Heilongjiang

	Email		Print
	Bookmark		Link

Heilongjiang

' (; Postal map spelling: Heilungkiang; Manchu

Manchu language

Manchu is a Tungusic languages language spoken in Northeast China; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Chinese and there are fewer than 70 native speakers of Manchu out of a total of nearly 10 million ethnic Manchus....
: Sahaliyan ula) is a province

Political divisions of China

People's Republic of China

The People's Republic of China , commonly known as China, is the largest country in East Asia and the List of countries by population in the world with over 1.3 billion people, approximately a fifth of the world's population....
located in the northeastern

Northeast China

Northeast China is a geographical region of China. It is separated from Russia largely by the Amur, Argun, and Ussuri rivers, from North Korea by the Yalu River and Tumen River, and from the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region by the Greater Khingan Range....
part of the country. "Heilongjiang" literally means Black

Black

Black is the color of objects that do not emit or reflection light in any part of the visible spectrum; they absorb all such frequencies of light....
Dragon

Chinese dragon

The China dragon or Oriental dragon is a mythical creature in East Asian culture with a China origin. It is visualized these days as a long, scaled, snake-like creature with four legs and five claws on each ....
River

River

A river is a natural stream of water, usually freshwater, flowing toward an ocean, a lake, or another stream. In some cases a river flows into the ground or dries up completely before reaching another body of water....
, which is the Chinese name for the Amur. The one-character abbreviation is ? (pinyin

Pinyin

Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most commonly used Romanization system for Standard Mandarin. Hanyu is the Chinese Language, and pinyin means "phonetics", or more literally, "spelling sound" or "spelled sound"....
: Hei). The Manchu name of the region is Sahaliyan ula (literally, "Black River"), from which the name of Sakhalin island

Sakhalin

Sakhalin , also Saghalien, is a large elongated island in the North Pacific, lying between 45?50' and 54?24' N. It is part of Russia and is its largest island, administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast....
is derived.

Heilongjiang borders Jilin

Jilin

Inner Mongolia

Inner Mongolia is the Mongols autonomous region of China of the People's Republic of China, located in the country's north.Inner Mongolia borders, from east to west, the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, and Gansu, while to the north it borders Mongolia and Russia....
to the west; it also borders Russia

Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
to the north.

The Amur

Amur

The Amur River or Heilong Jiang is the Earth's ninth longest river, forming the border between the Russian Far East and Northeastern China....
River marks the border between the People's Republic of China

People's Republic of China

Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
to the north.

Discussion

Ask a question about 'Heilongjiang'

Start a new discussion about 'Heilongjiang'

Answer questions from other users

Full Discussion Forum

Encyclopedia

' (; Postal map spelling: Heilungkiang; Manchu

Manchu language

Political divisions of China

People's Republic of China

Northeast China

Black

Black is the color of objects that do not emit or reflection light in any part of the visible spectrum; they absorb all such frequencies of light....
Dragon

Chinese dragon

River

Pinyin

Sakhalin

Jilin

Inner Mongolia

Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
to the north.

The Amur

Amur

People's Republic of China

Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
to the north. Heilongjiang contains China's northernmost point (in Mohe County

Mohe County

Mohe County is a county in Heilongjiang province, in the People's Republic of China. It includes China's northernmost point, on the Amur River border with Russia....
along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the junction of the Amur

Amur

The Amur River or Heilong Jiang is the Earth's ninth longest river, forming the border between the Russian Far East and Northeastern China....
and Ussuri

Ussuri River

The Ussuri River is a river in the east of Northeast China and south of the Russian Far East. It rises in the Sikhote-Alin range, flowing north, forming part of the China-Russian border based on the Sino-Russian Convention of Peking in 1860, until it joins the Amur River at Khabarovsk ....
Rivers).

History

In ancient times Heilongjiang was far from any literate civilization, and information was sparse. Chinese

China

China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
and other sources state that Heilongjiang was inhabited by people such as the Xianbei

Xianbei

The Xianbei were a significant nomadic people residing in Manchuria and eastern Mongolia, or Greater Khingan. They were descendants of Donghu before migrating into areas of the modern Chinese provinces of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, and Liaoning....
, the Malgal, and the Khitan

Khitan people

The Khitan people , or Khitai, were a nomadic people, originally located at Mongolia and modern Manchuria from the 4th century. They dominated a vast area in northern China by the 10th century under the Liao Dynasty, but have left few relics that have survived until today....
. The eastern portion of Heilongjiang was ruled by the kingdom of Balhae

Balhae

Balhae was an ancient multiethnic empire established after the fall of Goguryeo. After Goguryeo's capital and southern territories fell to Unified Silla, Dae Jo-young, a former Goguryeo general, whose father was Dae Jung-sang, established Jin , later called Balhae....
between the 7th century and 10th century. The Jurchen

Jurchen

Jurchen may refer to:* Jurchen people, Tungusic people who inhabited the region of Manchuria until the 17th century* Jurchen script, writing system of Jurchen people...
Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) that subsequently ruled much of north China arose within the borders of modern Heilongjiang.

