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Heinrich Schütz (October 8 (JC
Julian calendar

The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, and came into force in 45 BC . It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year, known at least since Hipparchus....
), 1585 Köstritz
Bad Köstritz

Bad K?stritz is a town in the Greiz , in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated on the river Wei?e Elster, 7 km northwest of Gera. Bad K?stritz is known for the K?stritzer brewery and its Schwarzbier ....
 - November 6, 1672 Dresden
Dresden

Dresden is the capital city of the Germany Federal Free state of Saxony. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe. The Dresden conurbation is part of the Saxon triangle metropolitan area....
) was a German composer
Composer

A composer is a person who creates music, usually in the medium of musical notation, for interpretation and performance. The level of distinction between composers and other musicians varies, which affects issues such as copyright and the deference given to individual interpretations of a particular piece of music....
 and organist
Organ (music)

The organ is a keyboard instrument of one or more divisions, each played with its own keyboard played either Manual or Pedal clavier. The organ is one of the oldest musical instruments in the European classical music....
, generally regarded as the most important German composer before Johann Sebastian Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and organ whose sacred and secular works for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments drew together the strands of the Baroque music period and brought it to its ultimate maturity....
 and often considered to be one of the most important composers of the 17th century along with Claudio Monteverdi
Claudio Monteverdi

Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi , was an Italian composer, viol, and singer.Monteverdi's work, often regarded as revolutionary, marked the transition from the music of the Renaissance music to that of the Baroque music....
. He wrote what is thought to be the first German opera
Opera

Opera is an Performing arts in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work which combines a text and a musical score. Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition....
, Dafne
Dafne

Dafne is the earliest known work that, by modern standards, could be considered an opera. It was composed by Jacopo Peri, with a libretto by Ottavio Rinuccini....
, performed at Torgau
Torgau

Torgau is a town on the banks of the Elbe in northwestern Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district Nordsachsen.Outside Germany, the town is most well-known as the place where during the Second World War, United States Army forces coming from the west met with forces of the Soviet Union coming from the east during the invasio...
 in 1627; however, the music has since been lost. He is commemorated as a musician in the Calendar of Saints
Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)

The Lutheran Calendar of Saints is a listing which details the primary annual festivals and events that are celebrated liturgically by the Lutheran Church....
 of the Lutheran Church on July 28 with Johann Sebastian Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and organ whose sacred and secular works for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments drew together the strands of the Baroque music period and brought it to its ultimate maturity....
 and George Frideric Handel
George Frideric Handel

George Frideric Handel was an England Baroque music composer of Germany birth who is famous for his operas, oratorios, and concerto grosso. His life and music may justly be described as "cosmopolitan": he was born in Germany, trained in Italy, and spent most of his life in England....
.






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Heinrich Schütz (October 8 (JC
Julian calendar

The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, and came into force in 45 BC . It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year, known at least since Hipparchus....
), 1585 Köstritz
Bad Köstritz

Bad K?stritz is a town in the Greiz , in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated on the river Wei?e Elster, 7 km northwest of Gera. Bad K?stritz is known for the K?stritzer brewery and its Schwarzbier ....
 - November 6, 1672 Dresden
Dresden

Dresden is the capital city of the Germany Federal Free state of Saxony. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe. The Dresden conurbation is part of the Saxon triangle metropolitan area....
) was a German composer
Composer

A composer is a person who creates music, usually in the medium of musical notation, for interpretation and performance. The level of distinction between composers and other musicians varies, which affects issues such as copyright and the deference given to individual interpretations of a particular piece of music....
 and organist
Organ (music)

The organ is a keyboard instrument of one or more divisions, each played with its own keyboard played either Manual or Pedal clavier. The organ is one of the oldest musical instruments in the European classical music....
, generally regarded as the most important German composer before Johann Sebastian Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and organ whose sacred and secular works for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments drew together the strands of the Baroque music period and brought it to its ultimate maturity....
 and often considered to be one of the most important composers of the 17th century along with Claudio Monteverdi
Claudio Monteverdi

Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi , was an Italian composer, viol, and singer.Monteverdi's work, often regarded as revolutionary, marked the transition from the music of the Renaissance music to that of the Baroque music....
. He wrote what is thought to be the first German opera
Opera

Opera is an Performing arts in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work which combines a text and a musical score. Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition....
, Dafne
Dafne

Dafne is the earliest known work that, by modern standards, could be considered an opera. It was composed by Jacopo Peri, with a libretto by Ottavio Rinuccini....
, performed at Torgau
Torgau

Torgau is a town on the banks of the Elbe in northwestern Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district Nordsachsen.Outside Germany, the town is most well-known as the place where during the Second World War, United States Army forces coming from the west met with forces of the Soviet Union coming from the east during the invasio...
 in 1627; however, the music has since been lost. He is commemorated as a musician in the Calendar of Saints
Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)

The Lutheran Calendar of Saints is a listing which details the primary annual festivals and events that are celebrated liturgically by the Lutheran Church....
 of the Lutheran Church on July 28 with Johann Sebastian Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and organ whose sacred and secular works for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments drew together the strands of the Baroque music period and brought it to its ultimate maturity....
 and George Frideric Handel
George Frideric Handel

George Frideric Handel was an England Baroque music composer of Germany birth who is famous for his operas, oratorios, and concerto grosso. His life and music may justly be described as "cosmopolitan": he was born in Germany, trained in Italy, and spent most of his life in England....
. He was buried in the Dresden Frauenkirche
Dresden Frauenkirche

The Dresdner Frauenkirche is a Evangelical Church in Germany Church in Dresden, Germany.The Dresden Frauenkirche survived the bombing of Dresden in World War II during World War II...
 but his tomb has since been destroyed.

Life

He was the eldest son of Christoph Schütz and Euphrosyne Bieger. In 1590 the family moved to Weißenfels
Weißenfels

Wei?enfels is the largest town of the Burgenlandkreis district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is situated on the river Saale, approximately south of Halle ....
, where his father, Christoph managed the inn "Zum Ring". When staying at the inn, Schütz's musical talents were discovered by Moritz von Hessen-Kassel in 1599. After being a choir
Choir

A choir, chorale, or chorus is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral Music, in turn, is the music written specifically for a choir to perform....
-boy he went on to study law
LAW

LAW may refer to:* Anti-tank warfare, e.g. the US Army M72 LAW or the British Army LAW 80*Palestinian Society for the Protection of Human Rights ...
 and etymology
Etymology

Etymology is the study of the roots and history of words; and how their form and meaning have changed over time.In languages with a long detailed history, etymology makes use of philology, the study of how words change from culture to culture over time....
  at Marburg
Marburg

Marburg is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the River Lahn. It is the main town of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district. Its population is 78,701, and its geographical position is ....
 before going to Venice
Venice

Venice is a city in northern Italy, the capital city of the Italian regions Veneto, a population of 271,251 . Together with Padua, Italy, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area ....
 from 1609–1612 to study music
Music

Music is an art form whose media is sound organized in time. Common elements of music are pitch , rhythm , dynamics , and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture ....
 with Giovanni Gabrieli
Giovanni Gabrieli

Giovanni Gabrieli was an Italian composer and organ . He was one of the most influential musicians of his time, and represents the culmination of the style of the Venetian School, at the time of the shift from Renaissance music to Baroque music idioms....
. He subsequently had a short stint as organist
Organist

An organist is a musician who plays any type of organ . An organist may play organ repertoire, play with an musical ensemble or orchestra, or accompany one or more singers or instrumentalist....
 at Kassel
Kassel

Kassel is a city situated along the Fulda River in northern Hessen, Germany, one of the two sources of the Weser river . It is the administrative seat of the Kassel and of the Kassel of the same name....
 before moving to Dresden
Dresden

Dresden is the capital city of the Germany Federal Free state of Saxony. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe. The Dresden conurbation is part of the Saxon triangle metropolitan area....
 in 1615 to work as court composer
Composer

