Hertfordshire (UK Parliament constituency)
Encyclopedia
Hertfordshire was a county constituency covering the county of Hertfordshire
in England. It returned two Knights of the Shire
to the House of Commons of England
until 1707, then to the House of Commons of Great Britain
until 1800, and to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
from 1290 until 1832. The Reform Act 1832
gave the county a third seat with effect from the 1832 general election
.
Elections were held using the bloc vote system, when contested. However, even after the 1832 reforms, contested elections were the exception: of the 17 elections from 1832 to 1880, 9 were uncontested, including the 1880 general election
. In such cases all the nominated candidates were returned without a vote.
of Hertfordshire
. (Although Hertfordshire contained two boroughs, Hertford
and St Albans
, each of which elected two MPs in its own right, these were not excluded from the county constituency, and owning property within the borough could confer a vote at the county election.)
As in other county constituencies the franchise between 1430 and 1832 was defined by the Forty Shilling Freeholder Act
, which gave the right to vote to every man who possessed freehold property within the county valued at £2 or more per year for the purposes of land tax; it was not necessary for the freeholder to occupy his land, nor even in later years to be resident in the county at all.
Except during the period of the Commonwealth, Hertfordshire has two MPs elected by the bloc vote
method, under which each voter had two votes. In the nominated Barebones Parliament
, two members represented Hertfordshire. In the First
and Second Parliaments
of Oliver Cromwell
's Protectorate, however, there was a general redistribution of seats and Hertfordshire elected five members, while each of the boroughs had their representation reduced to a single MP. The traditional arrangements were restored from 1659.
, Bishops Stortford, Ware and Hitchin
) provided more than 100 votes each though none provided more than 160.
Elections were held at a single polling place, Hertford, and voters from the rest of the county had to travel to the county town to exercise their franchise; but in a physically small county like Hertfordshire, with good roads, this was less prohibitively expensive than in some others. (It was normal for voters to expect the candidates for whom they voted to meet their expenses in travelling to the poll, making the cost of a contested election substantial in many counties. Even in Hertfordshire, it was reported that accommodation and entertainment for the voters at the county meeting in September 1774 cost the candidates £4,000; and that was merely a meeting to discuss the candidates and see if consensus could be reached without the need for a contest - the cost of the poll the following month, that in the end could not be averted, was on top of this.)
Contested elections were relatively frequent (there were contests at 13 of the 28 general elections between 1701 and 1831), and were often vigorously fought - the voters valued their independence, and at least from the middle of the 18th century no landed interests had much influence over them, although fifty years earlier the local gentry reckoned to return one of the two MPs without opposition.
, which gives a vivid picture of electioneering in the county at this period. The election was a straight fight between Baker and Hon. Thomas Brand
to fill the vacancy left by the death of Hon. Peniston Lamb; Baker had been the county's MP until three years previously, and was backed by Pitt
and his government, while Brand had particular support among the religious dissenters
.
Baker's campaign took the form of a personal canvass of the voters, by visiting every town and village of any size in the county, if possible on market day: Hertford
on the 26th; Ware on the 28th; then Watton
; Stevenage
; Hitchin
and Baldock
on the same day; and so through the whole of Hertfordshire in two weeks, over snow-bound roads with even the high road between St Albans
and Berkhamsted
barely passable in places. He travelled mostly on horseback, his carriage "attending me as it could at intervals by the great roads, and meeting me at the places where I was to sleep". In most of the county he had already pledges of solid support (he records that at Stevenage
he had "nothing to do but go round... and thank the voters for their promises already made in my favour to their Rector"), and where possible in each place he was met by the local magnates who joined him in his canvassing to demonstrate their support.
The informality of the election itself seems strange today. After the candidates had made their final speeches at Hertford, the Sheriff took a show of hands and could have ended the proceedings there and then, had the candidates been content; but, Brand demanding the poll that was his right everybody proceeded to the hustings. Voting thus began around one in the afternoon. The poll was continued on the second day, the arrangement being that voting would be from eight o'clock until three, but ended as soon as Brand admitted defeat, some half-an-hour before the agreed deadline. By this time Baker had 1,556 votes and Brand only 1,076, and plainly he felt he had too few supporters unpolled to have any hope of making up the deficit.
The election ended in typically rumbustious fashion. Baker having been declared the victor, his supporters celebrated by chairing their candidate round the town, but
, was transferred to Buckinghamshire
.) The extension of the franchise to tenants-at-will, copyholders and leaseholders increased the electorate a little, but the 4,245 electors registered in 1832 was not much higher than the 4,000 qualified voters who have been estimated for 1754. However, the electorate grew by almost half over the next thirty years, and the extension of the franchise in 1868 increased the electorate still further, to more than 9,000.
, the Eastern or Hertford division
, the Northern or Hitchin division
and the Western or Watford division
.
Notes
Hertfordshire
Hertfordshire is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of England. The county town is Hertford.The county is one of the Home Counties and lies inland, bordered by Greater London , Buckinghamshire , Bedfordshire , Cambridgeshire and...
in England. It returned two Knights of the Shire
Knights of the Shire
From the creation of the Parliament of England in mediaeval times until 1826 each county of England and Wales sent two Knights of the Shire as members of Parliament to represent the interests of the county, when the number of knights from Yorkshire was increased to four...
to the House of Commons of England
House of Commons of England
The House of Commons of England was the lower house of the Parliament of England from its development in the 14th century to the union of England and Scotland in 1707, when it was replaced by the House of Commons of Great Britain...
until 1707, then to the House of Commons of Great Britain
House of Commons of Great Britain
The House of Commons of Great Britain was the lower house of the Parliament of Great Britain between 1707 and 1801. In 1707, as a result of the Acts of Union of that year, it replaced the House of Commons of England and the third estate of the Parliament of Scotland, as one of the most significant...
until 1800, and to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Parliament of the United Kingdom
The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom, British Crown dependencies and British overseas territories, located in London...
from 1290 until 1832. The Reform Act 1832
Reform Act 1832
The Representation of the People Act 1832 was an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales...
gave the county a third seat with effect from the 1832 general election
United Kingdom general election, 1832
-Seats summary:-Parties and leaders at the general election:The Earl Grey had been Prime Minister since 22 November 1830. His was the first predominantly Whig administration since the Ministry of all the Talents in 1806-1807....
