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High jump
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The high jump is an athletics (track and field) event in which competitors must jump over a horizontal bar placed at measured heights without the aid of any devices. It has been contested since the Olympic Games of ancient Greece. Over the centuries since, competitors have introduced increasingly more effective techniques to arrive at the current form. Javier Sotomayor (Cuba) is both the indoor and outdoor world record holder in this event with jumps of and , respectively.

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Encyclopedia
The high jump is an athletics (track and field) event in which competitors must jump over a horizontal bar placed at measured heights without the aid of any devices. It has been contested since the Olympic Games of ancient Greece. Over the centuries since, competitors have introduced increasingly more effective techniques to arrive at the current form. Javier Sotomayor (Cuba) is both the indoor and outdoor world record holder in this event with jumps of and , respectively. Sotomayor's record, set in 1993, is the longest standing in the history of the men's high jump. Stefka Kostadinova (Bulgaria) has held the women's world record (2.09m) since 1987, the longest-held record in the event.
History
The high jump predated the Olympics in ancient Greece. The first recorded high jump event took place in Scotland in the 19th century. Early jumpers used either an elaborate straight-on approach or a scissors technique. In the latter, the bar was approached diagonally, and the jumper threw first the inside leg and then the other over the bar in a scissoring motion. Around the turn of the 20th century, techniques began to modernise, starting with the Irish-American M.F. Sweeney's Eastern cut-off. By taking off as if with the scissors, but extending his back and flattening out over the bar, the Sweeney achieved a more economic clearance and raised the world record to in 1895.
Another American, M.F. Horine, developed an even more efficient technique, the Western roll. In this style, the bar again is approached on a diagonal, but the inner leg is used for the take-off, while the outer leg is thrust up to lead the body sideways over the bar. Horine increased the world standard to in 1912. His technique predominated through the Berlin Olympics of 1936, in which the event was won by Cornelius Johnson at .
American and Russian and vaskian jumpers held the playing field for the next four decades, and they pioneered the evolution of the straddle technique. Straddle jumpers took off as in the Western roll, but rotated their (belly-down) torso around the bar, obtaining the most economical clearance up to that time. Straddle-jumper Charles Dumas broke the elusive barrier in 1956, and American John Thomas pushed the world mark to in 1960. Valeriy Brumel took over the event for the next four years. The elegant Soviet jumper radically sped up his approach run, took the record up to , and won the Olympic gold medal in 1964, before a motorcycle accident ended his career.
American coaches, including two-time NCAA champion Frank Costello of the University of Maryland, flocked to Russia to learn from Brumel and his coaches. However, it would be a solitary innovator at Oregon State University, Dick Fosbury, who would bring the high jump into the next century. Taking advantage of the raised, softer landing areas by then in use, Fosbury added a new twist to the outmoded Eastern Cut-off. He directed himself over the bar head and shoulders first, sliding over on his back and landing in a fashion which would likely have broken his neck in the old, sawdust landing pits. After he used this Fosbury flop to win the 1968 Olympic gold medal, the technique began to spread around the world, and soon floppers were dominating international high jump competitions. The last straddler to set a world record was the late Vladimir Yashchenko, who cleared in 1977 and then indoors in 1978.
Ammong renowned high jumpers following Fosbury's lead were: Americans Dwight Stones and his rival, tall Franklin Jacobs of Paterson, NJ, who cleared , an astounding over his head; Chinese record-setters Ni-chi Chin and Zhu Jianhua; Germans Gerd Wessig and Dietmar Mögenburg; Swedish Olympic medalist and world record holder Patrik Sjöberg; and female jumpers Iolanda Balas of Romania, Ulrike Meyfarth of Germany and Italy's Sara Simeoni.
High jump shoes
High jump shoes are different from most other track shoes in that there are an additional four holes in the heel of the takeoff shoe, where the user can insert spikes for increased traction. These extra heel spikes aid greatly in the last four to five steps of the J-approach, allowing the jumper to run on his or her curve at a fast speed without slipping. Some high jump shoes are even more technologically developed and in addition to the extra spikes on the heel, the shoes are modified to lean the direction of the approach to provide further support while running their curve. As well as the approach, high jump shoes also help and support the jumper's takeoff. The IAAF regulations specify a maximum sole thickness for both high jump and long jump shoes; competitors in all other events may wear shoes with soles of any thickness.
The approach
The approach of the high jump is actually more important than the take off. If a high jumper runs with bad timing or without enough aggressiveness, then clearing a high bar becomes more of a challenge. The approach requires a certain shape or curve, the right amount of speed, and the correct number of strides. The approach angle measure is also critical for optimal height.