Under the Manchu

Manchu

The Manchu people are a Tungusic peoples who originated in Manchuria . During their rise in the seventeenth century, with the help of Ming rebels , they conquered the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until its abolition in 1911 after the Xinhai Revolution, which established Republic of China in its place....
Qing Dynasty

Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty , also known as the Manchu Dynasty, followed the Ming Dynasty in History of China, and was the last ruling Chinese Dynasties of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 ....
, the western part of Heilongjiang was under the supervision of the General of Heilongjiang, whose power extended, according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk

Treaty of Nerchinsk

The Treaty of Nerchinsk was the first treaty between Russia and the Qing Empire. It was signed in Nerchinsk on August 27, 1689 as a result of the Russian-Manchu border conflicts over the region of Priamurye....
, as far north as the Stanovoy Mountains; eastern Heilongjiang was under the supervision of the General of Jilin, whose power reached the Sea of Japan

Sea of Japan

The Sea of Japan is a marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean, bordered by Japan, South Korea, North Korea and Russia. It is referred to in North Korea as the Korea East Sea and in South Korea as the East Sea....
. These areas deep in Manchuria

Manchuria

Manchuria is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria either falls entirely within People's Republic of China, or is divided between China and Russia....
were closed off to Han Chinese

Han Chinese

Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to China and, by most modern definitions, the largest single ethnic group in the Earth.Han Chinese constitute about 92 percent of the population of the People's Republic of China , 98 percent of the population of the Republic of China , 75 percent of the population of Singapore, and about 19 percent...
migration.

However, in 1858 and 1860 the Qing

Qing Dynasty

Amur

The Amur River or Heilong Jiang is the Earth's ninth longest river, forming the border between the Russian Far East and Northeastern China....
and Ussuri

Ussuri River

Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
, cutting China off from the Sea of Japan

Sea of Japan

Manchuria

Han Chinese

Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty , also known as the Manchu Dynasty, followed the Ming Dynasty in History of China, and was the last ruling Chinese Dynasties of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 ....
government. By the early twentieth century, the Han Chinese

Han Chinese

Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
ese puppet state

Puppet state

The term puppet state describes a nominal sovereignty controlled effectively by a foreign power.. The term refers to a government controlled by the government of another country like a puppeteer controls the strings of a marionette....
of Manchukuo

Manchukuo

Manchukuo was a puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia. The region was the Qing Dynasty's historical homeland, created by former Qing Dynasty officials with help from Imperial Japan in 1932....
.

After the Japan

Japan

Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
forces entered Manchuria and gave the Chinese communists control over most of the area. Heilongjiang became the first province to be completely controlled by the Chinese communists and Harbin

Harbin

is a sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang in Northeast China. It lies on the southern bank of the Songhua River. Harbin is ranked as the tenth largest city in China, serving as a key political, economic, scientific, cultural and communications center of Northeastern China....
the first major city to be controlled by them. From Manchuria, the communists were able to conduct the initial phases of the Chinese Civil War

Chinese Civil War

The Chinese Civil War or , which lasted from April 1927 to May 1950, was a civil war in China between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party ....
.

At the beginning of communist rule, Heilongjiang province included only the western portion of the present-day province, and had its capital at Qiqihar

Qiqihar

Qiqihar is a major city in the Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. It has 895,000 inhabitants. These are mainly Han Chinese and the resident minorities are, among others, Manchu, Daur, and Mongolians....
. The remaining area was the province of Songjiang

Songjiang Province

Songjiang is a former province of Northeast China. Mudanjiang was the capital. It was one of nine provinces created in Manchuria by the Chinese Nationalists government after World War II....
; its capital was Harbin

Harbin

is a sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang in Northeast China. It lies on the southern bank of the Songhua River. Harbin is ranked as the tenth largest city in China, serving as a key political, economic, scientific, cultural and communications center of Northeastern China....
. In 1954, these two provinces were merged into present-day Heilongjiang. During the Cultural Revolution

Cultural Revolution

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in the People?s Republic of China was a period of widespread social and political upheaval that led to nation-wide chaos and economic disarray, which would engulf much of Chinese society between 1966 and 1976....
Heilongjiang was also expanded to include Hulunbuir League and some other areas previously in Inner Mongolia

Inner Mongolia

Geography

Heilongjiang is a land of varied topography. Much of the province is dominated by mountain ranges such as the Greater Khingan

Greater Khingan

The Greater Khingan Range , also called the Greater Hing'an Range or Greater Hinggan Range, is a volcanic mountain range in Inner Mongolia in northeastern China....
Range and Lesser Khingan Range, Zhangguangcai Mountains, Laoye Mountains, and Wanda Mountains. The highest peak is Mount Datudingzi at 1690 m (5545 ft), located on the border with Jilin

Jilin

, is a political divisions of China of the People's Republic of China located in the Northeast China part of the country. Jilin borders North Korea and Russia to the east, Heilongjiang to the north, Liaoning to the south, and Inner Mongolia to the west....
province). The Greater Khingan Range contains China's largest remaining virgin forest and is an important area for China's forestry industry.