A composer is a person who creates music, usually in the medium of musical notation, for interpretation and performance. The level of distinction between composers and other musicians varies, which affects issues such as copyright and the deference given to individual interpretations of a particular piece of music....
 to the Elector
Prince-elector

The Prince-Electors of the Holy Roman Empire were the members of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire, having the function of Imperial election the Holy Roman Emperors....
 of Saxony
Saxony

The Free State of Saxony is a States of Germany of Germany. Located in the southeastern part of present-day Germany. It is the tenth-largest German state in area and the sixth largest in population , of Germany's sixteen states....
. In 1619 Schütz married Magdalena Wildeck who had been born in 1601. She produced two daughters before her death in 1625, Anna Justina born in 1621 and Euphrosyne born in 1623.

In Dresden he sowed the seeds of what is now the Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden
Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden

The S?chsische Staatskapelle Dresden is an orchestra based in Dresden, Germany founded in 1548 by Kurf?rst Moritz of Saxony. It is one of the world's oldest orchestras....
, but left there on several occasions; in 1628 he went to Venice again, most likely meeting Claudio Monteverdi
Claudio Monteverdi

Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi , was an Italian composer, viol, and singer.Monteverdi's work, often regarded as revolutionary, marked the transition from the music of the Renaissance music to that of the Baroque music....
 there—he may have studied with him—and in 1633, after the Thirty Years' War
Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe....
 had disrupted life at the court, he took a post at Copenhagen
Copenhagen

Copenhagen is the capital and largest city of Denmark, with an urban area with a population of 1,153,615 . Copenhagen is situated on the Islands of Zealand and Amager....
. He returned to Dresden in 1641. In 1655, the year that his daughter Euphrosyne died, he accepted an ex officio post of Kapellmeister at Wolfenbüttel
Wolfenbüttel

Wolfenb?ttel is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, located on the Oker river about 13 kilometres south of Braunschweig. It is the seat of the Wolfenb?ttel and of the bishop of the Protestant Lutheran State Church of Brunswick....
. He died from a stroke
Stroke

A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain function due to a disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. According to the National Stroke Association, a "stroke" occurs when a blood clot blocks and artery or a blood vessel breaks, interrupting blood flow to an area of the brain....
 in 1672 at the age of 87.

Style


Schütz's compositions show the influence of his teacher Gabrieli (displayed most notably with Schütz's use of resplendent polychoral
Venetian polychoral style

The Venetian polychoral style was a type of music of the late Renaissance music and early Baroque music eras which involved spatially separate choirs singing in alternation....
 and concertato
Concertato

Concertato is a term in early Baroque music referring to either a genre or a style of music in which groups of instruments or voices share a melody, usually in alternation, and almost always over a basso continuo....
 styles) and of Monteverdi. Additionally, the influence of the Netherlandish
Franco-Flemish School

In music, the Franco-Flemish School refers, somewhat imprecisely, to the style of polyphony vocal music composition in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries, and to the composers who wrote it....
 composers of the 16th century is also prominent in his work. His best known works are in the field of sacred music, ranging from solo voice with instrumental accompaniment to a cappella
A cappella

Acappella music is vocal music or singing without musical instrument accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. A cappella was originally intended to differentiate between Renaissance music polyphony and Baroque concertato style....
 choral music. Representative works include his three books of Symphoniae sacrae, the Psalms of David (Psalmen Davids), the Sieben Worte Jesu Christi am Kreuz (the Seven Last Words on the Cross) and his three Passion
Passion (Christianity)

The Passion is the Christian theological term used for the events and suffering ? physical, spiritual, and mental ? of Jesus in the hours before and including his trial and execution by crucifixion....
 settings. Schütz's music, while starting off in the most progressive styles early in his career, eventually grows into a style that is simple and almost austere, culminating with his late Passion settings. Practical considerations were certainly responsible for part of this change: the Thirty Years' War had devastated the musical infrastructure of Germany, and it was no longer practical or even possible to put on the gigantic works in the Venetian
Venetian School

In music history, the Venetian School is a term used to describe the composers working in Venice from about 1550 to around 1610; it also describes the music they produced....
 style which marked his earlier period.

