, for which she is best known now. Her name was derived from the Greek verb melp? or melpomai meaning "to celebrate with dance and song." She is often represented with a tragic mask and wearing the cothurnus, boots traditionally worn by tragic actors....
)

• The history of the Scythia
  Scythia
  
  The Scythians or Scyths were an Eastern Iranian languages of Equestrianism nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic steppe throughout Classical Antiquity....
  ns (from the land north of the Black Sea
  Black Sea
  
  The Black Sea is an inland sea sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolia and is ultimately connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the Mediterranean Sea and Aegean Seas and various straits....
  )
• The miraculous poet Aristeas
  Aristeas
  
  Aristeas was a semi-legendary Greek poet and Iatromantis, a native of Proconnesus in Asia Minor, active ca. 7th century BCE. In book IV of Histories , Herodotus reports that Aristeas appeared to drop down dead in a fuller's shop, but before his relatives could collect the body, disappeared, only to return six years later....
  
• The geography of Scythia
• The inhabitants of regions beyond Scythia: Sauromatae, Budini
  Budini
  
  The Budini were an ancient people who lived in Scythia, in what is today Ukraine.Herodotus wrote in his Histories :Later located eastward probably on the middle course of the Volga about Samara, Russia, the Budini are described as fair-eyed and red-haired, and lived by hunting in the dense forests....
  , Thyssagetae
  Thyssagetae
  
  Thyssagetae were an ancient tribe described by Herodotus as occupying a district to the north-east of Scythia separated from the Budini by a desert seven days journey broad, perhaps the Voguls....
  , Argippaeans, Issedonians, Arimaspi
  Arimaspi
  
  The Arimaspi were a legendary people of northern Scythia who lived in the foothills of the Riphean Mountains, variously identified with the Ural Mountains....
  , Hyperboreans
• A comparison of Libya (Africa), Asia, and Europe
• The rivers of Scythia: the Ister
  Danube
  
  The Danube is the longest river in the European Union and Europe's second longest river after the Volga.The river originates in the Black Forest in Germany as the much smaller Brigach and Breg River rivers which join at the eponymously named German town Donaueschingen, after which it is known as the Danube and flows eastwards for a distance...
  , the Tyras
  Dniester
  
  The Dniester is a river in Eastern Europe....
  , the Hypanis
  Beas River
  
  The Beas River is the second easternmost of the rivers of the Punjab region. The river rises in the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh, India, and flows for some 290 miles to the Sutlej River in western Punjab state....
  , the Borysthenes
  Dnieper River
  
  The Dnieper River , is one of the major rivers in Europe that flows from Russia, through Belarus and Ukraine, to the Black Sea. Its total length is , of which lie within Russia, within Belarus, and within Ukraine....
  , the Panticapes
  Inhul
  
  Inhul is a tributary of the Southern Buh river of Ukraine. It rises North of Kirovohrad, flowing South into the Southern Bug at Mykolayiv. The Southern Bug empties into the Black Sea, not far from Mykolayiv....
  , the Hypacyris, the Gerrhus, and the Tanais
  Tanais
  
  Tanais is the ancient name for the Don River, Russia in Russia. Strabo regarded it as the boundary between Europe and Asia.In antiquity, Tanais was also the name of a city in the Don river delta that reaches into the northeasternmost part of the Sea of Azov, which the Greeks called Lake Maeotis....
  
• The culture of the Scythians: religion, burial rites, xenophobia
  Xenophobia
  
  Xenophobia is an intense dislike and/or fear of people from other countries. It comes from the Greek language words ????? , meaning "foreigner," "stranger," and f???? , meaning "fear." The term is typically used to describe a fear or dislike of alien s or of people significantly different from oneself....
   (the stories of Anacharsis
  Anacharsis
  
  Anacharsis was a Scythian philosopher who travelled from his homeland on the northern shores of the Black Sea to Athens in the early 6th century BCE and made a great impression as a forthright, outspoken "barbarian," apparently a forerunner of the Cynics, though none of his works have survived....
   and Scylas), population
• The beginning of Darius
  Darius I of Persia
  
  Darius I or Darius the Great was the son of Hystaspes and Persian Empire from 522 BC to 486 BC. Darius is the dominant Latin language spelling used by the Roman historians....
  's attack on Scythia, including the bridge over the Bosphorus
  Bosporus
  
  The Bosporus or Bosphorus , also known as the Istanbul Strait , is a strait that forms the boundary between the European part of Turkey and its Asian part ....
  