The interior of the province, which is relatively flat and low in altitude, contains the Muling River

Muling River

Muling or Muren is a river in Northeast China, a left tributary of Ussuri River.Its length is 577 km long, basin area is approximately 18,500 km?....
, the Naoli River, the Songhua River

Songhua River

The Songhua River is a river in Northeast China, and is the largest tributary of the Amur , flowing about 1,927 km from Changbai Mountains through the Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces....
, the Nen River

Nen River

File:LocationNen.pngNen River, also Nonni }}; Manchu language: Non ula) is a river in Northeast China. It is 1370 kilometres in length, and is the longest tributary of the Songhua River in Heilongjiang province, and join it near Da'an....
, and the Mudan River, all tributaries of the Amur

Amur

The Amur River or Heilong Jiang is the Earth's ninth longest river, forming the border between the Russian Far East and Northeastern China....
's basin, while the northern border forms part of the Amur

Amur

The Amur River or Heilong Jiang is the Earth's ninth longest river, forming the border between the Russian Far East and Northeastern China....
valley. Xingkai Lake (or Khanka Lake

Khanka Lake

Khanka Lake , is a transboundary freshwater body located on the border between Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China and Primorsky Krai, Russia ....
) is found on the border with Russia

Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
's Primorsky Krai

Primorsky Krai

Primorsky Krai also known as Primorye , is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia . Primorsky means "maritime" in Russian, hence the region is sometimes referred to as Maritime Province....
.

Heilongjiang is subarctic in climate

Climate

Climate encompasses the temperatures, humidity, atmospheric pressure, winds, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and numerous other Meteorology elements in a given region over long periods of time, as opposed to the term weather, which refers to current activity of these same elements....
. Winters are long and frigid, with an average of −31 to −15°C

Celsius

Celsius is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius , who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death....
in January, and summers are short and cool with an average of 18 to 23°C in July. The annual average rainfall is 500 to 600 mm, concentrated mostly in summer.

Major cities:

Harbin
Harbin

is a sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang in Northeast China. It lies on the southern bank of the Songhua River. Harbin is ranked as the tenth largest city in China, serving as a key political, economic, scientific, cultural and communications center of Northeastern China....
Qiqihar
Qiqihar

Qiqihar is a major city in the Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. It has 895,000 inhabitants. These are mainly Han Chinese and the resident minorities are, among others, Manchu, Daur, and Mongolians....
Hegang
Hegang

Hegang is a prefecture-level city in Heilongjiang province of the People's Republic of China.Hegang is a city within a coal mining area and has a population 654,000 ....
Mudanjiang
Mudanjiang

Mudanjiang is prefecture-level city in Heilongjiang province of the People's Republic of China. Mudanjiang is the seat of Mudanjiang prefecture....
Jiamusi
Jiamusi

Jiamusi is a prefecture-level city in the province of Heilongjiang, in the People's Republic of China, located on the riverside of the middle and lower reaches of the Songhua River....
Yichun
Yichun, Heilongjiang

Yichun is a prefecture-level city on the Songhua river north of Tieli in Heilongjiang province in Northeastern China. It is surrounded by forests and had 803,700 inhabitants in 2001....
Daqing
Daqing

Daqing is a city in northeast China in the Heilongjiang Political divisions of China. The name means "Great Celebration".It was founded in 1959 to house workers extracting oil and gas from the Daqing oilfield and to host industries which could take advantage of the energy and petrochemicals....
Heihe
Heihe

Heihe is a city in Heilongjiang, China.It is located at , on the Russian border, on the south bank of the Amur River, across the river from the Russian city of Blagoveshchensk....
Shuangyashan
Shuangyashan

Shuangyashan is a coal mining prefecture-level city in the eastern part of China's Heilongjiang province. The city has approximately 600,000 inhabitants in the urban area, and approximately 1,500,000 including the surrounding countryside and suburbs....

Infrastructure

A road and highway proposal was accepted in 2006; the project plans to develop 38,000 kilometers of new roads and expand Heilongjiang’s total road network to 2.3 million kilometers.

There are 60 rail lines of around 5,300 kilometers including a section of the Asia-Europe Continental Bridge. Construction of a RMB92.3 billion passenger-only railway line running from Harbin-Dalian began in August 2007. The railway will stretch from Harbin, Heilongjiang’s capital, to Dalian in Liaoning province via Changchun and Shenyang comprising 23 stops. It is expected to transport 37 million passengers per year by 2020 and 51 million by 2030.

Major airports include Harbin International Airport, Qiqihar Airport, Mudanjiang Airport, Jiamusi Airport and Heihe Airport. Harbin International Airport is capable of handling six million passengers every year and connects to over 40 domestic and international cities.