.
Elections were held using the bloc vote system, when contested. However, even after the 1832 reforms, contested elections were the exception: of the 17 elections from 1832 to 1880, 9 were uncontested, including the 1880 general election
United Kingdom general election, 1880
-Seats summary:-References:*F. W. S. Craig, British Electoral Facts: 1832-1987* British Electoral Facts 1832-1999, compiled and edited by Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher *...
. In such cases all the nominated candidates were returned without a vote.
History
The constituency consisted of the historic countyHistoric counties of England
The historic counties of England are subdivisions of England established for administration by the Normans and in most cases based on earlier Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and shires...
of Hertfordshire
Hertfordshire
Hertfordshire is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of England. The county town is Hertford.The county is one of the Home Counties and lies inland, bordered by Greater London , Buckinghamshire , Bedfordshire , Cambridgeshire and...
. (Although Hertfordshire contained two boroughs, Hertford
Hertford (UK Parliament constituency)
Hertford was the name of a parliamentary constituency in Hertfordshire, which elected Members of Parliament from 1298 until 1974. It was represented in the House of Commons of England from 1298 to 1707, then of the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800, and finally in the House of...
and St Albans
St Albans (UK Parliament constituency)
St Albans is a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Established in 1885, it is a county constituency in Hertfordshire, and elects one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election.From 1554 to 1852 there was a...
, each of which elected two MPs in its own right, these were not excluded from the county constituency, and owning property within the borough could confer a vote at the county election.)
As in other county constituencies the franchise between 1430 and 1832 was defined by the Forty Shilling Freeholder Act
Forty Shilling Freeholders
Forty shilling freeholders were a group of landowners who had the Parliamentary franchise to vote in county constituencies in various parts of the British Isles. In England it was the only such qualification from 1430 until 1832...
, which gave the right to vote to every man who possessed freehold property within the county valued at £2 or more per year for the purposes of land tax; it was not necessary for the freeholder to occupy his land, nor even in later years to be resident in the county at all.
Except during the period of the Commonwealth, Hertfordshire has two MPs elected by the bloc vote
Plurality-at-large voting
Plurality-at-large voting is a non-proportional voting system for electing several representatives from a single multimember electoral district using a series of check boxes and tallying votes similar to a plurality election...
method, under which each voter had two votes. In the nominated Barebones Parliament
Barebones Parliament
Barebone's Parliament, also known as the Little Parliament, the Nominated Assembly and the Parliament of Saints, came into being on 4 July 1653, and was the last attempt of the English Commonwealth to find a stable political form before the installation of Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector...
, two members represented Hertfordshire. In the First
First Protectorate Parliament
The First Protectorate Parliament was summoned by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell under the terms of the Instrument of Government. It sat for one term from 3 September 1654 until 22 January 1655 with William Lenthall as the Speaker of the House....
and Second Parliaments
Second Protectorate Parliament
The Second Protectorate Parliament in England sat for two sessions from 17 September 1656 until 4 February 1658, with Thomas Widdrington as the Speaker of the House of Commons...
of Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell was an English military and political leader who overthrew the English monarchy and temporarily turned England into a republican Commonwealth, and served as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland....
's Protectorate, however, there was a general redistribution of seats and Hertfordshire elected five members, while each of the boroughs had their representation reduced to a single MP. The traditional arrangements were restored from 1659.
General character of the constituency before the Reform Act
At the time of the Great Reform Act in 1832, Hertfordshire had a population of approximately 143,000, and was entirely agricultural in character, although there was a limited urban vote: at the election of 1805, when 2628 votes were cast, four towns (St AlbansSt Albans
St Albans is a city in southern Hertfordshire, England, around north of central London, which forms the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans. It is a historic market town, and is now a sought-after dormitory town within the London commuter belt...
, Bishops Stortford, Ware and Hitchin
Hitchin
Hitchin is a town in Hertfordshire, England, with an estimated population of 30,360.-History:Hitchin is first noted as the central place of the Hicce people mentioned in a 7th century document, the Tribal Hidage. The tribal name is Brittonic rather than Old English and derives from *siccā, meaning...
) provided more than 100 votes each though none provided more than 160.
Elections were held at a single polling place, Hertford, and voters from the rest of the county had to travel to the county town to exercise their franchise; but in a physically small county like Hertfordshire, with good roads, this was less prohibitively expensive than in some others. (It was normal for voters to expect the candidates for whom they voted to meet their expenses in travelling to the poll, making the cost of a contested election substantial in many counties. Even in Hertfordshire, it was reported that accommodation and entertainment for the voters at the county meeting in September 1774 cost the candidates £4,000; and that was merely a meeting to discuss the candidates and see if consensus could be reached without the need for a contest - the cost of the poll the following month, that in the end could not be averted, was on top of this.)
Contested elections were relatively frequent (there were contests at 13 of the 28 general elections between 1701 and 1831), and were often vigorously fought - the voters valued their independence, and at least from the middle of the 18th century no landed interests had much influence over them, although fifty years earlier the local gentry reckoned to return one of the two MPs without opposition.