• The brutal worship of Zalmoxis
  Zalmoxis
  
  Zalmoxis was a legendary social and religious reformer, regarded as the only true god by the Thracian Dacians . According to Herodotus, the Getae, who believed in the immortality of the soul, looked upon death merely as going to Zalmoxis, as they knew the way to become immortals....
   by the Getae
  Getae
  
  The Getae was the name given by the Greeks to several Thracian tribes that occupied the regions south of the Danube, in what is today northern Bulgaria, and north of the Lower Danube, in Romania....
  
• The customs of the surrounding peoples: Tauri
  Tauri
  
  The Tauri , also Scythotauri, Tauri Scythae, Tauroscythae were a people settling on the southern coast of the Crimea peninsula, inhabiting the Crimean Mountains and the narrow strip of land between the mountains and the Black Sea....
  , Agathyrsi
  Agathyrsi
  
  Agathyrsi were a people of Scythian, Thracians, or mixed Thraco-Scythic origin, who in the time of Herodotus occupied the plain of the Maris , in the region now known as Transylvania....
  , Neuri
  Neuri
  
  According to Herodotus the Neuri were a tribe living beyond the Scythian cultivators, one of the nations along the course of the river Hypanis , west of the Borysthenes ....
  , Androphagi
  Androphagi
  
  Androphagi was an ancient nation of cannibalism north of Scythia , probably in the forests between the upper waters of the Dneiper River and Don River, Russia....
   (man-eaters), Melanchlaeni
  Melanchlaeni
  
  Melanchlaeni may refer to two ancient tribes. One is a tribe mentioned by Herodotus that lived north of Scythia. They have been identified by some with various Finnic tribes ....
  , Geloni, Budini
  Budini
  
  The Budini were an ancient people who lived in Scythia, in what is today Ukraine.Herodotus wrote in his Histories :Later located eastward probably on the middle course of the Volga about Samara, Russia, the Budini are described as fair-eyed and red-haired, and lived by hunting in the dense forests....
  , Sauromatae
• The wooing of the Amazons
  Amazons
  
  The Amazons , ) are a nation of all-female warriors in Classical and Greek mythology, who were possibly historical. Herodotus placed them in a region bordering Scythia in Sarmatians....
   by the Scyths, forming the Sauromatae
• Darius's failed attack on Scythia and consequent retreat
• The story of the Minyæ (descendants of the Argonauts
  Argonauts
  
  In Greek mythology, the Argonauts were a band of heroes who, in the years before the Trojan War, accompanied Jason to Colchis in his quest to find the Golden Fleece....
  ) and the founding of Cyrene
  Cyrene, Libya
  
  Cyrene was an ancient Greece colony in present-day Libya, the oldest and most important of the five Greek cities in the region. It gave eastern Libya the classical name Cyrenaica that it has retained to modern times....
  
• The kings of Cyrene
  List of Kings of Cyrene
  
  Cyrene, Libya or Cyrenaica was a Greece colony on the North African coast, in what is now northeastern Libya, founded by settlers from Thera in the 7th century BC....
  : Battus
  Battus
  
  Battus can refer to:*In Greek mythology, Battus is a shepherd from Pylos, Battus witnessed Hermes stealing Apollo 's cattle. Though he promised his silence, he told many others....
  , Arcesilaus, Battus the Lame (and the reforms of Demonax), Arcesilaus (his revolt and death)
• The peoples of Libya from east to west
• The revenge of Arcesilaus' mother Pheretima
  Pheretima (Cyrenaean Queen)
  
  Pheretima or Pheretime was a Greeks woman who was the wife of the sixth Greek Cyrenaean King Battus III of Cyrene and a member of The Battiads dynasty....
  

Book V (Terpsichore

Terpsichore

In Greek mythology, Terpsichore "delight of dancing" was one of the nine Muses, ruling over dance and the dramatic Greek chorus. She lends her name to the word "terpsichorean" which means "of or relating to dance"....
)

• The attack on the Thracians
  Thracians
  
  The ancient Thracians were a group of Indo-European peoples who spoke the Thracian language - a scarcely attested branch of the Indo-European language family....
   by Megabazus
  Megabazus
  
  Megabazus was a highly regarded Persian Empire general under Darius. Most information about him comes from Histories by Herodotus. Troops left behind in Europe after a failed attempt to conquer the Scythians were put under the command of Megabazus....
  
• The removal of the Paeonians to Asia
• The slaughter of the Persian envoys by Alexander I of Macedon
  Alexander I of Macedon
  
  Alexander I was ruler of Macedon from 498 BC to 454 BC. He was the son of Amyntas I of Macedon king of Macedon and Eurydice.According to Herodotus he was unfriendly to Persian Empire, and had the envoys of Darius I of Persia killed when they arrived at the court of his father during the Ionian Revolt....
  