Administrative divisions

Heilongjiang is divided into thirteen prefecture-level divisions

Political divisions of China

Due to China's large population and area, the administrative divisions of China have consisted of several levels since History of the administrative divisions of China....
, consisting of twelve prefecture-level cities and one prefecture:

The sub-province-level city:

Harbin
Harbin

is a sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang in Northeast China. It lies on the southern bank of the Songhua River. Harbin is ranked as the tenth largest city in China, serving as a key political, economic, scientific, cultural and communications center of Northeastern China....
(Simplified Chinese: ????, Hanyu Pinyin: Ha'erbin Shì)

The prefecture-level cities:

Daqing
Daqing

Daqing is a city in northeast China in the Heilongjiang Political divisions of China. The name means "Great Celebration".It was founded in 1959 to house workers extracting oil and gas from the Daqing oilfield and to host industries which could take advantage of the energy and petrochemicals....
(??? Dàqìng Shì)
Hegang
Hegang

Hegang is a prefecture-level city in Heilongjiang province of the People's Republic of China.Hegang is a city within a coal mining area and has a population 654,000 ....
(??? Hègang Shì)
Heihe
Heihe

Heihe is a city in Heilongjiang, China.It is located at , on the Russian border, on the south bank of the Amur River, across the river from the Russian city of Blagoveshchensk....
(??? Heihé Shì)
Jiamusi
Jiamusi

Jiamusi is a prefecture-level city in the province of Heilongjiang, in the People's Republic of China, located on the riverside of the middle and lower reaches of the Songhua River....
(???? Jiamùsi Shì)
Jixi
Jixi

Jixi is a city with a population of 421,000 in the east of Heilongjiang district in the People's Republic of China. Jixi is on Muling River about 30 km from the border with Russia and 120 km from Khanka Lake....
(??? Jixi Shì)
Mudanjiang
Mudanjiang

Mudanjiang is prefecture-level city in Heilongjiang province of the People's Republic of China. Mudanjiang is the seat of Mudanjiang prefecture....
(???? Mudanjiang Shì)
Qiqihar
Qiqihar

Qiqihar is a major city in the Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. It has 895,000 inhabitants. These are mainly Han Chinese and the resident minorities are, among others, Manchu, Daur, and Mongolians....
(????? Qíqíha'er Shì)
Qitaihe
Qitaihe

Qitaihe is a prefecture-level city in Heilongjiang province of the People's Republic of China. It has an area of 6,221 square kilometers and a population of 890,000....
(???? Qitáihé Shì)
Shuangyashan
Shuangyashan

Shuangyashan is a coal mining prefecture-level city in the eastern part of China's Heilongjiang province. The city has approximately 600,000 inhabitants in the urban area, and approximately 1,500,000 including the surrounding countryside and suburbs....
(???? Shuangyashan Shì)
Suihua
Suihua

Suihua is a prefecture-level city in Heilongjiang province of the People's Republic of China. Shuihua is about 100 km from Harbin. Suihua is in the southern half of Heilongjiang....
(??? Suíhuà Shì)
Yichun
Yichun, Heilongjiang

Yichun is a prefecture-level city on the Songhua river north of Tieli in Heilongjiang province in Northeastern China. It is surrounded by forests and had 803,700 inhabitants in 2001....
(??? Yichun Shì)

The prefecture:

Daxing'anling Prefecture (?????? Dàxing'anling Dìqu)

(About this last prefecture there is information to find at the section Greater Khingan

Greater Khingan

Political divisions of China

Due to China's large population and area, the administrative divisions of China have consisted of several levels since History of the administrative divisions of China....
of Heilongjiang are subdivided into 130 county-level divisions

Political divisions of China

Due to China's large population and area, the administrative divisions of China have consisted of several levels since History of the administrative divisions of China....
(65 districts, nineteen county-level cities, forty-five counties, and one autonomous county). Those are in turn divided into 1284 township-level divisions

Political divisions of China

Due to China's large population and area, the administrative divisions of China have consisted of several levels since History of the administrative divisions of China....
(473 towns, 400 townships, 58 ethnic townships, and 353 subdistrict

Subdistrict

Subdistrict is a low level administrative division of a country. In Thailand it may refer to the King Amphoe or to the Tambon. In England and Wales it was part of a Registration district....
s).

See List of administrative divisions of Heilongjiang
List of administrative divisions of Heilongjiang

Heilongjiang, a province of China of the People's Republic of China, is made up of the following political divisions of China:* 13 prefecture-level divisions...
for a complete list of county-level divisions

Political divisions of China

Due to China's large population and area, the administrative divisions of China have consisted of several levels since History of the administrative divisions of China....
.