Schütz was one of the last composers to write in a modal
Musical mode

Mode is a term from Western music theory having three senses: the rhythmic relationship between long and short values in the late medieval period; in early medieval theory, Interval ; and, most commonly, a concept involving Musical scale and melody type ....
 style. His harmonie
Harmonie

Harmonie is a German language word that, in the context of the history of music, designates a band of wind instruments employed by an aristocratic patron, particularly during the Classical period of the 18th century....
s often result from the contrapuntal alignment of voices rather than from any sense of "harmonic motion"; contrastingly, much of his music shows a strong tonal
Tonal

Tonal may refer to:* Tonal , a concept appearing in the belief systems and traditions of Mesoamerican cultures, involving a spiritual link between a person and an animal...
 pull when approaching cadences. His music includes a great deal of imitation
Imitation

Imitation is an advanced behavior whereby an individual observes and replicates another's. The word can be applied in many contexts, ranging from animal training to international politics....
, but structured in such a way that the successive voices do not necessarily enter after the same number of beat
Beat (music)

A beat is the basic time unit within much Western music; for example, each tick sounded by a metronome would correspond to a beat. More technically, "the beat is the pulse of the mensural level", also known as the beat level, the meter level at which pulses are heard as the basic unit?"the denominator of the time signature,"...
s or at predictable intervallic distances. Schütz's writing often includes intense dissonance
Dissonance

Dissonance has several meanings, all related to conflict or incongruity:*Consonance and dissonance in music are properties of an interval or chord...
s caused by the contrapuntal motion of voices moving in correct individual linear motion, but resulting in startling harmonic tension. Above all, his music displays extreme sensitivity to the accents and meaning of the text, which is often conveyed using special technical figures drawn from musica poetica
Musica poetica

Musica poetica was a term commonly applied to the art of composing music in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century German schools and universities. Its first known use was in the Rudimenta Musicae Planae of Nicolaus Listenius....
, themselves drawn from or created in analogy to the verbal figures of Classical Rhetoric.

Almost no secular music by Schütz has survived, save for a few domestic songs (arien
Arien

In J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy legendarium, Arien is the maiden whom the Vala chose from among the Maia to guide the vessel of the Sun . In the Years of the Trees in Valinor, Arien had been the one to tend the tree of Laurelin....
) and no purely instrumental music at all (unless one counts the short instrumental movement entitled "sinfonia
Sinfonia

Sinfonia is the Italian word for symphony . In music Sinfonia has however some specific meanings and connotations, that are understood when the word sinfonia is used outside the realm of Latin-based languages:...
" that encloses the dialogue of Die sieben Worte), even though he had a reputation as one of the finest organists in Germany.

Schütz was of great importance in bringing new musical ideas to Germany from Italy, and as such had a large influence on the German music which was to follow. The style of the north German organ school derives largely from Schütz (as well as from Netherlander Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck
Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck

Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck was a Netherlands composer, organist, and pedagogue whose work straddled the end of the Renaissance music and beginning of the Baroque music eras....
); a century later this music was to culminate in the work of J.S. Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and organ whose sacred and secular works for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments drew together the strands of the Baroque music period and brought it to its ultimate maturity....
.

Works

Schutz
The following are published works. Most of these contain multiple pieces of music; there are over 500 total surviving individual pieces by Schütz.