• The failed attack on the Naxians
  Naxos (island)
  
  Naxos is a Greece island, the largest island in the Cyclades island group in the Aegean Sea. It was the centre of archaic Cycladic culture.The island comprises the two municipalities of Naxos and Drymalia....
   by Aristagoras
  Aristagoras
  
  Aristagoras was the leader of Miletus in the late 6th century BC and early 5th century BC.He was the son of Molpagoras, and son-in-law of Histiaeus, whom the Persian Empire had set up as tyrant of Miletus....
  , tyrant of Miletus
  Miletus
  
  Miletus was an ancient city on the western coast of Anatolia , near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Caria. Evidence of first settlement at the site has been made inaccessible by the rise of sea level and deposition of sediments from the Maeander....
  
• The revolt of Miletus against Persia
• The background of Cleomenes I
  Cleomenes I
  
  Cleomenes , was an Agiad Kings of Sparta in the 6th century BC and 5th century BC. During his reign, which started around 520 BC, he pursued an adventurous and at times unscrupulous foreign policy aimed at crushing Argos and extending Sparta's influence both inside and outside the Peloponnese....
  , king of Sparta, and his half brother Dorieus
• The description of the Persian Royal Road
  Royal Road
  
  The Persian Royal Road was an ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the Persian Empire king Darius I of the Achaemenid Empire in the 5th century BC....
   from Sardis
  Sardis
  
  Sardis, also Sardes , modern Sart in the Manisa province of Turkey, was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia, one of the important cities of the Persian Empire, the seat of a proconsul under the Roman Empire, and the metropolis of the province Lydia in later Roman and Byzantine Empire times....
   to Susa
  Susa
  
  Susa was an ancient city of the Elamite, Persian Empire and Parthian empires of Iran, located about 250 km east of the Tigris River.The modern town of Shush, Iran is located at the site of ancient Susa....
  
• The introduction of writing
  Writing
  
  Writing is the representation of language in a textual Media through the use of a set of signs or symbols . It is distinguished from illustration, such as cave drawing and painting, and the recording of language via a non-textual medium such as Magnetic tape sound recording....
   to Greece by the Phoenicians
• The freeing of Athens
  Athens
  
  Athens , the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery; as one of the List of cities by time of continuous habitation, its recorded history spans around 3,400 years....
   by Sparta
  Sparta
  
  Sparta was a city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the Eurotas River in the southern part of the Peloponnese. From circa 650 BC it rose to become the dominant military power in the region and as such was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars....
  , and its subsequent attacks on Athens
• The reorganizing of the Athenian tribes by Cleisthenes
  Cleisthenes
  
  Cleisthenes was a noble Athens of the Alcmaeonidae family. He is credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a Athenian democracy footing in 508 BC or 507 BC....
  
• The attack on Athens by the Thebans and Eginetans
  Aegina
  
  Aegina is one of the Greek islands of Greece in the Saronic Gulf, 17 miles from Athens. Tradition derives the name from Aegina, the mother of Aeacus, who was born in and ruled the island....
  
• The backgrounds of the tyrants of Corinth
  Corinth
  
  Corinth, or Korinth Corinth is now the capital of the Prefectures of Greece of Corinthia. The city is surrounded by the coastal townlets of Lechaio, Isthmia, Kechries, and the inland townlets of Examilia and the archaeological site....
  , Cypselus
  Cypselus
  
  Cypselus was the first tyrant of Corinth in the 7th century BC.With increased wealth and more complicated trade relations and social structures, Ancient Greece city-states tended to overthrow their traditional hereditary priest-kings; Corinth, the richest archaic polis, led the way....
   and his son Periander
  Periander
  
  Periander was the second tyrant of Corinth, Greece in the 7th century BC. He was the son of the first tyrant, Cypselus. Periander succeeded his father in 627 BC....
  
• Aristagoras's failed request for help from Sparta, and successful attempt with Athens
• The burning of Sardis, and Darius's vow for revenge against the Athenians
• Persia's attempts to quell the Ionia
  Ionia
  
  Ionia is an ancient region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey, the region nearest Izmir, which was historically Smyrna. It consisted of the northernmost territories of the Ionian League of Hellenes settlements....
  n revolt

Book VI (Erato

Erato

In Greek mythology, Erato is one of the Greek Muses. The name would mean "lovely" if derived from Eros , as Apollonius of Rhodes playfully suggested in the invocation to Erato that begins Book III of his Argonautica....
)

• The fleeing of Histiaeus
  Histiaeus
  
  Histiaeus , the son of Lysagoras, was the tyrant of Miletus in the late 6th century BC.Histiaeus owed his status as tyrant to Darius I, king of Persian Empire, who had subjugated Miletus and the other Ionian states in Asia Minor....
   to Chios
  Chios
  
  Chios is the fifth largest of the Greece list of islands of Greece, situated in the Aegean Sea seven kilometres off the Turkey coast. The island is noted for its strong merchant shipping community, its unique mastic gum and its medieval villages....
  