The by-election of 1805
Peter Jupp includes in his collection of documents relating to elections round the turn of the 19th century a contemporary account of the Hertfordshire by-election, written by one of the candidates, William BakerWilliam Baker (1743–1824)
William Baker was a British politician. He was the Member of Parliament for Aldborough 4 March 1777 – 8 September 1780, Hertford 7 September 1780 – 30 March 1784, Hertfordshire 23 June 1790 – 10 July 1802 and 11 February 1805 – 11 May 1807 and Plympton Erle 22 March 1768 – 10 October 1774.He died...
, which gives a vivid picture of electioneering in the county at this period. The election was a straight fight between Baker and Hon. Thomas Brand
Thomas Brand, 20th Baron Dacre
Thomas Brand, 20th Baron Dacre was a British peer and Whig politician.-Background:Dacre was the eldest son of Thomas Brand, of The Hoo, Hertfordshire, and Gertrude, 19th Baroness Dacre, daughter of the Hon...
to fill the vacancy left by the death of Hon. Peniston Lamb; Baker had been the county's MP until three years previously, and was backed by Pitt
William Pitt the Younger
William Pitt the Younger was a British politician of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He became the youngest Prime Minister in 1783 at the age of 24 . He left office in 1801, but was Prime Minister again from 1804 until his death in 1806...
and his government, while Brand had particular support among the religious dissenters
Nonconformism
Nonconformity is the refusal to "conform" to, or follow, the governance and usages of the Church of England by the Protestant Christians of England and Wales.- Origins and use:...
.
Baker's campaign took the form of a personal canvass of the voters, by visiting every town and village of any size in the county, if possible on market day: Hertford
Hertford
Hertford is the county town of Hertfordshire, England, and is also a civil parish in the East Hertfordshire district of the county. Forming a civil parish, the 2001 census put the population of Hertford at about 24,180. Recent estimates are that it is now around 28,000...
on the 26th; Ware on the 28th; then Watton
Watton-at-Stone
Watton-at-Stone is a village in the English county of Hertfordshire, situated midway between the towns of Stevenage and Hertford in the valley of the River Beane. The 2001 census showed a population of 2,272, living in 921 households...
; Stevenage
Stevenage
Stevenage is a town and borough in Hertfordshire, England. It is situated to the east of junctions 7 and 8 of the A1, and is between Letchworth Garden City to the north, and Welwyn Garden City to the south....
; Hitchin
Hitchin
Hitchin is a town in Hertfordshire, England, with an estimated population of 30,360.-History:Hitchin is first noted as the central place of the Hicce people mentioned in a 7th century document, the Tribal Hidage. The tribal name is Brittonic rather than Old English and derives from *siccā, meaning...
and Baldock
Baldock
Baldock is a historic market town in the local government district of North Hertfordshire in the ceremonial county of Hertfordshire, England where the River Ivel rises. It lies north of London, southeast of Bedford, and north northwest of the county town of Hertford...
on the same day; and so through the whole of Hertfordshire in two weeks, over snow-bound roads with even the high road between St Albans
St Albans
St Albans is a city in southern Hertfordshire, England, around north of central London, which forms the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans. It is a historic market town, and is now a sought-after dormitory town within the London commuter belt...
and Berkhamsted
Berkhamsted
-Climate:Berkhamsted experiences an oceanic climate similar to almost all of the United Kingdom.-Castle:...
barely passable in places. He travelled mostly on horseback, his carriage "attending me as it could at intervals by the great roads, and meeting me at the places where I was to sleep". In most of the county he had already pledges of solid support (he records that at Stevenage
Stevenage
Stevenage is a town and borough in Hertfordshire, England. It is situated to the east of junctions 7 and 8 of the A1, and is between Letchworth Garden City to the north, and Welwyn Garden City to the south....
he had "nothing to do but go round... and thank the voters for their promises already made in my favour to their Rector"), and where possible in each place he was met by the local magnates who joined him in his canvassing to demonstrate their support.
The informality of the election itself seems strange today. After the candidates had made their final speeches at Hertford, the Sheriff took a show of hands and could have ended the proceedings there and then, had the candidates been content; but, Brand demanding the poll that was his right everybody proceeded to the hustings. Voting thus began around one in the afternoon. The poll was continued on the second day, the arrangement being that voting would be from eight o'clock until three, but ended as soon as Brand admitted defeat, some half-an-hour before the agreed deadline. By this time Baker had 1,556 votes and Brand only 1,076, and plainly he felt he had too few supporters unpolled to have any hope of making up the deficit.
The election ended in typically rumbustious fashion. Baker having been declared the victor, his supporters celebrated by chairing their candidate round the town, but
- "Wilshere's coachman... had the insolence to drive his master's carriage full speed through the crowd at the time of chairing, to the risk of the lives of hundreds. Providentially, however, no person was materially injured. Brand made an apology to me afterwards by letter for the outrage, and Wilshere, though not at my desire, has since turned the servant away..."
- Letter of William Baker to his son, 22 February 1805, in Hertfordshire County Records Office, quoted by Jupp, op cit
After the Reform Act
In 1832, the Great Reform Act increased the county's representation from two to three MPs (a change that had not been in the original Reform Bill of 1830 but was adopted the following year), as well as making minor boundary changes. (One parish, ColeshillColeshill, Buckinghamshire
Coleshill is a village and civil parish within Chiltern district in Buckinghamshire, England. It is near Amersham and just to the north of Beaconsfield....
, was transferred to Buckinghamshire
Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)
Buckinghamshire is a former United Kingdom Parliamentary constituency. It was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1885.Its most prominent member was...
.) The extension of the franchise to tenants-at-will, copyholders and leaseholders increased the electorate a little, but the 4,245 electors registered in 1832 was not much higher than the 4,000 qualified voters who have been estimated for 1754. However, the electorate grew by almost half over the next thirty years, and the extension of the franchise in 1868 increased the electorate still further, to more than 9,000.