  • Il primo libro de madrigali (first book of madrigals
    Madrigal (music)

    A madrigal is a type of secular vocal music composition, written during the Renaissance music and early Baroque music eras. Throughout most of its history it was Polyphony and unaccompanied by instruments, with the number of voices varying from two to eight, but most frequently three to six....
    ) (Venice
    Venice

    Venice is a city in northern Italy, the capital city of the Italian regions Veneto, a population of 271,251 . Together with Padua, Italy, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area ....
    , 1611)
  • Psalmen Davids (Book 1) (Dresden
    Dresden

    Dresden is the capital city of the Germany Federal Free state of Saxony. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe. The Dresden conurbation is part of the Saxon triangle metropolitan area....
    , 1619)
  • Historia der frölichen und siegreichen Aufferstehung ... (History
    HIStory

    HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I is a double album by Michael Jackson, released on June 20, 1995, and is Jackson's ninth. The first disc, named "HIStory Begins" consists of a selection of Jackson's greatest hits from the singer's past fifteen years, while the second, named "HIStory Continues" features new songs, with the...
     of the joyful and victorious Resurrection
    Resurrection

    Miraculous resurrection of one sort or another has been a recurrent theme or central doctrine of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and other Abrahamic religions....
     of Jesus
    Jesus

    Jesus of Nazareth , also known as Jesus Christ, is the central figure of Christianity and is revered by most Christian churches as the Son of God and the Incarnation ....
    ) (Dresden, 1623)
  • Cantiones sacrae (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1625)
  • Psalmen Davids (Book 2) (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1628)
  • Symphoniae sacrae (Book 1) (Venice, 1629)
  • Musikalische Exequien (Dresden, 1636)
  • Kleine geistliche Konzerte (Book 1) (Leipzig
    Leipzig

    Leipzig is, with a population of over 511,252, the largest city in the States of Germany of Saxony, Germany....
    , 1636)
  • Symphoniae sacrae (Book 2) (Dresden, 1647)
  • Geistliche Chor-Music (Dresden, 1648)
  • Symphoniae sacrae (Book 3) (Dresden, 1650)
  • Zwölf geistliche Gesänge (Dresden, 1657)
  • Psalmen Davids (revision of Book 2) (Dresden, 1661)
  • Weihnachtshistorie (Christmas Oratorio) (Dresden, 1664)


Sources


  • Manfred Bukofzer
    Manfred Bukofzer

    Manfred Bukofzer was a Germany-United States musicologist and Humanism. He studied at Heidelberg University and the Stern conservatory in Berlin, but left Germany in 1933, going to Basle, where he received his doctorate....
    , Music in the Baroque Era. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1947. ISBN 0393097455


  • Basil Smallman: Heinrich Schütz
    Heinrich Schütz

    Heinrich Sch?tz was a German composer and organ , generally regarded as the most important German composer before Johann Sebastian Bach and often considered to be one of the most important composers of the 17th century along with Claudio Monteverdi....
    , The Master Musicians, 2000.


  • Tamsin
    Tamsin

    *Tamsin is a novel by Peter S. Beagle.*Tamsin is also a feminine version of the name Thomas. See Thomasina for more information....
     (nee T.D.) Jones
    Jones

    Jones is a common surname in Wales and England. It is the most common surname in Wales, despite there officially being no letter "J" in the Welsh language, although there are a few words borrowed from English language eg Jocan = Joke....
    , "Passions in Perspective: An Analytical Discussion of the Three Passions of Heinrich Schütz (1585–1672) against their Historical and Stylistic Backgrounds" (Ph. D. thesis
    Thesis

    A dissertation is a document that presents the author's research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature for a degree or professional qualification....
    , University of Birmingham
    University of Birmingham

    The University of Birmingham is a United Kingdom 'Red brick universities' university located in the city of Birmingham, England. Founded in Edgbaston in 1900 as a successor to Mason Science College, and with origins dating back to the 1825 Birmingham Medical School, it was the first of the so-called Red brick universities to receive a Royal...
    , 2000)


  • Heinrich Schütz: "Geistliche Chor-Music, Op. 11." Edited by Andrew Thomas Kuster. Ann Arbor, MI, 2005. ISBN 1411642430.
  • Heinrich Schutz. O Jesu nomen dulce http://www.realmusic.ru/songs/418947/


External links

  • *