• The training of the Ionia
  Ionia
  
  Ionia is an ancient region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey, the region nearest Izmir, which was historically Smyrna. It consisted of the northernmost territories of the Ionian League of Hellenes settlements....
  n fleet by Dionysius of Phocaea
• The abandonment of the Ionian fleet by the Samians
  Samos Island
  
  Samos is a Greece island in the North Aegean sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off the Ionian coast of Turkey....
   during battle
• The defeat of the Ionian fleet by the Persians
• The capture and death of Histiaeus by Harpagus
  Harpagus
  
  Harpagus , , was a Medes general from the 6th century BC, credited by Herodotus as having put Cyrus the Great on the throne through his defection during the battle of Pasargadae....
  
• The invasion of Greece
  Greece
  
  Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkans. It has borders with Albania, Bulgaria and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to the north, and Turkey to the east....
   under Mardonius
  Mardonius
  
  Mardonius was a leading Persian Empire military commander during the Persian Wars with Greece in the early 5th century BC....
   and enslavement of Macedon
  Macedon
  
  Macedon or Macedonia was the name of a monarchy centred in the northernmost part of ancient Greece. The homeland of the ancient Macedonians, it was bordered by the kingdom of Epirus to the west and the region of Thrace to the east....
  
• The destruction of 300 ships in Mardonius's fleet near Athos
  Athos
  
  Athos may refer to:* Athos , one of the title characters in the novel The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas, p?re* Athos , one of the Gigantes in Greek mythology...
  
• The order of Darius that the Greeks provide him earth and water, in which most consent, including Aegina
  Aegina
  
  Aegina is one of the Greek islands of Greece in the Saronic Gulf, 17 miles from Athens. Tradition derives the name from Aegina, the mother of Aeacus, who was born in and ruled the island....
  
• The Athenian request for assistance of Cleomenes
  Cleomenes I
  
  Cleomenes , was an Agiad Kings of Sparta in the 6th century BC and 5th century BC. During his reign, which started around 520 BC, he pursued an adventurous and at times unscrupulous foreign policy aimed at crushing Argos and extending Sparta's influence both inside and outside the Peloponnese....
   of Sparta in dealing with the traitors
• The history behind Sparta having two kings and their powers
• The dethronement of Demaratus
  Demaratus
  
  Demaratus was a king of Sparta from 515 until 491 BC, of the Kings of Sparta#Eurypontid, successor to his father Ariston . As king, he is known chiefly for his opposition to the other, co-ruling Spartan king, Cleomenes I....
  , the other king of Sparta, due to his supposed false lineage
• The arrest of the traitors in Aegina by Cleomenes and the new king Leotychides
• The suicide of Cleomenes in a fit of madness, possibly caused by his war with Argos
  Argos
  
  Argos is a city in Greece in the Peloponnese near Nafplion, which was its historic harbour, named for Nauplius ....
  , drinking unmixed wine, or his involvement in dethroning Demaratus
• The battle between Aegina and Athens
• The taking of Eretria
  Eretria
  
  Eretria was a polis in Ancient Greece, located on the western coast of the island of Euboea , south of Chalcis, facing the coast of Attica across the narrow Euboian Gulf....
   by the Persians after the Eretrians sent away Athenian help
• Pheidippides
  Pheidippides
  
  Pheidippides , hero of Ancient Greece, is the central figure in a story which was the inspiration for a modern sporting event, the marathon....
  's encounter with the god Pan
  Pan (mythology)
  
  Pan , in Ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, is the companion of the nymphs, god of shepherds and flocks, of mountain wilds, hunting and rustic music....
   on a journey to Sparta to request aid
• The assistance of the Plataeans, and the history behind their alliance with Athens
• The Athenian win at the Battle of Marathon
  Battle of Marathon
  
  The Battle of Marathon, Greece during the Greco-Persian Wars took place in 490 BC and was the culmination of the first attempt by the Achaemenid Empire of Persia, under King Darius I, to subjugate Ancient Greece....
  , led by Miltiades
  Miltiades the Younger
  
