Henry Crater
Encyclopedia
Henry Crater is a large crater
in the Arabia quadrangle
of Mars
, located at 10.9° north latitude and 336.7° west longitude. It is 171 kilometres (106 mi) in diameter and was named after the brothers Paul-Pierre Henry and Mathieu-Prosper Henry
, both of whom were French telescope makers and astronomers.
In a recent study of layers in craters in western Arabia much was learned about the layers. Each layer may average under 4 meters in one crater, but 20 meters in another. Although the craters in this study are just outside the boundary for the Arabia quadrangle the findings would probably apply to the Arabia quadrangle as well. The pattern of layers within layers measured in Becquerel
crater, suggests that each layer was formed over a period of about 100,000 years. Moreover, every 10 layers were bundled together into larger units. The 10-layer pattern is repeated at least 10 times. So every 10-layer pattern took one-million-year years to form.
It is believed that the regular pattern of layers in Arabia is connected to the regular way in which the rotational axis of Mars changes. The tilt of the Earth's axis changes by only a little more than 2 degrees. In contrast Mars's tilt varies by tens of degrees. When the tilt (or obliquity) is low, the poles are the coldest places on the planet, while the sun is located near the equator all the time. This could cause gases in the atmosphere, like water and carbon dioxide, to migrate poleward, where they'd be locked up as ice. When the obliquity is higher, the poles receive more sunlight, causing those materials to migrate away. When carbon dioxide
moves from the poles, the atmospheric pressure increases, maybe causing a difference in the ability of winds to transport and deposit sand. Also, with more water in the atmosphere sand grains may stick and cement together to form layers. This study was done using stereo topographic maps obtained by processing data from the high-resolution camera onboard NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
.
Impact crater
In the broadest sense, the term impact crater can be applied to any depression, natural or manmade, resulting from the high velocity impact of a projectile with a larger body...
in the Arabia quadrangle
Arabia quadrangle
The Arabia quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The Arabia quadrangle is also referred to as MC-12 ....
of Mars
Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. The planet is named after the Roman god of war, Mars. It is often described as the "Red Planet", as the iron oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish appearance...
, located at 10.9° north latitude and 336.7° west longitude. It is 171 kilometres (106 mi) in diameter and was named after the brothers Paul-Pierre Henry and Mathieu-Prosper Henry
Paul Henry and Prosper Henry
Paul-Pierre Henry and his brother Mathieu-Prosper Henry were French opticians and astronomers....
, both of whom were French telescope makers and astronomers.
Layers
Henry Crater has a large mound in its center that shows layers in certain parts. The layers can be a few meters thick or tens of meters think. Recent research on these layers by scientists at California Institute of Technology (Caltech) suggest that ancient climate change on Mars caused by regular variation in the planet's tilt, or obliquity may have caused the patterns in the layers. On Earth, similar changes (astronomical forcing) of climate results in ice-age cycles.In a recent study of layers in craters in western Arabia much was learned about the layers. Each layer may average under 4 meters in one crater, but 20 meters in another. Although the craters in this study are just outside the boundary for the Arabia quadrangle the findings would probably apply to the Arabia quadrangle as well. The pattern of layers within layers measured in Becquerel
Becquerel
The becquerel is the SI-derived unit of radioactivity. One Bq is defined as the activity of a quantity of radioactive material in which one nucleus decays per second. The Bq unit is therefore equivalent to an inverse second, s−1...
crater, suggests that each layer was formed over a period of about 100,000 years. Moreover, every 10 layers were bundled together into larger units. The 10-layer pattern is repeated at least 10 times. So every 10-layer pattern took one-million-year years to form.
It is believed that the regular pattern of layers in Arabia is connected to the regular way in which the rotational axis of Mars changes. The tilt of the Earth's axis changes by only a little more than 2 degrees. In contrast Mars's tilt varies by tens of degrees. When the tilt (or obliquity) is low, the poles are the coldest places on the planet, while the sun is located near the equator all the time. This could cause gases in the atmosphere, like water and carbon dioxide, to migrate poleward, where they'd be locked up as ice. When the obliquity is higher, the poles receive more sunlight, causing those materials to migrate away. When carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom...
moves from the poles, the atmospheric pressure increases, maybe causing a difference in the ability of winds to transport and deposit sand. Also, with more water in the atmosphere sand grains may stick and cement together to form layers. This study was done using stereo topographic maps obtained by processing data from the high-resolution camera onboard NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is a NASA multipurpose spacecraft designed to conduct reconnaissance and Exploration of Mars from orbit...
.