Abolition
Hertfordshire and its two boroughs ceased to exist as constituencies in 1885, the county being divided into four new single-member constituencies: the Mid or St Albans division of HertfordshireSt Albans (UK Parliament constituency)
St Albans is a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Established in 1885, it is a county constituency in Hertfordshire, and elects one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election.From 1554 to 1852 there was a...
, the Eastern or Hertford division
Hertford (UK Parliament constituency)
Hertford was the name of a parliamentary constituency in Hertfordshire, which elected Members of Parliament from 1298 until 1974. It was represented in the House of Commons of England from 1298 to 1707, then of the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800, and finally in the House of...
, the Northern or Hitchin division
Hitchin (UK Parliament constituency)
Hitchin was a parliamentary constituency in Hertfordshire which returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1885 until it was abolished for the 1983 general election....
and the Western or Watford division
Watford (UK Parliament constituency)
Watford is a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election...
.
MPs 1290–1640
| Parliament | First member | Second member |
|---|---|---|
| 1294 | Roger Bryan | |
| 1296 | Roger Bryan | |
| 1306 | Ranulph de Monte Canisto | |
| 1386 | Sir Walter Lee | Thomas Lee |
| 1388 (Feb) | Sir Walter Lee | Sir Robert Turk |
| 1388 (Sep) | Sir Walter Lee | Sir Robert Turk |
| 1390 (Jan) | Sir Walter Lee | Sir John Thornbury |
| 1390 (Nov) | Sir Walter Lee | John Ruggewyn |
| 1391 | John Norbury | Sir John Thornbury |
| 1393 | Sir Robert Turk | John Ruggewyn |
| 1394 | Richard de la Pantry | John Ruggewyn |
| 1395 | Sir Thomas Morewell | John Ruggewyn |
| 1397 (Jan) | Sir Edward Benstede | John Ruggewyn |
| 1397 (Sep) | Sir Edward Benstede | John Ruggewyn |
| 1399 | Sir Edward Benstede | John Ludwick |
| 1401 | Sir Thomas de la Barre | Robert Newport |
| 1402 | Sir Edward Benstede | Sir Robert Corbet |
| 1404 (Jan) | Sir John Poultney | Sir Robert Corbet |
| 1404 (Oct) | Sir John Poultney | William Parker |
| 1406 | Sir John Poultney | John Goldington |
| 1407 | William Parker | Sir Thomas de la Barre |
| 1410 | ||
| 1411 | Sir Thomas de la Barre | Robert Newport |
| 1413 (Feb) | ||
| 1413 (May) | John Hotoft | John Leventhorpe |
| 1414 (Apr) | John Hotoft | William Flete |
| 1414 (Nov) | John Hotoft | William Flete |
| 1415 | ||
| 1416 (Mar) | John Hotoft | John Leventhorpe 1 |
| 1416 (Oct) | ||
| 1417 | Sir Philip Thornbury | John Hotoft |
| 1419 | John Fray | John Hotoft |
| 1420 | John Fray | John Barley |
| 1421 (May) | Robert Louthe | William Rokesburgh |
| 1421 (Dec) | Sir Philip Thornbury | John Kirby |
| 1422 | John Leventhorpe | John Hotoft |
| 1427 | Sir John Tyrell John Tyrell Sir John Tyrrell possessed the manor of Heron , Essex, was Knight of the Shire for that county, and Speaker of the House of Commons.... |
|
| 1435 | Thomas Broket | |
| 1439 | Sir John Cressy | |
| 1449 | Sir Robert Wingfield Robert Wingfield Sir Robert Wingfield of Letheringham, Suffolk was an English knight.-Family:He was son of a senior Sir Robert Wingfield and Elizabeth Russell. Sir Robert Wingfield of Letheringham, Suffolk (1403 - between 6 October 1452 and 21 November 1454) was an English knight.-Family:He was son of a senior... |
|
| Oct 1450 | Sir William Oldhall | |
| Mar 1453 | John Say | Bartholemew Halley |
| Apr 1453 | John Say | Bartholemew Halley |
| Feb 1454 | John Say | Bartholemew Halley |
| 1463 | Sir John Say | |
| Jan 1478 | Sir John Say | John Sturgeon |
| 1491 | Sir William Say | |
| 1495 | Sir William Say | |
| 1510–1523 | No names known | |
| 1529 | Henry Barley | Philip Butler |
| 1536 | ||
| 1539 | Sir Henry Parker | Sir Philip Butler |
| 1542 | Sir Ralph Sadler | (?Edward or John) Brocket |
| 1545 | Sir Richard Lee | John Cock |
| 1547 | Sir Anthony Denny Anthony Denny Sir Anthony Denny was a confidant of Henry VIII of England. Denny was the most prominent member of the Privy chamber in Henry's last years having, together with his brother-in-law John Gates, charge of the "dry stamp" of Henry's signature, and attended Henry on his deathbed. He also served as... , died and repl. Oct 1549 by Sir Henry Parker, died and repl. Jan 1552 by John Cock |
Sir Ralph Rowlett |
| 1553 (Mar) | Sir Ralph Sadler | John Cock |
| 1553 (Oct) | Sir John Butler | Sir John Brocket |
| 1554 (Apr) | John Cock | Francis Southwell |
| 1554 (Nov) | John Cock | Edward Brocket |
| 1555 | Sir John Brocket | John Cock |
| 1558 | John Foster | John Purvey |
| 1559 (Jan) | Sir Thomas Parry | Sir Ralph Sadler |
| 1562/3 | Sir Ralph Sadler | Henry Capell |
| 1571 | Sir Ralph Sadler | Sir George Carey George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon KG was the eldest son of Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon and Anne Morgan. His father was first cousin to Elizabeth I of England.... |
| 1572 (Apr) | Sir Ralph Sadler | Sir John Brockett John Brockett John Brockett born in Brockett Hall, Hertfordshire, England. John Brockett was almost certainly the disinherited first son of Sir John Brockett of Brockett Hall in Hertfordshire, England. John fell in love with a maiden, Mary Blackwell , who was also a Puritan... |
| 1584 (Nov) | Sir Ralph Sadler | Sir Henry Cocke |
| 1586 (Oct) | Sir Ralph Sadler | Sir Henry Cocke |
| 1588 (Oct) | Robert Cecil Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, KG, PC was an English administrator and politician.-Life:He was the son of William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley and Mildred Cooke... |
Sir Philip Butler |
| 1593 | Sir Robert Cecil Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, KG, PC was an English administrator and politician.-Life:He was the son of William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley and Mildred Cooke... |
Sir Henry Cocke |
| 1597 (Sep) | Sir Robert Cecil Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, KG, PC was an English administrator and politician.-Life:He was the son of William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley and Mildred Cooke... |
Rowland Lytton |
| 1601 (Oct) | Sir Robert Cecil Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, KG, PC was an English administrator and politician.-Life:He was the son of William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley and Mildred Cooke... |