  Miltiades the Younger was the step-nephew of Miltiades the Elder. He made himself the tyrant of the Greek colonies on the Thracian Chersonese around 516 BC, forcibly seizing it from his rivals and imprisoning them....
   and other strategoi
• The Spartans late arrival to assist Athens
• The history of the Alcmaeonidae
  Alcmaeonidae
  
  The Alcmaeonidae or Alcmaeonids were a powerful noble family of ancient Athens, a branch of the Neleides who claimed descent from the Greek mythology Alcmaeon , the grandson of Nestor....
   and how they came about their wealth and status
• The death of Miltiades after a failed attack on Paros
  Paros
  
  Paros is an island of Greece in the central Aegean Sea. One of the Cyclades island group, it lies to the west of Naxos , from which it is separated by a channel about wide....
   and the successful taking of Lemnos
  Lemnos
  
  Lemnos is an island in the northern part of the Aegean Sea. It is part of the prefecture of Greece of Lesbos Prefecture and has a considerable area, about 477 km?....
  

Book VII (Polymnia

Polyhymnia

Polyhymnia , in Greek mythology, was the Muse of sacred poetry, sacred hymn and eloquence as well as agriculture and pantomime. She is also known as the Muse of mime....
)

• The amassing of an army by Darius
  Darius I of Persia
  
  Darius I or Darius the Great was the son of Hystaspes and Persian Empire from 522 BC to 486 BC. Darius is the dominant Latin language spelling used by the Roman historians....
   after learning about the defeat at Marathon
  Battle of Marathon
  
  The Battle of Marathon, Greece during the Greco-Persian Wars took place in 490 BC and was the culmination of the first attempt by the Achaemenid Empire of Persia, under King Darius I, to subjugate Ancient Greece....
  
• The quarrel between which son should succeed Darius in which Xerxes I of Persia
  Xerxes I of Persia
  
  Xerxes the Great, also known as Xerxes I of Persia, was a Persian Empire of the Achaemenid Empire. X?rxes is the Greek language form of the Old Persian throne name X?ayar?a, meaning "Ruler of heroes"....
   is chosen
• The death of Darius in 486 BC
• The defeat of the Egyptian rebels by Xerxes
• The advice given to Xerxes on invading Greece: Mardonius
  Mardonius
  
  Mardonius was a leading Persian Empire military commander during the Persian Wars with Greece in the early 5th century BC....
   for invasion, Artabanus
  Artabanus
  
  * Artabanus is the name of a genus of insects in the family Aradidae* Artabanus was the name of two noblemen of Persian Empire:** Artabanus was the younger brother of king Darius I of Persia, and satrap of Bactria in the early 5th century BC....
   against (9-10)
• The dreams of Xerxes in which a phantom frightens him and Artabanus into choosing invasion
• The preparations for war, including a canal and bridge across the Hellespont
  Hellespont
  
  Hellespont was the ancient name of the narrow strait, now known by the modern European term 'Dardanelles'. It was so called from Helle , the daughter of Athamas, who was drowned here in the mythology of the Golden Fleece....
  
• The offer by Pythius
  Pythius
  
  Pythius is a Lydian mentioned in book VII of Herodotus' Histories , chh. 27-29 and 38-39.Xerxes, son of Darius, and king of Persian Empire, encounters Pythius on his way to invade Greece c....
   to give Xerxes all his money, in which Xerxes rewards him
• The request by Pythius to allow one son to stay at home, Xerxes' anger, and the march out between the butchered halves of Pythius's son
• The destruction and rebuilding of the bridges built by the Egyptians
  Ancient Egypt
  
  Ancient Egypt was an Ancient history civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile in what is now the modern nation of Egypt....
   and Phoenicia
  Phoenicia
  
  Phoenicia was an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coastal regions of modern day Lebanon, extending to parts of Israel, Syria and the Palestinian territories....
  ns at Abydos
  Abydos, Hellespont
  
  Abydos , an ancient city of Mysia, in Asia Minor, situated at Nara Burnu or Nagara Point on the best harbor on the Asiatic shore of the Hellespont....
  
• The siding with Persia of many Greek states, including Thessaly
  Thessaly
  
  Thessaly is one of the 13 Peripheries of Greece of Greece, and is further sub-divided into 4 Prefectures of Greece. The capital of the periphery and traditional Regions of Greece is Larissa....
  , Thebes
  Thebes, Greece
  
  Thebes is a city in Greece, situated to the north of the Cithaeron range, which divides Boeotia from Attica, Greece, and on the southern edge of the Boeotian plain....
  , Melia, and Argos
  Argos
  
  Argos is a city in Greece in the Peloponnese near Nafplion, which was its historic harbour, named for Nauplius ....
  