Politics

List of Secretaries of the CPC

Communist Party of China

The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party , is the founding and the ruling party of the People's Republic of China and the world's largest political party....
Heilongjiang Committee:

Zhang Qilong ???(1949-1950)
Zhao Dezun ??? (1950-1953)
Feng Jixin ??? (1953-1954)
Ou Yangqin ??? (1954-1965)
Pan Fusheng ??? (1965-1967)
Wang Jiadao ??? (1971-1974)
Liu Guangtao ??? (1977)
Yang Yichen
Yang Yichen (1914–1997)

Yang Yichen was a politician of the People's Republic of China....
??? (1977-1983)
Li Li'an ??? (1983-1985)
Sun Weiben ??? (1985-1994)
Yue Qifeng ??? (1994-1997)
Xu Youfang ??? (1997-2003)
Song Fatang ??? (2003-2005)
Qian Yunlu
Qian Yunlu

Qian Yunlu is a China politician and was the Communist Party of China Committee Secretary of Heilongjiang province in northeast China. Qian Yunlu was born in Hubei province in 1944....
??? (2005-2008)
Ji Bingxuan
Ji Bingxuan

Ji Bingxuan is a politician of the People's Republic of China. He was born in Mengjin County, Henan Province, and joined the Communist Party of China in 1980....
??? (2008-incumbent)

List of Governors:

Yu Yifu ??? (1949-1952)
Zhao Dezun ??? (1952-1953)
Chen Lei
Chen Lei

Chen Lei may refer to:*Chen Lei , former governor of Heilongjiang, a member of 12th Central Committee of CPC*Chen Lei , current Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China of the People's Republic of China...
?? (1953-1954)
Han Guang ?? (1954-1956)
Ouyang Qin ??? (1956-1958)
Li Fanwu ??? (1958-1966)
Pan Fusheng ??? (1967-1971)
Wang Jiadao ??? (1971-1974)
Liu Guangtao ??? (February 1977-December 1977)
Yang Yichen
Yang Yichen (1914–1997)

Yang Yichen was a politician of the People's Republic of China....
???(December 1977-1979)
Chen Lei
Chen Lei

Chen Lei may refer to:*Chen Lei , former governor of Heilongjiang, a member of 12th Central Committee of CPC*Chen Lei , current Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China of the People's Republic of China...
?? (1979-1985)
Hou Jie ?? (1985-1989)
Shao Qihui ??? (1989-1994)
Tian Fengshan
Tian Fengshan

Tian Fengshan is a former PRC official and was charged for significant corruption....
???(1994-2000)
Song Fatang ??? (2000-2003)
Zhang Zuoji
Zhang Zuoji

Zhang Zuoji is a politician of the People's Republic of China, and the former governor of Heilongjiang Province. He currently serves as the director of the economic committee of the 11th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference ....
??? (2003-December 2007)
Li Zhanshu
Li Zhanshu

Li Zhanshu is a China politician. Li is the current Governor of Heilongjiang of Heilongjiang province in northeast China.Li Zhanshu was born in Hebei province in 1950....
??? (December 2007-incumbent)

Economy

The agriculture

Agriculture

Agriculture refers to the production of food and goods through farming and forestry. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of civilization, with the animal husbandry of domestication animals and plants creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more Population density and Social stratification societies....
of Heilongjiang, heavily defined by its cold climate, is based upon crops such as soybean

Soybean

The soybean or soya bean is a species of legume native to East Asia. The plant is classed as an oilseed rather than a Pulse . It is an annual plant that has been used in China for 5,000 years as a food and a component of drugs....
s, maize

Maize

Maize , known as corn in some countries, is a cereal domesticated in Mesoamerica and subsequently spread throughout the American continents....
, and wheat

Wheat

Wheat , is a worldwide cultivated Poaceae from the Levant region of the Middle East. Globally, after maize, wheat is the second most-produced food among the cereal just above rice....
. Commercial crops grown include beet

Beet

The beet is a plant in the Amaranthaceae. It is best known its numerous cultivated varieties, the most well known of which is probably the red root vegetable known as the garden beet....
s, flax

Flax

Flax is a member of the genus Linum in the family Linaceae. It is native to the region extending from the eastern Mediterranean region to India and was probably first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent....
, and sunflower

Sunflower

The sunflower is an annual plant in the family Asteraceae and native to the Americas, with a large flowering head . The stem can grow as high as 3 meters , and the flower head can reach 30 cm in diameter with the "large" seeds....
s.

Heilongjiang is also an important source of lumber

Lumber

Lumber or timber is wood in any of its stages from logging through readiness for use as structural material for construction, or wood pulp for paper production....
for China. Pine

Pine

Pines are Pinophyta trees in the genus Pinus, in the family Pinaceae. They make up the monotypic subfamily Pinoideae. There are about 115 species of pine, although different authorities accept between 105 and 125 species....
, especially the Korean pine

Korean Pine

The tree species Pinus koraiensis is is commonly called Korean Pine. It is native to eastern Asia, Manchuria, far eastern Russia, Korea and central Japan....
and larch

Larch

Larches are conifers in the genus Larix, in the family Pinaceae. They are native to much of the cooler temperate northern hemisphere, on lowlands in the far north, and high on mountains further south....
are the most important forms of lumber produced in Heilongjiang. Forests are mostly to be found in the Daxingan Mountains and Xiaoxingan Mountains, which are also home to protected animal species such as the Siberian Tiger, the red-crowned crane

Red-crowned Crane

The Red-crowned Crane , also called the Japanese Crane or Manchurian Crane, is a large Crane and is the second rarest crane in the world....
, and the lynx

Lynx

A lynx is any of four medium-sized wild Felidae. All are members of the genus Lynx, but there is considerable confusion about the best way to classify felids at present, and some authorities classify them as part of the genus Felis....
.