Sir Henry Cary Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland ; son of a Hertfordshire knight; said to have studied at Oxford; served abroad; gentleman of the bedchamber to King James I; K.B., 1608; controller of the household, 1617-21; created Viscount Falkland in the Scottish peerage, 1620; lord-deputy of Ireland, 1622;... |
| 1604 | Sir Henry Cary Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland ; son of a Hertfordshire knight; said to have studied at Oxford; served abroad; gentleman of the bedchamber to King James I; K.B., 1608; controller of the household, 1617-21; created Viscount Falkland in the Scottish peerage, 1620; lord-deputy of Ireland, 1622;... |
Rowland Lytton |
| 1614 | Sir Henry Cary Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland ; son of a Hertfordshire knight; said to have studied at Oxford; served abroad; gentleman of the bedchamber to King James I; K.B., 1608; controller of the household, 1617-21; created Viscount Falkland in the Scottish peerage, 1620; lord-deputy of Ireland, 1622;... |
Ralph Coningsby |
| 1621 | Sir Henry Cary Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland ; son of a Hertfordshire knight; said to have studied at Oxford; served abroad; gentleman of the bedchamber to King James I; K.B., 1608; controller of the household, 1617-21; created Viscount Falkland in the Scottish peerage, 1620; lord-deputy of Ireland, 1622;... |
Sir Charles Morrison, 1st Baronet Sir Charles Morrison, 1st Baronet Sir Charles Morrison, 1st Baronet was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1621 and 1628.... |
| 1624 | Sir Charles Morrison, 1st Baronet Sir Charles Morrison, 1st Baronet Sir Charles Morrison, 1st Baronet was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1621 and 1628.... |
Sir William Lytton William Lytton Sir William Lytton was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1648. He supported the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil War.-Biography:... |
| 1625 | Sir James Boteler | John Boteler |
| 1626 | John Boteler | Sir Thomas Dacres Thomas Dacres Sir Thomas Dacres was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1626 and 1660. He supported the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil War.... |
| 1628 | Sir William Lytton William Lytton Sir William Lytton was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1648. He supported the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil War.-Biography:... |
Sir Thomas Dacres Thomas Dacres Sir Thomas Dacres was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1626 and 1660. He supported the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil War.... |
| 1629-1640 | No Parliament summoned | |
MPs 1640–1653
| Year | First member | First party | Second member | Second party | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| April 1640 Short Parliament The Short Parliament was a Parliament of England that sat from 13 April to 5 May 1640 during the reign of King Charles I of England, so called because it lasted only three weeks.... |
Arthur Capel Arthur Capel, 1st Baron Capel Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 until 1641 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Capell... |
Royalist | Sir William Lytton William Lytton Sir William Lytton was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1648. He supported the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil War.-Biography:... |
|||
| November 1640 Long Parliament The Long Parliament was made on 3 November 1640, following the Bishops' Wars. It received its name from the fact that through an Act of Parliament, it could only be dissolved with the agreement of the members, and those members did not agree to its dissolution until after the English Civil War and... |
Sir William Lytton William Lytton Sir William Lytton was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1648. He supported the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil War.-Biography:... |
Parliamentarian | ||||
| August 1641 | Sir Thomas Dacres Thomas Dacres Sir Thomas Dacres was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1626 and 1660. He supported the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil War.... |
Parliamentarian | ||||
| December 1648 | Dacres and Lytton excluded in Pride's Purge Pride's Purge Pride’s Purge is an event in December 1648, during the Second English Civil War, when troops under the command of Colonel Thomas Pride forcibly removed from the Long Parliament all those who were not supporters of the Grandees in the New Model Army and the Independents... - both seats vacant |
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| 1653 Barebones Parliament Barebone's Parliament, also known as the Little Parliament, the Nominated Assembly and the Parliament of Saints, came into being on 4 July 1653, and was the last attempt of the English Commonwealth to find a stable political form before the installation of Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector... |
Henry Lawrence Henry Lawrence (President of the Council) Henry Lawrence was an English statesman who served as President of the English Council of State during the Protectorate.Lawrence was brought up as a Puritan, and educated at Queens' College, Cambridge and then Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he became an MA in 1627... |
William Reeve William Reeve William Reeve was an English theatre composer and organist.-Biography:Reeve was born in London. He initially studied to be a law stationer but abandoned his studies in order to study the organ with a Mr Richardson of St James's, Westminster. He became an organist in Totnes, Devon in 1781... |
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MPs 1654–1658
| First Protectorate Parliament First Protectorate Parliament The First Protectorate Parliament was summoned by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell under the terms of the Instrument of Government. It sat for one term from 3 September 1654 until 22 January 1655 with William Lenthall as the Speaker of the House.... : representation increased to 5 members |
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| Year | First member | Second member | Third member | Fourth member | Fifth member | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1654 First Protectorate Parliament The First Protectorate Parliament was summoned by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell under the terms of the Instrument of Government. It sat for one term from 3 September 1654 until 22 January 1655 with William Lenthall as the Speaker of the House.... |