Most great straddle jumpers have a run at angles of about 30 to 40 degrees. The length of the run is determined by the speed of the person's approach. A slower run requires about 8 strides. However, a faster high jumper might need about 13 strides. The greater the speed of the run, the greater the body's momentum can be converted upward .
The j type approach allows for: horizontal speed, the ability to turn in the air (centripetal force), and good take off position. The approach should be a hard controlled stride so that a person does not fall from creating an angle with speed. Athletes should run tall and lean from the ankles on the curve and not the hips .
Drills can be practiced to get the hang of the approach. One drill that can be used is to run in a straight line (the linear part of the approach) and then run two to three circles spiraling into one another. Another drill is to run or skip a circle of any size, two to three times in a row.
Top performers
Updated 2008-10-03.
Men (outdoor)
| Pos. | Mark | Athlete | Nationality | Venue | Date |
|---|
| 1. | 2.45 | Javier Sotomayor | | Salamanca | July 27, 1993 | | 2. | 2.42 | Patrik Sjöberg | | Stockholm | June 30, 1987 | | 3. | 2.41 | Igor Paklin | | Kobe | September 4, 1985 | | 4. | 2.40 | Rudolf Povarnitsyn | | Donetsk | August 11, 1985 | | Sorin Matei | | Bratislava | June 20, 1990 | | Charles Austin | | Zürich | August 7, 1991 | | Vyacheslav Voronin | | London | August 5, 2000 | | 8. | 2.39 | Zhu Jianhua | | Eberstadt | June 10, 1984 | | Hollis Conway | | Norman | July 30, 1989 | | 10. | 2.38 | Gennadiy Avdeyenko | | Rome | September 6, 1987 | | Sergey Malchenko | | Banská Bystrica | September 4, 1988 | | Dragutin Topic | | Beograd | August 1, 1993 | | Troy Kemp | | Nice | July 12, 1995 | | Artur Partyka | | Eberstadt | August 18, 1996 | | Jacques Freitag | | Oudtshoorn | March 5, 2005 | | Andriy Sokolovskyy | | Rome | July 8, 2005 | | Andrey Silnov | | London | July 25, 2008 |
Women (outdoor)
| Pos. | Mark | Athlete | Nationality | Venue | Date |
|---|
| 1. | 2.09 | Stefka Kostadinova | | Rome | August 30, 1987 | | 2. | 2.07 | Lyudmila Andonova | | Berlin | July 20, 1984 | | Blanka Vlaic | | Stockholm | August 7, 2007 | | 4. | 2.06 | Kajsa Bergqvist | | Eberstadt | July 26, 2003 | | Hestrie Cloete | | Paris | August 31, 2003 | | Yelena Slesarenko | | Athens | August 28, 2004 | | 7. | 2.05 | Tamara Bykova | | Kiev | June 22, 1984 | | Heike Henkel | | Tokyo | August 31, 1991 | | Inha Babakova | | Tokyo | September 15, 1995 | | Tia Hellebaut | | Beijing | August 23, 2008 |
Men (indoor)
| Pos. | Mark | Athlete | Venue | Date |
|---|
| 1. | 2.43 | | Budapest | March 4, 1989 | | 2. | 2.42 | | Berlin | February 26, 1988 | | 3. | 2.41 | | Piraeus | February 1, 1987 | | 4. | 2.40 | | Sevilla | March 10, 1991 | | Madrid | March 6, 2005 | | Athens | February 25, 2009 | | 6. | 2.39 | | Köln | February 24, 1985 | | Berlin | March 1, 1991 | | 9. | 2.38 | | Indianapolis | March 7, 1987 | | Indianapolis | March 7, 1987 | | Wuppertal | February 4, 1994 | | Weinheim | March 18, 1994 | | Wuppertal | February 3, 1995 | | Atlanta | March 4, 2000 | | Stockholm | February 15, 2005 | | Göteborg | February 25, 2007 |
Women (indoor)
| Pos. | Mark | Athlete | Venue | Date |
|---|
| 1. | 2.08 | | Arnstadt | February 6, 2006 | | 2. | 2.07 | | Karlsruhe | February 8, 1992 | | 3. | 2.06 | | Athens | February 20, 1988 | | 4. | 2.05 | | Banská Bystrica | February 14, 2006 | | Birmingham | March 3, 2007 | | Karlsruhe | February 15, 2009 | | 7. | 2.04 | | Berlin | March 3, 1995 | | Yekaterinburg | January 7, 2003 | | Budapest | March 7, 2004 | | 10. | 2.03 | | Budapest | March 6, 1983 | | Bucharest | January 23, 1999 | | Wien | March 2, 2002 |
Best Year Performance
Men's Seasons Best (Outdoor)
Women's Seasons Best (Outdoor)
National records
Updated October 3, 2008.
Men
Women
See also
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