Herding in Heilongjiang is centered upon horse

Horse

The horse is a hoofed mammal, a subspecies of one of seven extant species of the family Equidae. The horse has evolution of the horse over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature into the large, odd-toed ungulate animal of today....
and cattle

Cattle

Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domestication ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. They are raised as livestock for meat , dairy products , leather and as draft animals ....
. Heilongjiang has the greatest number of milk cows and the highest production of milk

Milk

Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals . It provides the primary source of nutrition for newborn mammals before they are able to digestion other types of food....
among all the province-level divisions of China.

Petroleum

Petroleum

Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid found in rock formations in the Earth consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, plus other organic compounds....
is of great importance in Heilongjiang, and the Daqing oilfields are an important source of petroleum for China. Coal

Coal

Coal is a readily combustion black or brownish-black sedimentary rock. The harder forms, such as anthracite, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure....
, gold

Gold

Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and atomic number 79. It is a highly sought-after precious metal, having been used as money, as a store of value, in jewelry, in sculpture, and for ornamentation since the beginning of recorded history....
, and graphite

Graphite

The mineral graphite is one of the allotropes of carbon. It was named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789 from the Greek language ??afe?? : "to draw/write", for its use in pencils, where it is commonly called lead, as distinguished from the actual metallic element lead....
are other important minerals to be found in Heilongjiang. Heilongjiang also has great potential for wind power

Wind power

Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form, such as electricity, using wind turbines. At the end of 2008, worldwide nameplate capacity of wind-powered generators was 120.8 gigawatts....
, with an average wind energy density of 200 watt

WATT

WATT is a radio station broadcasting a News radio-Talk radio-Sports radio format. Licensed to Cadillac, Michigan, it first began broadcasting in 1945....
s per square metre.

Heilongjiang is part of northeast China

Northeast China

Industry

An industry is the manufacturing of a Good or Service within a category. Although industry is a broad term for any kind of economic production, in economics and urban planning industry is a synonym for the secondary sector, which is a type of economic activity involved in the manufacturing of raw materials into goods and products....
for the People's Republic of China

People's Republic of China

Coal

Petroleum

Lumber

Lumber or timber is wood in any of its stages from logging through readiness for use as structural material for construction, or wood pulp for paper production....
, machinery, and food

Food

Food is any substance, usually composed of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and water, that can be Eating or Drinking by an animal or human for nutrition or pleasure....
. Due to its location, Heilongjiang is also an important gateway for trade

Trade

Tradeis the willing exchange of goods, Service , or both. Trade is also called commerce. A mechanism that allows trade is called a market. The original form of trade was barter , the direct exchange of goods and services....
with Russia

Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
. In recent years, Manchuria has suffered from stagnation. As a result, the government has started the Revitalize Northeast China

Revitalize Northeast China

Revitalize The Old Northeast Industrial Bases , also Revitalize Northeast China or Northeast China Revitalization, is a policy adopted by the People's Republic of China in 2003 to rejuvenate the Industry bases in the northeastern China....
campaign to deal with this problem, using privatization

Privatization

Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the public sector to the private sector . In a broader sense, privatization refers to transfer of any government function to the private sector including governmental functions like revenue collection and law enforcement....
as the preferred method of economic reform

Chinese economic reform

The Chinese economic reform refers to the program of microeconomic reform called "Socialism with Chinese characteristics" in the People's Republic of China that were started in 1978 by pragmatists within the Communist Party of China led by Deng Xiaoping and are ongoing as of the early 21st century....
.

At least five miners were killed after a coal mine fire in Heilongjiang it was reported on September 21, 2008.

In 2007, Heilongjiang’s GDP increased to RMB707.6 billion, up 12.1 percent. Its GDP has been rising steadily since 2003, growing 37% from 2003-2007. The per capita GDP in 2007 was RMB18,510. Furthermore, the incremental value of the private economy grew by 20.1 percent in 2006 reaching RMB234 billion, and accounting for 37.6 percent of the GDP. The tax revenue

Tax revenue

Tax revenue is the income that is gained by governments because of taxation of the people.Just as there are different types of tax, the form in which tax revenue is collected also differs; furthermore, the agency that collects the tax may not be part of central government, but may be an alternative third-party licenced to collect tax which...
from private enterprises hit RMB20.5 billion, a rise of 17.8 percent.

Private enterprises in Heilongjiang witnessed the fastest development in 2007, fueling the overall economic growth of the province. Many leading private enterprises have begun to emerge. Over 200 of them have an annual income exceeding RMB100 million. The province's three major private enterprises, namely the Heilongjiang Sunflower Medicine Ltd, Qitaihe Yidaxin Coal Co., and Heilongjiang Yiyang Group, each contributed more than RMB100 million in tax revenue

Tax revenue

Tax revenue is the income that is gained by governments because of taxation of the people.Just as there are different types of tax, the form in which tax revenue is collected also differs; furthermore, the agency that collects the tax may not be part of central government, but may be an alternative third-party licenced to collect tax which...
in 2007.