• The refusal of aid after negotiations by Gelo
  Gelo
  
  Gelo , son of Deinomenes, was a 5th century BC ruler of Gela and Syracuse, Italy and first of the Deinomenid rulers....
   of Syracuse
  Syracuse, Italy
  
  Syracuse is a historic city in southern Italy, the Capital of the province of Syracuse. The city is noted for its rich Greek history, culture, amphitheatres, architecture and association to Archimedes, playing an important role in ancient times as one of the top powers of the Mediterranean world; it is over 2,700 years old....
  , and the refusal from Crete
  Crete
  
  Crete is the largest of the Greek islands and the List of islands in the Mediterranean largest island in the Mediterranean Sea at 8,336 km? ....
  
• The destruction of 400 Persian ships due to a storm
• The small Greek force (appox. 6000) led by Leonidas I
  Leonidas I
  
  Leonidas was a king of Sparta, the 17th of the Agiad line, one of the sons of King Anaxandridas II of Sparta, who was believed to be a descendant of Heracles, possessing much of the strength and bravery that made his ancestor famous....
  , sent to Thermopylae
  Thermopylae
  
  Thermopylae is a location in Greece where a narrow coastal passage existed in classical antiquity. It derives its name from several natural hot water springs....
   to delay the Persian army (approx. 3.4 million)
• The Battle of Thermopylae
  Battle of Thermopylae
  
  The Battle of Thermopylae [th?r m?pp?lee] took place over three days during the second Persian invasion of Greece. It took place simultaneously with the naval battle at Battle of Artemisium, in August or September 480 BC, at the pass of Thermopylae ....
   in which the Greeks hold the pass for 3 days
• The secret pass divulged by Ephialtes of Trachis in which Hydarnes
  Hydarnes
  
  Hydarnes , son of Hydarnes, was an eminent Persian people, the commander of the Ten Thousand Persian Immortals during the time of the Persian Wars with Greece....
   uses to lead forces around the mountains to encircle the Greeks
• The retreat of all but the Spartans, Thespians
  Thespiae
  
  Thespiae was an ancient Greece polis in Boeotia. It stood on level ground commanded by the low range of hills which runs eastward from the foot of Mount Helicon to Thebes, Greece....
  , and Thebans (forced to stay by the Spartans).
• The Greek defeat and order by Xerxes to remove Leonidas' head and attach his torso to a cross

Book VIII (Urania

Urania

In Greek mythology, Urania , was the muse of astronomy and astrology. She is usually depicted as having a globe in her left hand. She is able to foretell the future by the position of the stars....
)

• The destruction by storm of two hundred ships sent to block the Greeks from escaping
• The retreat of the Greek fleet after word of a defeat at Thermopylae
  Battle of Thermopylae
  
  The Battle of Thermopylae [th?r m?pp?lee] took place over three days during the second Persian invasion of Greece. It took place simultaneously with the naval battle at Battle of Artemisium, in August or September 480 BC, at the pass of Thermopylae ....
  
• The supernatural rescue of Delphi
  Delphi
  
  Delphi is an archaeology site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western spur of Mount Parnassus in the valley of Phocis. Delphi was the site of the Pythia, the most important oracle in the classical Greek world, when it was a major site for the worship of the god Apollo after he slew the Python , a deity who lived there and protecte...
   from a Persian attack
• The evacuation of Athens
  Athens
  
  Athens , the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery; as one of the List of cities by time of continuous habitation, its recorded history spans around 3,400 years....
   assisted by the fleet
• The reinforcement of the Greek fleet at Salamis Island
  Salamis Island
  
  Salamis is the largest Greece island in the Saronic Gulf, about 1 nautical mile off-coast from Piraeus and about 16 km west of Athens. Due to its roughly crescent shape, the island is also locally known as Koulouri, after the koulouri....
  , bringing the total ships to 378
• The destruction of Athens by the Persian land force after difficulties with those who remained
• The Battle of Salamis
  Battle of Salamis
  
  The Battle of Salamis , was a naval battle fought between an Alliance of Greece city-states and the Achaemenid Empire of Persia in September 480 BC in the straits between the mainland and Salamis Island, an island in the Saronic Gulf near Athens....
  , the Greeks have the advantage due to better organization, and less loss due to ability to swim
• The description of the Angarum, the Persian riding post
• The rise in favor of Artemisia
  Artemisia
  
  Artemisia can mean:Botany*Artemisia , a genus of plants including the sagebrush and wormwoodGeography*Artemisia Geyser in Yellowstone National Park...
  , the Persian woman commander, and her council to Xerxes in favor returning to Persia
• The vengeance of Hermotimus, Xerxes' chief eunuch
  Eunuch
  
