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Heliconiinae
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The Heliconiinae, commonly called heliconians or longwings, are a subfamily of the brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae). They can be divided into 45-50 genera and were sometimes treated as a separate family Heliconiidae within the Papilionoidea. The coloration is predominantly reddish and black, and though of varying wing shape, the forewings are always elongated tipwards, hence the common name.
Most longwings are found in the Tropics, particularly in South America; only the Argynnini are quite diverse in the Holarctic.
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The Heliconiinae, commonly called heliconians or longwings, are a subfamily of the brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae). They can be divided into 45-50 genera and were sometimes treated as a separate family Heliconiidae within the Papilionoidea. The coloration is predominantly reddish and black, and though of varying wing shape, the forewings are always elongated tipwards, hence the common name.
Most longwings are found in the Tropics, particularly in South America; only the Argynnini are quite diverse in the Holarctic. Especially tropical species feed on poisonous plants, characteristically Passifloraceae vines, as larvae, becoming poisonous themselves. The adult butterflies announce their acquired toxicity with strong aposematic colors, warning off would-be predators. There are several famous cases of Batesian and Müllerian mimicry both within this group and with other butterflies. Other commonly-seen foodplants are Fabaceae (which also contain several toxic species), and particularly among northernly species Violaceae.
Systematics
Four or five tribes are generally recognized in the Heliconiinae. There have been numerous attempts to sort out the phylogenetic sequence and delimitation of these, but while the former has made good progress, the latter has hitherto only achieved limited results.
Several phylogenies (and corresponding taxonomic adjustments) have been proposed, but though looking reasonable each and every one of them is only weakly supported. Even cladistic analyses of the same type of data often yield contradicting results depending on the exact method of evaluation. Ultimately, the reason is that just a fraction of the evolutionary diversity of Heliconiinae has been sampled.
What appears fairly certain is that the Argynnini and Vagrantini is closer relatives than any other two tribes of Heliconiinae. The Acraeini and Heliconiini are probably more basal lineages, but the exact placement of each respective to the other tribes cannot be considered well-resolved at all.
Some tribes are distributed among several continents, resulting in a confusing phylogeography pattern. But as it seems, the apparent contradictions between systematics and biogeography are due the premature classifications based on insufficient taxon sampling. With studies becoming more and more comprehensive, the apparent anomalies seem to sort themselves out at least for the most part. For example, the confusing distribution pattern of Acraea in the wide circumscription is apparently simply due to te bulk of this morphologically conservative group warranting recognition as genus Telchinia – it stands to note that this group has on occasion been allied with Actinote rather than Acraea, and this indeed appears to be correct.
In addition, the genus Pardopsis, often placed in the Acraeini, does almost certainly not belong there; it might better be placed in the Argynnini. The relationships of the genus Cethosia (sometimes treated as a tribe of its own) are even more mysterious, and it is likely that some other genera will eventually also be moved to a different tribe as they are studied in detail. Some, like the Argynnini Argynnis, Boloria and Issoria, might be overlumped and non-monophyletic and thus some genera presently usually considered junior synonyms of them might eventually be validated like Telchinia.
Genera
Genera are presented in the presumed phylogenetic sequence. Notable species are also given if no genus article exists.
Acraeini Boisduval, 1833
- Bematistes Hemming 1935
- Acraea (paraphyletic)
- Miyana Fruhstorfer 1914 (tentatively paced here)
- Actinote Hübner 1819 (including Abananote and Altinote)
Heliconiini Swainson, 1822
- Philaethria Billberg 1820
- Podotricha Michener 1942
- Dione Hübner 1819
- Agraulis Boisduval & Le Conte 1835
- Dryadula – Banded Orange
- Dryas – Julia Heliconian
- Eueides Hübner 1816
- Isabella's Heliconian, Eueides isabella
- Heliconius (including Laparus, Nerula)
Vagrantini Pinratana & Eliot, 1996
- Lachnoptera Doubleday 1847
- Phalanta Horsfield 1829
- Small Leopard, Phalanta alcippe
- Smerina Hewitson 1874
- Vindula – cruisers Hemming 1934
- Cirrochroa Doubleday 1847
- Large Yeoman, Cirrochroa aoris
- Tamil Yeoman, Cirrochroa thais
- Algiachroa Parsons 1989
- Algia Herrich-Schäffer 1864
- Terinos Boisduval 1836
- Cupha Billberg 1820
- Vagrans Hemming 1934** Vagrant, Vagrans egista
Argynnini (about 7 genera)
Incertae sedis
- Cethosia Fabricius 1807 – lacewings
- Red Lacewing, Cethosia biblis
- Leopard Lacewing, Cethosia cyane
- Tamil Lacewing, Cethosia nietneri
- Pardopsis Trimen 1887 (probably Argynnini)
Footnotes
External links
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- on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
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