At present, many private investors are involved in large construction projects in Heilongjiang. In 2006, 928 large projects absorbed private capital of RMB5 million each, and 101 projects attracted RMB100 million each within the province. In line with the centralgovernment’s policy to revitalize the Northeast, Heilongjiang is now restructuring its six pillar industries, namely equipment manufacturing, petrochemicals, food processing, energy, pharmaceuticals, and forest

Forest

File:Stara planina suma.jpgA forest is an area with a high density of trees. There are many definitions of a forest, based on various criteria....
and timber processing.

In 2007, Heilongjiang's nominal GDP was 707.72 billion yuan (US$93 billion), an annual growth rate of 12.1%. Its per capita GDP was 18,510 yuan (US$2,434). In 2007, Heilongjiang's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 89.25 billion yuan, 377.95 billion yuan, and 240.52 billion yuan respectively. The per capita disposable income

Disposable income

Disposable income is gross income minus income tax on that income.Discretionary income is income after subtracting taxes and normal expenses to maintain a certain standard of living....
of urban residents in Heilongjiang reached 10,245 yuan (about US$1,350), a rise of 11.6% from the previous year. The per capita net income of rural residents in the province reached 4,132 yuan (about US$540), a rise of 16.3 from 2006.

Economic and Technological Development Zones
Economic and Technological Development Zones

The China National Economic and Technological Development Zones are the special areas of the People's Republic of China where foreign direct investment is encouraged....

Daqing
Daqing

Daqing is a city in northeast China in the Heilongjiang Political divisions of China. The name means "Great Celebration".It was founded in 1959 to house workers extracting oil and gas from the Daqing oilfield and to host industries which could take advantage of the energy and petrochemicals....
New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Heihe
Heihe

Heihe is a city in Heilongjiang, China.It is located at , on the Russian border, on the south bank of the Amur River, across the river from the Russian city of Blagoveshchensk....
Border Economic Cooperation Area
Harbin
Harbin

is a sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang in Northeast China. It lies on the southern bank of the Songhua River. Harbin is ranked as the tenth largest city in China, serving as a key political, economic, scientific, cultural and communications center of Northeastern China....
Economic and Technological Development Zone
Harbin
Harbin

is a sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang in Northeast China. It lies on the southern bank of the Songhua River. Harbin is ranked as the tenth largest city in China, serving as a key political, economic, scientific, cultural and communications center of Northeastern China....
New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Suifenhe
Suifenhe

Suifenhe may refer to:*Suifen River in Heilongjiang province, China.*Suifenhe City, Heilongjiang province, China...
Border Economic Cooperation Area

Demographics

The majority of Heilongjiang's population is Han Chinese

Han Chinese

Manchu

Hui people

The Hui people are a Ethnic groups in China, typically distinguished by their practice of Islam. Hui is the abbreviation of the full name Huihui "??"....
, Daur

Daur

This arcticle is about the Daur people and their language. For the Daur region of Pakistan, see Daur region----The Daur people are an ethnic group....
, Xibe

Xibe

The Xibe are an ethnic group living mostly in northeast China and Xinjiang. They form one of the List of Chinese ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China....
, Oroqin, Hezhen and Russians

Russians

The Russian people are an East Slavs ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries.The English language term Russians is used to refer to the citizens of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity ; in Russian language, the demonym Russian is translated as Rossiyanin ....
.

Ethnic groups in Heilongjiang (2000 census)
Nationality	Population	Percentage
Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to China and, by most modern definitions, the largest single ethnic group in the Earth.Han Chinese constitute about 92 percent of the population of the People's Republic of China , 98 percent of the population of the Republic of China , 75 percent of the population of Singapore, and about 19 percent...	34,465,039	95.20%
Manchu Manchu The Manchu people are a Tungusic peoples who originated in Manchuria . During their rise in the seventeenth century, with the help of Ming rebels , they conquered the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until its abolition in 1911 after the Xinhai Revolution, which established Republic of China in its place....	1,037,080	2.86%
Koreans	388,458	1.07%
Mongol	141,495	0.39%
Hui Hui people The Hui people are a Ethnic groups in China, typically distinguished by their practice of Islam. Hui is the abbreviation of the full name Huihui "??"....	124,003	0.34%
Daur Daur This arcticle is about the Daur people and their language. For the Daur region of Pakistan, see Daur region----The Daur people are an ethnic group....	43,608	0.12%
Xibe Xibe The Xibe are an ethnic group living mostly in northeast China and Xinjiang. They form one of the List of Chinese ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China....	8,886	0.03%

Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army

People's Liberation Army

The People's Liberation Army is the unified military organization of all land, sea, and air forces of the People's Republic of China. The PLA was established on August 1, 1927 ? celebrated annually as "PLA Day" ? as the military arm of the Communist Party of China....
in active service.
Source: Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics of China (???????????????) and Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (??????????????), eds. Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China («2000?????????????»). 2 vols. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House, 2003. (ISBN 7-105-05425-5)

