Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA) - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

Distribution

It is found most commonly in the Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa as a geographical term refers to the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara. A political definition of Sub-Saharan Africa, instead, covers all African countries which are fully or partially located south of the Sahara...

. It reaches its highest frequency in the Khoisan

Khoisan

Khoisan is a unifying name for two ethnic groups of Southern Africa, who share physical and putative linguistic characteristics distinct from the Bantu majority of the region. Culturally, the Khoisan are divided into the foraging San and the pastoral Khoi...

people at 73%. Some of the higher frequencies are: Namibia

Namibia

Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia , is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March...

(!Xun) 79%, South Africa

South Africa

The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...

(Khwe/!Xun) 83% and Botswana

Botswana

Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana , is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa. The citizens are referred to as "Batswana" . Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966...

(!Kung

!Kung

ǃKung, also spelled !Xun, may refer to:* ǃKung people* ǃKung languageSee also ǃXu ....

) 100%.
Haplogroup L0d is the most divergent ("ancient") haplogroup of global mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. It is found at highest frequencies in the Khoisan

Khoisan

groups of Southern Africa

Southern Africa

Southern Africa is the southernmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. Within the region are numerous territories, including the Republic of South Africa ; nowadays, the simpler term South Africa is generally reserved for the country in English.-UN...

. L0d is also commonly found in the Coloured

Coloured

In the South African, Namibian, Zambian, Botswana and Zimbabwean context, the term Coloured refers to an heterogenous ethnic group who possess ancestry from Europe, various Khoisan and Bantu tribes of Southern Africa, West Africa, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaya, India, Mozambique,...

population of South Africa and frequencies range from 60% to 71%. This illustrates the massive maternal contribution of Khoisan people to the Coloured

Coloured

population of South Africa.

Haplogroups L0k is the second most common haplogroup in the Khoisan

Khoisan

groups (following L0d) and is largely restricted to the Khoisan. Interestingly, while the Khoisan associated L0d haplogroup were found in high frequencies in the Coloured

Coloured

population of South Africa, L0k were not observed in two studies involving large groups of Coloured individuals.

Haplogroup L0f is present in relatively small frequencies in Tanzania

Tanzania

The United Republic of Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern borders lie on the Indian Ocean.Tanzania is a state...

, East Africa

East Africa

East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easterly region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. In the UN scheme of geographic regions, 19 territories constitute Eastern Africa:...

.

Haplogroup L0a is most prevalent in South-East African populations (25% in Mozambique

Mozambique

Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique , is a country in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest...

).
Among Guinea

Guinea

Guinea , officially the Republic of Guinea , is a country in West Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea , it is today sometimes called Guinea-Conakry to distinguish it from its neighbour Guinea-Bissau. Guinea is divided into eight administrative regions and subdivided into thirty-three prefectures...

ns, it has a frequency between 1% and 5%, with the Balanta group showing increased frequency of about 11%. Haplogroup L0a has a Paleolithic time depth of about 33,000 years and likely reached Guinea between 10,000 and 4,000 years ago. It also is often seen in the Mbuti

Mbuti

Mbuti or Bambuti are one of several indigenous pygmy groups in the Congo region of Africa. Their languages belong to the Central Sudanic and also to Bantu languages.-Overview:...

and Biaka-pygmies.

Haplogroup L0b Ethiopia

Ethiopia

Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup L0 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)
- L0
  - L0d
    - L0d3
    - L0d1'2
      - L0d1
        
        L0d1a
        
        L0d1b
        
        L0d1c
        
        L0d1c1
      - L0d2
        
        L0d2a'b
        
        L0d2a
        
        L0d2a1
        
        L0d2b
        
        L0d2c
  - L0a'b'f'k
    - L0k
      - L0k1
      - L0k2
    - L0a'b'f
      - L0f
        
        L0f1
        
        L0f2
        
        L0f2a
        
        L0f2b
      - L0a'b
        
        L0a
        
        L0a1
        
        L0a1a
        
        L0a1a2
        
        L0a1b
        
        L0a1b1
        
        L0a1b1a
        
        L0a1b2
        
        L0a1c
        
        L0a1d
        
        L0a2
        
        L0a2a
        
        L0a2a1
        
        L0a2a1a
        
        L0a2a1a1
        
        L0a2a1a2
        
        L0a2a2
        
        L0a2a2a
        
        L0a2b
        
        L0a2ba
        
        L0a2c
        
        L0a2d
        
        L0a3
        
        L0a4
        
        L0b

External links

General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup L0
- MtDNA Profile of West Africa Guineans: Towards a Better Understanding of the Senegambia Region: "Based on the previous knowledge of African complete sequences paraphyletic clade L1 is split into two monophyletic units L0, capturing previously defined L1a and L1d lineages, and L1 clade that includes L1b and L1c clades..."
- Utility of JC polyomavirus in tracing the pattern of human migrations dating to prehistoric times: "The first axis of mtDNA, on the other hand, places the ancestral haplogroup L0 at the extreme left, since it gave rise to one sole lineage..."
- Mitochondrial DNA-like sequences in the nucleus (NUMTs): Insights into our African origins and the mechanism of foreign DNA integration (requires subscription): "haplogroup L0 mtDNAs, the haplogroup that we had previously concluded lies at the base of the human mtDNA. tree based on phylogenetic analysis..."
- A. Knight et al.: African Y Chromosome and mtDNA Divergence Provides Insight into the History of Click Languages. Current Biology, Vol. 13, 464–473, March 18, 2003, http://www.stanford.edu/~sylpha/Knight_2003.pdf

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