Henry Lawrence Henry Lawrence (President of the Council) Henry Lawrence was an English statesman who served as President of the English Council of State during the Protectorate.Lawrence was brought up as a Puritan, and educated at Queens' College, Cambridge and then Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he became an MA in 1627... |
Sir Richard Lucy, Bt Sir Richard Lucy, 1st Baronet Sir Richard Lucy, 1st Baronet was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1647 and 1658.... |
John Wittewrong | The Earl of Salisbury William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, KG , known as Viscount Cranborne from 1605 to 1612, was an English peer and politician.-Early years, 1591-1612:... |
Thomas Nicholl | |
| 1656 Second Protectorate Parliament The Second Protectorate Parliament in England sat for two sessions from 17 September 1656 until 4 February 1658, with Thomas Widdrington as the Speaker of the House of Commons... |
Sir John Gore | Rowland Lytton Rowland Lytton Sir Rowland Lytton was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1656 and 1660.Lytton was the son of Sir William Lytton of Knebworth, and his wife Anne Slaney, daughter of Stephen Slaney of Norton Shropshire. He was schooled at Hertford and was admitted to Sidney Sussex... |
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MPs 1659-1832
| Third Protectorate Parliament Third Protectorate Parliament The Third Protectorate Parliament sat for one session, from 27 January 1659 until 22 April 1659, with Chaloner Chute and Thomas Bampfylde as the Speakers of the House of Commons... : representation reverted to 2 members |
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| Year | First member | First party | Second member | Second party | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| January 1659 Third Protectorate Parliament The Third Protectorate Parliament sat for one session, from 27 January 1659 until 22 April 1659, with Chaloner Chute and Thomas Bampfylde as the Speakers of the House of Commons... |
Richard Galston | Rowland Lytton Rowland Lytton Sir Rowland Lytton was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1656 and 1660.Lytton was the son of Sir William Lytton of Knebworth, and his wife Anne Slaney, daughter of Stephen Slaney of Norton Shropshire. He was schooled at Hertford and was admitted to Sidney Sussex... |
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| May 1659 Rump Parliament The Rump Parliament is the name of the English Parliament after Colonel Pride purged the Long Parliament on 6 December 1648 of those members hostile to the Grandees' intention to try King Charles I for high treason.... |
Not represented in the restored Rump Rump Parliament The Rump Parliament is the name of the English Parliament after Colonel Pride purged the Long Parliament on 6 December 1648 of those members hostile to the Grandees' intention to try King Charles I for high treason.... |
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| April 1660 | Henry Caesar Henry Caesar Henry Caesar was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1660.Caesar was the son of Sir Charles Caesar and succeeded to the estate of Bennington, Hertfordshire in 1642... |
Rowland Lytton Rowland Lytton Sir Rowland Lytton was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1656 and 1660.Lytton was the son of Sir William Lytton of Knebworth, and his wife Anne Slaney, daughter of Stephen Slaney of Norton Shropshire. He was schooled at Hertford and was admitted to Sidney Sussex... |
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| 1661 | Sir Richard Franklin | Sir Thomas Fanshawe Thomas Fanshawe Sir Thomas Fanshawe of Jenkins and Barking Manor was an English politician and government official.... |
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| 1666 | Sir Henry Caesar Henry Caesar Henry Caesar was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1660.Caesar was the son of Sir Charles Caesar and succeeded to the estate of Bennington, Hertfordshire in 1642... |
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| 1668 | Viscount Cranborne James Cecil, 3rd Earl of Salisbury James Cecil, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, KG, PC , known as Viscount Cranborne from 1660 to 1668, was an English nobleman.... |
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| 1669 | William Hale | |||||
| February 1679 | Silius Titus Silius Titus Silius or Silas Titus , of Bushey, was an English politician, captain of Deal Castle, and Gentleman of the Bedchamber to King Charles II.-Early Life:He was born in London, the son of Silas Titus, a salter and Constatia Colley... |
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| August 1679 | Sir Jonathan Keate | Sir Charles Caesar | ||||
| 1681 | William Hale | |||||
| 1685 | Ralph Freman | Thomas Halsey | ||||
| 1689 | Sir Thomas Pope Blount Sir Thomas Blount, 1st Baronet Sir Thomas Pope Blount, 1st Baronet was an English baronet.Thomas Pope Blount was born on 12 September 1649 in Islington, London, son of Sir Henry Blount and Hester Wane. He married on July 22, 1669 Jane Caesar, the daughter of Sir Henry Caesar.He was admitted to Lincoln's Inn on December 1, 1668... |
Sir Charles Caesar | ||||
| 1690 | Ralph Freman | |||||
| 1695 | Thomas Halsey | |||||
| 1697 | Ralph Freman, junior | |||||
| 1705 | Sir John Spencer, Bt | |||||
| 1708 | Thomas Halsey | |||||
| 1715 | Sir Thomas Sebright, Bt | |||||
| 1727 | Charles Caesar Charles Caesar (Treasurer of the Navy) Charles Caesar was a British Member of Parliament and a lawyer, a Tory and a Jacobite.-Life:Charles Caesar was the son of Sir Charles Caesar of Benington, Hertfordshire. He was educated at St Catharine's College, Cambridge and admitted at the Middle Templein 1690. He entered Parliament in 1701 as... |
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| 1734 | William Plumer | |||||
| 1736 | Charles Caesar Charles Caesar (Treasurer of the Navy) Charles Caesar was a British Member of Parliament and a lawyer, a Tory and a Jacobite.-Life:Charles Caesar was the son of Sir Charles Caesar of Benington, Hertfordshire. He was educated at St Catharine's College, Cambridge and admitted at the Middle Templein 1690. He entered Parliament in 1701 as... |
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| 1741 | Jacob Houblon | Charles Gore | ||||
| 1747 | Paggen Hale | |||||
| 1755 | William Plumer | |||||
| 1761 | Thomas Plumer Byde | Jacob Houblon | ||||
| 1768 | William Plumer | Thomas Halsey | ||||
| 1784 | The Viscount Grimston James Grimston, 3rd Viscount Grimston James Bucknall Grimston, 3rd Viscount Grimston was a British peer and Member of Parliament.Grimston was the son of James Grimston, 2nd Viscount Grimston, and Mary Bucknall. He was educated at Eton and Trinity Hall, Cambridge... |