Culture

Heilongjiang's culture is part of a culture of Northeast China

Northeast China

Northeast China is a geographical region of China. It is separated from Russia largely by the Amur, Argun, and Ussuri rivers, from North Korea by the Yalu River and Tumen River, and from the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region by the Greater Khingan Range....
that is relatively homogeneous across this region, known in Mandarin Chinese as "Dongbei" (the northeast). (See Culture of Manchuria

Manchuria

Media

Heilongjiang Television and Harbin Economy Radio

Harbin Economy Radio

Long Guang , which stands for Dragon Broadcast, is the radio station group that was once the Harbin Ren Min Guangbo Dian Tai , translated as Harbin People's Broadcasting Station, which consists of several radio stations broadcasting from Harbin and the greater Heilongjiang Province area....
serve as broadcasters.

Tourism

Harbin

is a sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang in Northeast China. It lies on the southern bank of the Songhua River. Harbin is ranked as the tenth largest city in China, serving as a key political, economic, scientific, cultural and communications center of Northeastern China....
, the provincial capital, is a city of contrasts, with Chinese, Russia

Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
n, and eclectic worldwide influences clearly apparent. Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant churches dot the city.

The long, cold winter is the backdrop for its famed ice sculpture

Ice sculpture

Ice sculpture is a form of sculpture that uses ice as the raw material. Sculptures from ice can be abstract or realistic and can be functional or purely decorative....
exhibitions. In 2007 already the 8th Ice and Snow World opened to visitors in Harbin. More than 2000 ice sculptures were on display at the annual event.

Wudalianchi Lakes are a series of five lakes formed between 1719 and 1721 when volcanic eruption shaped one section of a tributary of the Amur

Amur

The Amur River or Heilong Jiang is the Earth's ninth longest river, forming the border between the Russian Far East and Northeastern China....
into five interconnected lakes. The second lake in particular is renowned for its irregular geological sights.

Jingbo Lake, found in Ning'an

Ning'an

Ning?an , Heilongjiang, China, is a city located at over 20km southwest of Mudanjiang.See also * List of Provinces of Balhae...
County, is a section of the Mudan river that has been narrowed and shaped by volcanic eruption into a series of sights, including the Diaoshuilou Falls

Diaoshuilou Falls

Diaoshuilou Pubu Falls is a 40 m wide waterfall in Heilongjiang province in China at the northern end of Lake Jingpo. The cascade is most impressive in the wetter summer months while in winter it freezes into a curtain of ice....
.

Colleges and universities

Heilongjiang University
Heilongjiang University

Heilongjiang University is a multi-disciplinary university in the city of Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.Heilongjiang University was founded on March 1941, in the base of China's communist revolution Yan'an....
Harbin Institute of Technology
Harbin Institute of Technology

The Harbin Institute of Technology , or HIT, is colloquially known as Hagongda . It is a technical university in the city of Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China....
Harbin University of Science and Technology
Harbin University of Science and Technology

Harbin University of Science and Technology is a university in Harbin, China. Previously known as Harbin University of Science . It is colloquially known as Hakeda , as opposed to Hagongda, which is Harbin Institute of Technology....
Heilongjiang Institute of Technology
Northeast Agricultural University
Northeast Agricultural University

The Northeast Agricultural University was established in 1948 in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PRC. It was first called Northeast Agricultural College and in 1994 it was renamed NEAU....
Northeast Forest University
Harbin University of Civil Engineering & Architecture
Harbin Medical University
Harbin Medical University

Harbin Medical University is a public university located in Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.It was established in 1926 as Harbin Medical College. It was renamed to University in 1958....
Daqing Staff and Workers University
Daging Petroleun Institute
Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Heilongjiang Commercial University
Harbin Normal University
Harbin Normal University

Harbin Normal University is a university located in Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China. It is considered the best university in Heilongjiang province....
Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University
Qiqihar University

Sports

Asia League Ice Hockey
Asia League Ice Hockey

The Asia League Ice Hockey is a professional ice hockey league based in East Asia, with teams from Japan, People's Republic of China, South Korea, and formerly the Russian Far East....

Heilongjiang

History

Geography

Infrastructure

Administrative divisions

Politics

Economy

Economic and Technological Development Zones
Economic and Technological Development Zones

The China National Economic and Technological Development Zones are the special areas of the People's Republic of China where foreign direct investment is encouraged....

Demographics

Culture

Media

Tourism

Colleges and universities

Sports

External links

Further Reading

Heilongjiang

History

Geography

Infrastructure

Administrative divisions

Politics

Economy

Economic and Technological Development ZonesEconomic and Technological Development ZonesThe China National Economic and Technological Development Zones are the special areas of the People's Republic of China where foreign direct investment is encouraged....

Demographics

Culture

Media

Tourism

Colleges and universities

Sports

External links

Further Reading

Economic and Technological Development Zones
Economic and Technological Development Zones

The China National Economic and Technological Development Zones are the special areas of the People's Republic of China where foreign direct investment is encouraged....