  A eunuch is a castrated man, in particular one castrated early enough to have major hormonal consequences; the term usually refers to those castrated in order to perform a specific social function, as was common in many societies of the past....
  , against Panionius
• The attack on Andros
  Andros
  
  Andros, or Andro , an island of the Greece archipelago, the most northerly of the Cyclades, approximately 10 km south east of Euboea, and about north of Tinos....
   by Themistocles
  Themistocles
  
  Themistocles was an Ancient Athens soldier and statesman. As archon in 493 BC, he convinced the Athenians that a powerful fleet was needed to protect them against the Persians....
  , the Athenian fleet commander and most valiant Greek at Salamis
• The escape of Xerxes and leaving behind of 300,000 picked troops under Mardonius
  Mardonius
  
  Mardonius was a leading Persian Empire military commander during the Persian Wars with Greece in the early 5th century BC....
   in Thessaly
  Thessaly
  
  Thessaly is one of the 13 Peripheries of Greece of Greece, and is further sub-divided into 4 Prefectures of Greece. The capital of the periphery and traditional Regions of Greece is Larissa....
  
• The ancestry of Alexander I of Macedon
  Alexander I of Macedon
  
  Alexander I was ruler of Macedon from 498 BC to 454 BC. He was the son of Amyntas I of Macedon king of Macedon and Eurydice.According to Herodotus he was unfriendly to Persian Empire, and had the envoys of Darius I of Persia killed when they arrived at the court of his father during the Ionian Revolt....
  , including Perdiccas
  Perdiccas I of Macedon
  
  Perdiccas I was king of Macedon from about 700 BC to about 678 BC. Herodotus stated:References...
  
• The refusal of an attempt by Alexander to seek a Persian alliance with Athens

Book IX (Calliope

Calliope

File:Calliope.jpgIn Greek mythology, Calliope was the muse of heroic poetry, daughter of Zeus and Mnemosyne, and is now best known as Homer's muse, the inspiration for the Iliad and the Odyssey....
)

• The second taking of an evacuated Athens
  Athens
  
  Athens , the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery; as one of the List of cities by time of continuous habitation, its recorded history spans around 3,400 years....
  
• The evacuation to Thebes
  Thebes, Greece
  
  Thebes is a city in Greece, situated to the north of the Cithaeron range, which divides Boeotia from Attica, Greece, and on the southern edge of the Boeotian plain....
   by Mardonius
  Mardonius
  
  Mardonius was a leading Persian Empire military commander during the Persian Wars with Greece in the early 5th century BC....
   after the sending of Lacedaemonian troops
• The slaying of Masistius, leader of the Persian cavalry, by the Athenians
• The warning from Alexander
  Alexander I of Macedon
  
  Alexander I was ruler of Macedon from 498 BC to 454 BC. He was the son of Amyntas I of Macedon king of Macedon and Eurydice.According to Herodotus he was unfriendly to Persian Empire, and had the envoys of Darius I of Persia killed when they arrived at the court of his father during the Ionian Revolt....
   to the Greeks of an impending attack
• The death of Mardonius by Aeimnestus
  Aeimnestus
  
  Aeimnestus was a Spartan Soldier, famous because he killed the leader of a Persian army, Mardonius, at the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC, as told in book 9 of the Histories of Herodotus....
  
• The Persian retreat to Thebes where they are afterwards slaughtered
• The description and dividing of the spoils
• The speedy escape of Artabazus
  Artabazus
  
  Artabazus was the name of a satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia , under the Achaemenid dynasty of Persian Empire.Artabazus, son of Pharnaces, was one of the generals in Xerxes I' invasion of Greece, in charge of the reserve forces guarding the route back to Asia, and responsible for suppressing a revolt in Potidaea....
   into Asia.
• The Persian defeat in Ionia
  Ionia
  
  Ionia is an ancient region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey, the region nearest Izmir, which was historically Smyrna. It consisted of the northernmost territories of the Ionian League of Hellenes settlements....
   by the Greek fleet, and the Ionian revolt
• The mutilation of the wife of Masistes
  Masistes
  
  Masistes was a Persian Empire prince of the Achaemenid Dynasty, son of king Darius I and of his wife Atossa, and full brother of king Xerxes I ....
   ordered by Amestris
  Amestris
  
  Amestris or Amastris was the wife of Xerxes I of Persia, mother of king Artaxerxes I of Persia. Her reputation is very bad among Ancient Greece historians....
  , wife of Xerxes
• The death of Masistes after his intent to rebel
• The Athenian blockade of Sestos
  Sestos
  
