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Heptane

 

 
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Heptane
 
 
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n-Heptane is the straight-chain alkane
Alkane

Alkanes, also known as paraffins, are chemical compounds that consist only of the elements carbon and hydrogen , wherein these atoms are linked together exclusively by single bonds without any cyclic structure ....
 with the chemical formula
Chemical formula

A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes in chemical reactions....
 H3C(CH2)5CH3 or C7H16. It is the zero point of the octane rating
Octane rating

The octane rating is a measure of the resistance of gasoline and other fuels to detonation in spark plug internal combustion engines. High-performance engines typically have higher compression ratios and are therefore more prone to detonation, so they require higher octane fuel....
 scale (the 100 point is iso-octane
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, also known as isooctane or iso-octane, is an octane isomer which defines the 100 point on the octane rating scale ....
).

ane (and its many isomers) is widely applied in laboratories as a totally non-polar solvent
Solvent

A solvent is a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution.The most common solvent in everyday life is water....
. A liquid, it is ideal for transport and storage. In the grease spot test, heptane is used to dissolve the oil spot to show the previous presence of organic compounds on a stained paper.






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Encyclopedia


n-Heptane is the straight-chain alkane
Alkane

Alkanes, also known as paraffins, are chemical compounds that consist only of the elements carbon and hydrogen , wherein these atoms are linked together exclusively by single bonds without any cyclic structure ....
 with the chemical formula
Chemical formula

A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes in chemical reactions....
 H3C(CH2)5CH3 or C7H16. It is the zero point of the octane rating
Octane rating

The octane rating is a measure of the resistance of gasoline and other fuels to detonation in spark plug internal combustion engines. High-performance engines typically have higher compression ratios and are therefore more prone to detonation, so they require higher octane fuel....
 scale (the 100 point is iso-octane
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, also known as isooctane or iso-octane, is an octane isomer which defines the 100 point on the octane rating scale ....
).

Uses

Heptane (and its many isomers) is widely applied in laboratories as a totally non-polar solvent
Solvent

A solvent is a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution.The most common solvent in everyday life is water....
. A liquid, it is ideal for transport and storage. In the grease spot test, heptane is used to dissolve the oil spot to show the previous presence of organic compounds on a stained paper. This is done by shaking the stained paper in a heptane solution for about half a minute.

Extraction
Extraction

Extraction may refer to:*Extraction , surgical removal of a tooth from the mouth*Extraction , obtaining fragrant oils and compounds from odorous raw materials...
 into heptane is a means by which aqueous bromine
Bromine

Bromine , , meaning "stench " ), is a chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. A halogen element, bromine is a reddish-brown Volatility liquid at Standard conditions for temperature and pressure that is intermediate in reactivity between chlorine and iodine....
 may be distingiushed from aqueous iodine
Iodine

Iodine , is a chemical element that has the symbol I and atomic number 53. Naturally-occurring iodine is a single isotope with 74 neutrons....
. In water, both bromine and iodine appear brown
Brown

Brown, when used as a general term, is a color that is a dark yellow, orange , or red, of low luminance relative to lighter or white colored objects....
. However, iodine turns purple
Purple

Purple is a general term for the range of shades of color occurring between red and blue. It occurs by mixing the primary colors red and blue in varying proportions, with possibly a very small quantity of the third primary color ....
 when dissolved in heptane, whereas the bromine solution remains brown.

Heptane is commercially available as the rubber cement
Rubber cement

Rubber cement is an adhesive made from elastic polymers mixed in a solvent such as acetone, hexane, heptane or benzene to keep them fluid enough to be used....
 solvent "Bestine" and the outdoor stove fuel "Powerfuel" by Primus.

Octane rating scale

n-Heptane is the zero point of the octane rating
Octane rating

The octane rating is a measure of the resistance of gasoline and other fuels to detonation in spark plug internal combustion engines. High-performance engines typically have higher compression ratios and are therefore more prone to detonation, so they require higher octane fuel....
 scale. It is undesirable in petrol, because it burns explosively, causing engine
Engine

An engine is a mechanical device that produces some form of output from a given input.An engine whose purpose is to produce kinetic energy output from a fuel is called a Wiktionary:prime mover; alternatively, a motor is a device which produces kinetic energy from a preprocessed "fuel" ....
 knocking
Engine knocking

Knocking in spark-ignition internal combustion engines occurs when combustion of the air-fuel ratio in the cylinder starts off correctly in response to ignition by the spark plug, but one or more pockets of air/fuel mixture explode outside the envelope of the normal combustion front....
, as opposed to branched-chain octane
Octane

Octane is a straight-chain alkane with the chemical formula CH36CH3.Octane has 18 structural isomers:* Octane ...
 isomers, which burn more slowly and give better performance. It was chosen as the zero point of the scale because of the availability of very high purity n-heptane, unmixed with other isomers of heptane or other alkanes, distilled from the resin
Resin

Resin is a hydrocarbon secretion of many plants, particularly Pinophyta. It is valued for its chemical constituents and uses, such as varnishes and adhesives, as an important source of raw materials for organic synthesis, or for incense and perfume....
 of Jeffrey Pine
Jeffrey Pine

Jeffrey Pine , named in honor of its documenter John Jeffrey , is a North American pine related to Ponderosa Pine. It occurs from southwest Oregon south through much of California , to northern Baja California in Mexico....
 and from the fruit of Pittosporum resiniferum
Pittosporum resiniferum

The petroleum nut, Pittosporum resiniferum, is a tree that grows in the Philippines, particularly in the wilderness surrounding the Mayon Volcano....
. Other sources of heptane and octane, produced from crude oil, contain a mixture of different isomers with greatly differing ratings and do not give as precise a zero point.

Isomers and enantiomers

Heptane has nine isomer
Isomer

In chemistry, isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae. Isomers do not necessarily share similar properties unless they also have the same functional groups....
s, or eleven if enantiomer
Enantiomer

In chemistry, an enantiomer is one of two stereoisomers that are Superpose complete mirror images of each other, much as one's left and right Chirality are "the same" but opposite....
s are counted:
  • Heptane (n-heptane), H3C–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH3,
  • 2-Methylhexane (isoheptane), H3C–CH(CH3)–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH3,
  • 3-Methylhexane, H3C–CH2–C*H(CH3)–CH2–CH2–CH3 (chiral
    Chirality (chemistry)

    The term chiral is used to describe an object that is non-Superposition on its mirror image.Human hands are perhaps the most universally recognized example of chirality: The left hand is a non-superposable mirror image of the right hand; no matter how the two hands are oriented, it is impossible for all the major features of both hands...
    ),
  • 2,2-Dimethylpentane (neoheptane), (H3C)3–C–CH2–CH2–CH3,
  • 2,3-Dimethylpentane, (H3C)2–CH–C*H(CH3)–CH2–CH3 (chiral),
  • 2,4-Dimethylpentane, (H3C)2–CH–CH2–CH–(CH3)2,
  • 3,3-Dimethylpentane, H3C–CH2–C(CH3)2–CH2–CH3,
  • 3-Ethylpentane
    3-Ethylpentane

    3-Ethylpentane is a branched, saturation hydrocarbon. It is an alkane with an isomer of heptane, consisting of a five carbon chain with a two carbon branch at the middle carbon....
    , H3C–CH2–CH(CH2CH3)–CH2–CH3,
  • 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane, CH3–C(CH3)2–CH(CH3)–CH3, this isomer is also known as pentamethylethane and triptane.


External links

  • (n-heptane)
  • (2-methylhexane)
  • *