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| 1790 | William Baker William Baker (1743–1824) William Baker was a British politician. He was the Member of Parliament for Aldborough 4 March 1777 – 8 September 1780, Hertford 7 September 1780 – 30 March 1784, Hertfordshire 23 June 1790 – 10 July 1802 and 11 February 1805 – 11 May 1807 and Plympton Erle 22 March 1768 – 10 October 1774.He died... |
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| 1802 | Hon. Peniston Lamb | |||||
| 1805 | William Baker William Baker (1743–1824) William Baker was a British politician. He was the Member of Parliament for Aldborough 4 March 1777 – 8 September 1780, Hertford 7 September 1780 – 30 March 1784, Hertfordshire 23 June 1790 – 10 July 1802 and 11 February 1805 – 11 May 1807 and Plympton Erle 22 March 1768 – 10 October 1774.He died... |
Tory | ||||
| 1807 | Hon. Thomas Brand Thomas Brand, 20th Baron Dacre Thomas Brand, 20th Baron Dacre was a British peer and Whig politician.-Background:Dacre was the eldest son of Thomas Brand, of The Hoo, Hertfordshire, and Gertrude, 19th Baroness Dacre, daughter of the Hon... |
Sir John Sebright, Bt Sir John Sebright, 7th Baronet Sir John Saunders Sebright, 7th Baronet DL , of Besford, Worcestershire, and Beechwood Park, Hertfordshire, was an English politician and agricultural innovator.-Life:... |
Whig | |||
| 1819 | Hon. William Lamb William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, PC, FRS was a British Whig statesman who served as Home Secretary and Prime Minister . He is best known for his intense and successful mentoring of Queen Victoria, at ages 18-21, in the ways of politics... |
Whig | ||||
| 1826 | Nicolson Calvert | Whig | ||||
| 1832 United Kingdom general election, 1832 -Seats summary:-Parties and leaders at the general election:The Earl Grey had been Prime Minister since 22 November 1830. His was the first predominantly Whig administration since the Ministry of all the Talents in 1806-1807.... |
Representation increased to three members | |||||
MPs 1832–1885
| Election | First member | First party | Second member | Second party | Third member | Third party | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1832 United Kingdom general election, 1832 -Seats summary:-Parties and leaders at the general election:The Earl Grey had been Prime Minister since 22 November 1830. His was the first predominantly Whig administration since the Ministry of all the Talents in 1806-1807.... |
Sir John Sebright, Bt Sir John Sebright, 7th Baronet Sir John Saunders Sebright, 7th Baronet DL , of Besford, Worcestershire, and Beechwood Park, Hertfordshire, was an English politician and agricultural innovator.-Life:... |
Whig | Nicolson Calvert | Whig | Viscount Grimston James Grimston, 2nd Earl of Verulam James Walter Grimston, 2nd Earl of Verulam , known as Viscount Grimston from 1815 to 1845, was a British peer and Conservative politician. He was the eldest son of James Walter Grimston, 1st Earl of Verulam, and Lady Charlotte Jenkinson... |
Conservative Conservative Party (UK) The Conservative Party, formally the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom that adheres to the philosophies of conservatism and British unionism. It is the largest political party in the UK, and is currently the largest single party in the House... |
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| 1835 United Kingdom general election, 1835 The 1835 United Kingdom general election was called when Parliament was dissolved on 29 December 1834. Polling took place between 6 January and 6 February 1835, and the results saw Robert Peel's Conservatives make large gains from their low of the 1832 election, but the Whigs maintained a large... |
Abel Smith, senior | Conservative Conservative Party (UK) The Conservative Party, formally the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom that adheres to the philosophies of conservatism and British unionism. It is the largest political party in the UK, and is currently the largest single party in the House... |
Rowland Alston | Whig | |||||
| 1841 United Kingdom general election, 1841 -Seats summary:-Whig MPs who lost their seats:*Viscount Morpeth - Chief Secretary for Ireland*Sir George Strickland, Bt*Sir Henry Barron, 1st Baronet-References:*F. W. S. Craig, British Electoral Facts: 1832-1987... |
Hon. Granville Ryder Granville Ryder (1799–1879) The Hon. Granville Dudley Ryder JP , was a British Tory politician.Ryder was the second son of Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby, by his wife Lady Susan, daughter of Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford. He initially served in the Royal Navy and achieved the rank of Lieutenant... |
Conservative Conservative Party (UK) The Conservative Party, formally the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom that adheres to the philosophies of conservatism and British unionism. It is the largest political party in the UK, and is currently the largest single party in the House... |
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| 1846 by-election | Thomas Plumer Halsey Thomas Plumer Halsey Thomas Plumer Halsey MP was a Member of Parliament for Hertfordshire from 1846 to 1854.He was the son of Joseph Thompson Whately Thomas Plumer Halsey MP (26 January 1815 – 24 April 1854) was a Member of Parliament for Hertfordshire from 1846 to 1854.He was the son of Joseph Thompson Whately Thomas... |
Conservative Conservative Party (UK) The Conservative Party, formally the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom that adheres to the philosophies of conservatism and British unionism. It is the largest political party in the UK, and is currently the largest single party in the House... |
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| 1847 United Kingdom general election, 1847 -Seats summary:-References:* F. W. S. Craig, British Electoral Facts: 1832-1987* British Electoral Facts 1832-1999, compiled and edited by Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher *... |
Sir Henry Meux, Bt | Conservative Conservative Party (UK) The Conservative Party, formally the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom that adheres to the philosophies of conservatism and British unionism. It is the largest political party in the UK, and is currently the largest single party in the House... |