  Sestos was an ancient town of the Thracian Chersonese, the modern Gallipoli peninsula in European Turkey. Situated on the Hellespont opposite Abydos, Hellespont, it was the home of Hero in the legend of Hero and Leander....
   and the capture of Artayctes

Translations of the Histories

• George Rawlinson
  George Rawlinson
  
  Canon George Rawlinson was a 19th century England scholar and historian. He was born at Chadlington, Oxfordshire, and was the younger brother of Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet....
  , 1858: full text of all books (Book I to Book IX)
• George Campbell Macaulay, 1904: ,
• Alfred Denis Godley
  A. D. Godley
  
  Alfred Denis Godley was a classics scholar and author of humorous poems. From 1910 to 1920 he was Public Orator at the University of Oxford, a post that involved composing citations in Latin for the recipients of honorary degrees....
  , 1921:
• Aubrey de Sélincourt
  Aubrey de Selincourt
  
  Aubrey de S?lincourt was an English writer, classical scholar and translator. Educated at Rugby School, he won an open classical scholarship to University College, Oxford....
  , 1954
• Harry Carter
  Harry Carter
  
  Harry Carter , was an American actor of the silent film. He appeared in 84 films between 1914 in film and 1933 in film.He was born in Louisville, Kentucky and died in Los Angeles, California....
  , 1958
• David Grene
  David Grene
  
  David Grene was a professor of classics at the University of Chicago from 1937 until his death. He was a co-founder of the Committee on Social Thought and is best known for his translations of ancient Greek literature....
  , 1985
• Walter Blanco and Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, 1992
• Robin Waterfield
  Robin Waterfield
  
  Robin Anthony Herschel Waterfield is a British classical scholar, translator, editor, and writer of children's fiction....
  , 1998
• Shlomo Felberbaum, 2003 - work in progress:
• Andrea L. Purvis, 2007

See also

• Steganography
  Steganography
  
  Steganography is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way that no-one apart from the sender and intended recipient suspects the existence of the message, a form of security through obscurity....
  
• Historical novel
  Historical novel
  
  A historical novel is a novel in which the story is set among historical events, or more generally, in which the time of the action predates the lifetime of the author....
  s sourcing material from Herodotus:
• Pharaoh
  Pharaoh (novel)
  
  Pharaoh is the fourth and last major novel by the Polish writer Boleslaw Prus. Composed over a year's time in 1894–1895, it was the sole historical novel by an author who had previously disapproved of historical novels as inevitable distortions of history....
  , by Boleslaw Prus
  Boleslaw Prus
  
  Boleslaw Prus , whose actual name was Aleksander Glowacki, was a Poland journalist and novelist who is known especially for his novels The Doll and Pharaoh ....
  , incorporating the Labyrinth
  Labyrinth
  
  In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth was an elaborate structure designed and built by the legendary artificer Daedalus for King Minos of Crete at Knossos....
   scenes inspired by Herodotus' description in Book II of The Histories
• Creation
  Creation (novel)
  
  Creation is an epic historical fiction novel by Gore Vidal which was published in 1981. In 2002, he published a restored version, adding four chapters that a previous editor had cut....
  , by Gore Vidal
  Gore Vidal
  
  Gore Vidal is an United States novelist, screenwriter, playwright, essayist, short story writer and politician. Early in his career he wrote the ground-breaking The City and the Pillar , which outraged mainstream critics as one of the first major American novels to feature unambiguous homosexuality....
  , interpreting many scenes from the Persian viewpoint.
• Gates of Fire
  Gates of Fire
  
  Gates of Fire is a 1998 Historical novel novel by Steven Pressfield that recounts the Battle of Thermopylae through Xeones, a Spartan Helots and the sole Greeks survivor of the battle....
  , by Stephen Pressfield, has the Battle of Thermopylae
  Battle of Thermopylae
  
  The Battle of Thermopylae [th?r m?pp?lee] took place over three days during the second Persian invasion of Greece. It took place simultaneously with the naval battle at Battle of Artemisium, in August or September 480 BC, at the pass of Thermopylae ....
   (Book VII) as its centrepiece.
• Travels with Herodotus
  Travels with Herodotus
  
  Travels with Herodotus is a non-fiction book written by the Polish journalist, Ryszard Kapuscinski, published in 2004 and now available in English translation....
   by Ryszard Kapuscinski
  Ryszard Kapuscinski
  
  Ryszard Kapuscinski was a popular Poland journalist, author, publicist, photographer and Poetry, at both home and abroad. Born in Pinsk, a city formerly located in the Kresy of the Second Polish Republic, and now belonging to Belarus, Kapuscinski is generally thought of as the leading Polish journalist of his time....
  

External links