Thomas Brand Thomas Trevor, 22nd Baron Dacre Thomas Crosbie William Trevor, 22nd Baron Dacre was a British politician.-Background:Born Thomas Brand, Dacre was the eldest son of General Henry Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre, and Pyne, daughter of the Very Reverend Maurice Crosbie, Dean of Limerick. Henry Brand, 1st Viscount Hampden, Speaker of the... |
Whig | |||||
| 1852 United Kingdom general election, 1852 The July 1852 United Kingdom general election was a watershed election in the formation of the modern political parties of Britain. Following 1852, the Tory/Conservative party became, more completely, the party of the rural aristocracy, while the Whig/Liberal party became the party of the rising... |
Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Bt Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton PC , was an English politician, poet, playwright, and novelist. He was immensely popular with the reading public and wrote a stream of bestselling dime-novels which earned him a considerable fortune... |
Conservative Conservative Party (UK) The Conservative Party, formally the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom that adheres to the philosophies of conservatism and British unionism. It is the largest political party in the UK, and is currently the largest single party in the House... |
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| 1854 by-election | Abel Smith, junior | Conservative Conservative Party (UK) The Conservative Party, formally the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom that adheres to the philosophies of conservatism and British unionism. It is the largest political party in the UK, and is currently the largest single party in the House... |
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| 1857 United Kingdom general election, 1857 -Seats summary:-References:*F. W. S. Craig, British Electoral Facts: 1832-1987* British Electoral Facts 1832-1999, compiled and edited by Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher *... |
Christopher William Puller | Whig | |||||||
| 1859 United Kingdom general election, 1859 In the 1859 United Kingdom general election, the Whigs, led by Lord Palmerston, held their majority in the House of Commons over the Earl of Derby's Conservatives... |
Abel Smith, junior | Conservative Conservative Party (UK) The Conservative Party, formally the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom that adheres to the philosophies of conservatism and British unionism. It is the largest political party in the UK, and is currently the largest single party in the House... |
Liberal Liberal Party (UK) The Liberal Party was one of the two major political parties of the United Kingdom during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was a third party of negligible importance throughout the latter half of the 20th Century, before merging with the Social Democratic Party in 1988 to form the present day... |
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| 1864 by-election | Henry Edward Surtees | Conservative Conservative Party (UK) The Conservative Party, formally the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom that adheres to the philosophies of conservatism and British unionism. It is the largest political party in the UK, and is currently the largest single party in the House... |
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| 1865 United Kingdom general election, 1865 The 1865 United Kingdom general election saw the Liberals, led by Lord Palmerston, increase their large majority over the Earl of Derby's Conservatives to more than 80. The Whig Party changed its name to the Liberal Party between the previous election and this one.Palmerston died later in the same... |
Hon. Henry Cowper Henry Cowper (politician) Henry Frederick Cowper was a British Liberal Party politician.Cowper was the second son of George Cowper, 6th Earl Cowper, and his wife Anne , daughter of Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey. Francis Cowper, 7th Earl Cowper, was his elder brother... |
Liberal Liberal Party (UK) The Liberal Party was one of the two major political parties of the United Kingdom during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was a third party of negligible importance throughout the latter half of the 20th Century, before merging with the Social Democratic Party in 1988 to form the present day... |
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| 1866 by-election | Abel Smith, junior | Conservative Conservative Party (UK) The Conservative Party, formally the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom that adheres to the philosophies of conservatism and British unionism. It is the largest political party in the UK, and is currently the largest single party in the House... |
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| 1868 United Kingdom general election, 1868 The 1868 United Kingdom general election was the first after passage of the Reform Act 1867, which enfranchised many male householders, thus greatly increasing the number of men who could vote in elections in the United Kingdom... |
Henry Brand Henry Brand, 2nd Viscount Hampden Henry Robert Brand, 2nd Viscount Hampden, GCMG was Governor of New South Wales from 1895 to 1899.-Background:Hampden was the son of Henry Brand, 1st Viscount Hampden... |
Liberal Liberal Party (UK) The Liberal Party was one of the two major political parties of the United Kingdom during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was a third party of negligible importance throughout the latter half of the 20th Century, before merging with the Social Democratic Party in 1988 to form the present day... |
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| 1874 United Kingdom general election, 1874 -Seats summary:-References:* F. W. S. Craig, British Electoral Facts: 1832-1987* British Electoral Facts 1832-1999, compiled and edited by Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher *... |
Frederick Halsey | Conservative Conservative Party (UK) The Conservative Party, formally the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom that adheres to the philosophies of conservatism and British unionism. It is the largest political party in the UK, and is currently the largest single party in the House... |
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| 1885 United Kingdom general election, 1885 -Seats summary:-See also:*List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 1885*Parliamentary Franchise in the United Kingdom 1885–1918*Representation of the People Act 1884*Redistribution of Seats Act 1885-References:... |
Constituency abolished | ||||||||
Notes